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THE 



STRANGER IN AMERICA; 



OR, 



LETTERS 



A GENTLEMAN IN GERMANY: 



COMPRISmG SKETCHES OF THE MANNERS, SOCIETY, 

AND NATIONAL PECULIARITIES OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 



FRANCIS LIEBER. 




PHILADELPHIA: - 

CAREY, LEA & BLANCHARD; 



1835. 



Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1834, by Ca- 
rey, Lea. tfe Blanchard, in the District Court for the Eastern District 
of Pennsylvania. 



V 



ORIGOS &. CO., PRINTERS. 



-> ^ 



WASHINGTON IRVING, ESQ. 



Sir, 

In dedicating the following pages to you, I know that 1 
have but acted in accordance with the view of the author, which 
in this case entirely coincides with my own. Whether, in doing 
so, we meet your wishes is another question: but it seemed so 
formal, to ask your permission to dedicate so trifling a work to 
you, and this previous permission appears so decidedly to coun- 
teract the intended courtesy of a dedication, that I preferred to 
grace this volume with your name without your consent obtained 
beforehand. However you may dilFer from some opinions stated 
in the work, I beg you to accept its dedication to you, as a token 
of admiration, which the author and his editor feel for the pro- 
ductions with which you have enriched the literature of two great 
nations. The token, I am aware, is very disproportionate to the 
meaning it is intended to convey, but may not even indistinct 
characters express a glowing sentence? 
I am, with great regard. 
Sir, 

Your most obedient servant, 

Francis Libber. 

Philmlelphiu, Nov. 1834. 



LrETTERS, &c. 



LETTER L 

So you wish me, my dear friend, to write a whole " se- 
ries of letters." Why, you seem to have studied with the 
Franciscans, with whom " begging boldly " is constitution- 
al. " Vadatis pro eleemosyna confident er,'^* says their 
founder and saint in the constitution of the order. And 
on what shall I write? On the United States? You give 
me a subject as vast as their territory, and surely you do not 
wish a series of letters running through six volumes as big 
an4 heavy as a novel of old! Besides a book of that size 
would be quite out of season. Nowadays every thing, 
even commentaries on a code, must be twelve-moed out to 
the public. Nay, this diminutive size is too troublesome for 
many, may I say for most, people? They require their in- 
tellectual dishes to be chopped and minced into a newspa- 
per pie. " Sir," said an old and thoroughly experienced 
editor lately to me, " an article, calculated for being read, 
ought never to exceed half a column," and he knows the pa- 
late of the public as well as any man in the meat or fruit 
market. Were I to write a history of modern civiliza- 
tion, I should follow the most philosophical rule, by making 

• " Go and beg boldly." — Editoh. 



• w 



(. 10 ) 



my division into periods according to striking manifesta- 
tions of powerful and characteristic*principles.' 1 would 
call otic of the greatdivisions the period of folios; the time 
when controversialists knew of no more poisonous iirrow to 
bury in the heart of their opponent, than to remind him that 
he had written but' a quarto! See D'Israeli's Ci^riosities, 
where he speaks of Nominalists. This huge folio age might 
go down to Cartesius or thereabouts.* Whatever was the 
subject, folio was the requisite form. Next is the epoch of 
quartos and the dawn of newspapers — small and single leaves, 
half of the first page occupied by a quaint title in letters 
phantastically ornamented. The discovery of a new world 
and the news of all the wonders successively appearing to 
the European there, were given to astounded mankind in 
little diminutive sheets, true " flying leaves,"t not so large 
as now the smallest handbill which informs you of a poc- 
ket having been picked or a colt having leaped the fence. 
Next, comes the period of octavos; newspapers grow ra- 
pidly, so does the quantity of books. It is succeeded by the 
age of twelve-mos (as the booksellers classically call duodeci- 

* Thoug'h our author seems to take the whole in joke, there is mucli 
scope for reflection in his remark; smd not only is the size of books chaAic- 
teristic of an age, but also, and, perhaps in a still gi-eater degree, theii- 
price. But a few centuries ago, a breviary would be left to one heir as an 
equivalent for all tlie other personal property, even of considerable value, 
bequeathed to another. At present, we have Penny Magazines, Cyclope- 
dias, Gazetteers, &.c., accessible by the meanest. Knowledge, wliilst soaring, 
on the one hand, to the highest regions, and expanding with increasing vi- 
gor in all directions, has, on the other hand, followed the general tendency 
of our age, that of /)oipu/ar('ra</on, while, at firet, it greatly co-operated in 
bringing it about. It is of no use to speak of " penny literature " with the 
sneer of learned aristocracy. Tlie cheap catechisms which contain the sim- 
plest and most important principles of Christianity, belong to the " pen- 
ny literature;" and complaints, too, were raised in early times against the 
Christian religion, on account of its having no mystery for an initiated few. — 
KniTOR. 

f Tiie bookbinders call fly-leaves the blank-leaves beUveen tlic printed 
pages of a book and its cover. — Editoh. 



( 11 ) 

mos;) newspapers expand with the quickness of a new-born 
butterfly, and stretch from the tree of knowledge like far- 
reaching palm-leaves, to overshadow civilization, which 
grpws beneath; and, at length, we arrive at our own time; 
books have shrunk to 24mos, (yes, my friend, encyclopae- 
dias have been issued in 48mos,) and newspapers have 
grown so large that Dido would have made a better bargain 
than she did, had she asked for her colony as much land as 
can be covered by a London Extra Times, or a handbill of 
an American menagerie. I have lately seen one of eleven 
feet by nine and a half, and well executed, too.* A Ger- 
man philosopher might develop some profound reasonings 
on this peculiar diminution on the one side and growth on 
the other. There must be some mysterious principle in 
this tendency to the inverse ratio. Formerly, knowledge 
was hidden in deep and inaccessible wells, or it ran in con- 
tracted but deep channels; now literature often flows, like 
shallow water, over a whole country, sometimes irrigating, 
sometimes inundating, sometimes choking the germs of no- 
ble plants by the steril sand which it deposites. In olden 
times, folios and quartos were often written on the most tri- 
fling things; now loquacious editors tell us of a big pum- 
pion, a lai-ge turnip, a monstrous cabbage, or of an excellent 
hat in that store, and good confectionary in another, (which 
smacks of tasting it.) Of kings and princes other people 
tell us of their every step, and of every breath they draw. 
The emperor of China manages this matter the best; he 
has his biographer close at his heels, who notes down every 
trifle of his majesty's life. Editors do all this for themselves, 
they are their own historiographers; make us participate in 
all their personal difficulties and quarrels, or tell us that 
they went a few days ago to such a place and found the 
dhmer abundant, &c. 

* This must have reference to the enormous handbills (whose size is per- 
fectly incompatible with their name) of June, Titus, Angeviiie, & Co., near- 
ly as larg-c as tlie elephant they advertise. — EniTon. 



( 12 ) 

t 
Ecco a fair specimen of what you have to expect in let- 
ters of mine — excursions to the riglit and left, adhering to 
the subject like a member of congress. I am vn ordinary- 
accustomed to such dead ahead scribbling, that in my letters 
I must be permitted to tack about after the manner of Com- 
modore Trunnion, and to get at my point as besiegers do — 
in a zigzag. Do you agree to this? I lay down my pen; 
draw up your spectacles and weigh the matter well. It 
must be a treaty as solemn as the paix cVaiibcrge between 
Yorick and the Piedmontese lady, clearly defined, well un- 
derstood, and strictly observed. You say, yes? you will 
not grumble and scold, if I sometimes leap about like a cha- 
mois in its mountains; or would the comparison with the 
noisy grasshopper be more in keeping? You say, yes? Very 
well, then I return to my first subjest: on what shall I 
write? It is easy to take a passage in Liverpool for New- 
York, to enjoy the aromatic rolls at breakfast, to go about 
and philosophize on every handl)ill, generalize every straw, 
explain every push you may get in a bustling street by the 
elementary principles of the government under which the 
society around you lives; to deliver letters of recommenda- 
tion and see how they operate, to talk about jolting stages 
and chewing passengers, to meditate on a baby and a hog, 
to deplore the want of wigs on the bench,! or pronounce a 



• We tliink the autlior must here have in his eye Captain Basil Hall, who, 
in his Travels in North America, raises a lament for the United States be- 
cause the judges of tliis country have cast off their wigs. Eveiy one to Iiis 
taste! But what must have been tlie captain's feelings when tl>e papers of 
liis countiy informed him tliat tlic wliig ciianccllor ajjpearcd in tlie house of 
loixls with a wig of considcral)iy smaller size, and Jiorribile didu — when lie 
read that the Bishop of Carlisle appciu-ed in his place in tlie house of lords 
without a wig, and magis horribile didu — when he found, after a sliort time, 
that tlie Bishop of Oxford had followed the example of his riglit reverend 
brotlicr of Carlisle? Tliou too, Brutus! Orthodox Oxford! 

Before we had become accjuainted willi Captain Hall's Travels, we read in 
the liiography of Jovcllanos, tliat he was tlie firet Spanisli judge wlio at- 
tempted to appear without a wig, and that it required the wliolc support of the 



( 13- ) 

■ If 
wise opinion on the number of copies of the fathers of the 

church in the United States, or sweepingly to declare all 
New England to be inhabited by wretches prostrated before 
Mammon, their only god; it is easy (I now speak of the 

premier, Count Aranda, to carry this innovation. We smiled, we laughed at 
the strong- predilections of mankind, at the tenacity with which we cling to 
errors, follies, evils, sins, hugging them as our dearest blessings, but now we 
are better informed, we believe Jovellanos a demagogue, and his opponents 
sound politicians. They, with Hall and all who believe the British empire 
would crumble to pieces the very moment when no wig should be seen on the 
woolsack, have, undoubtedly, studied Lichtenberg's Physiognomy of Cues, in 
which that distinguished writer not only proves the great importance of cues 
to the general welfare of mankind, but also shows how closely connected 
their form, twist and bend, are with the dispositions, views, and desires of 
the wearer. The work is embellished with engravihgs representing the 
most important cues; it was written at the time, when, with innovations of 
all kinds, the cutting off of cues, spread from France eastward. A con- 
tinuation of this instructive work ought speedily to be written, and who 
would do it better than the author of the above mentioned travels? To say 
the truth, we have stopped sometimes at the windows of the hairdressers 
near the learned inns in London, and silently meditated on the variety, beau- 
ty, utility, and superior importance of the wigs in la haute politique. There 
was the short and closely trimmed covering of a counsellor's vertex, the 
weightier one to cover the weightier head of the judge; the flapping peri- 
wig of the chancellor, like a lion's mane, and, — what is not surpassed in 
venerable beauty, — a bishop's wig! Shall all this splendor pass away? 
Shall notliing remain witli us but naked prose? Shall life be stripped of 
all its characteristic ornaments, on which the poet may seize, by taking 
the sign for the thing? Shall we be obliged to see all heads in hideous 
democratic nudity ? Shall the portrait of a Turenne soon stand before us 
as a beauty unattainable, yet admired, an Apollo of times gone by? Did 
not Frederic the Great conquer with the long spiral cues of his grena- 
diers ? Has Napoleon not won his victories with the short stout cues of 
his guards ? Has Eugene not won his battles with flowing locks, slightly 
tied together? Did Marlborough expect assistance from Mars, with a head 
shorn like a sheep in June? If the Romans have conquered the world 
trimmed like blackguards, what Is it to us; they were heathens, and we are 
Christians. If Magna Charta was extorted by unpowdered heads, it is by 
well-wigged ones that it was expounded, developed, and applied. Can you 
imagine Blackstone or Mansfield looking differently than a weasel peeping 
out of a haystack ? It is blasphemy to imagine them for a moment clipped 
and stripped of their exalted costume! Honor for ever to the wig! — 
Editor. 



( 14 ) 

most renned and^ exalted traveller that ever visited this 
country, a reverend gentleman,) to crowd a book with 
statements, which, to name them by their only befitting 
name, would require three little letters not very frequently 
used among gentlemen, though of great import; or to tell 
us of foreigners in this country placed by the Yankees as 
outposts before their private fortresses, in order to examine 
visiters before they are allowed to approach the autochthones 
themselves, (pooh ! what an ass a man must be to use such 
a simile, which has no sense, to imagine the possibility of 
such an absurdity, or to believe others so brainless as to 
give credit to this clumsy story;) it is very easy to make a 
trip of six weeks through the country and yet write a quarto 
volume, like the clever author who described a jqurney 
round his table, but to speak sensibly of a people and their 
institutions, to let the " guessing" and the chewing for a 
moment rest, and occupy ourselves with matters of sub- 
stantial value, to treat them merely with becoming attention 
and not in a flimsy flippant way, calculated to catch the 
many, not to gain the thinking, is, I say by no means im- 
possible, yet not very easy. It requires thinking, patience, 
a manly calmness, and some pains — requisites not as often 
met with as the extraordinary faculty enjoyed by some, 
who can throw off a book as readily as the deer throws 
ofi" yearly its antlers. Such travellers resemble inexperi- 
enced youths, to whom every thing is new, every thing 
important; to whom every thing affords the delightful 
pleasure of proving to themselves and the world their great 
sagacity by connecting every trifle with deep, hidden mo- 
tives, first discovered by their own sharp-sightcdness. They 
have not that experience which leads us to look at the essence 
of things, and to expect less variety in the ground-plan and 
springs of human affairs than tiieir superficial apj)earance 
would induce the staring novelty-hunter to expect. 

Two kinds of silly travellers (I do not speak, you will ob- 
serve, of all the travellers who have written on this country; 
very excellent men indeed have been amongst them) are. 



( 15 ) 

from time to time, thrown on our shore, almost periodically 
like the eruptions of the Geysers on Iceland. The one 
class arrives here with a ready made opinion against the 
country they have yet to see, and a very high one in favor 
of themselves. They have not formed their opinion after 
a careful examination of all the necessary data, but, because 
this opinion suits them, or, because they start from a pre- 
conceived idea, vulgarly called prejudice. Whatever they 
are or may have been, students of mankind or not, whether 
they have read or seen much or little, as soon as they set 
foot on this shore, they are suddenly initiated into all 
branches of human industry and knowledge, know the prin- 
ciples of all occupations, and are judges of all sciences, all 
arts, and all institutions. But one art which they have never 
endeavored to learn and practise is to take things as they 
are. A gentleman has been an officer in the army and has 
written a novel — two very good things; he arrives here, 
and forthwith begins; he speaks, now in a flippant, now in 
a dogmatic style, in one breath, about every thing that comes 
under his eye, and very many that do not come within the 
horizon of his vision — about science, arts, politics, trades, 
commerce, statistics, society, education, industry, history, 
laws, canals, railroads, scenery, agriculture, cookery, naviga- 
tion, horses, morals, prisons, pauperism, about every thing 
on, above, and under the earth; he is an adept in every 
subject cognizable by man. A polyhistor like Leibnitz 
would be but a schoolboy compared to a traveller of this 
kind. You know me, my dear friend, too well to suspect 
me of criticizing others merely because they criticize the 
United States. Nothing is farther from me; do I always 
praise this country? If a man prefer a monarchy to a re- 
public, why not; let him state his reasons, and tiy to make 
out his case by taking the Americans as an example. One 
of my best friends in Rome was a Dominican, and with 
more than one royalist I am on terms of intimacy. Let 
me but see sincerity, the wish to arrive at truth and readi- 
ness to acknowledge it, and I am satisfied. I am, indeed. 



( 16 ) 

not one of those who believe that every institution here is 
incomprehensible to all human beings except the natives of 
this country. The institutions of the United States are the 
work of man, and can be understood by men, if they are 
founded in reason; but the action of a cotton spinning ma- 
chine cannot be comprehended in half an hour by one pre- 
viously unacquainted with it, nor a nation with all its various 
aspects within a day. I love spirited animadversion dearly, 
but let it be spirited, and not a bubble of vanity, and above all, 
let it abstain from positive fiilsehoods with which the reve- 
rend tourist has seen fit to grace every page of his classical 
production. 

The other kind of travellers arrives with an opinion equal- 
ly ready, but enthusiastically in favor of the country. They 
expect — heaven knows what. The most phantastic illusions 
fill their brains. They believe to find at every corner at least 
one Aristides, on every farm a Cincinnatus, and every street 
sweeper with silk ribands coleur de rose, flowing from his 
liberty cap, which he would be as far from doffing before 
Gessler's hat on the pole, as was William Tell. When I 
was in Liverpool, I visited, with a friend of mine and ano- 
ther young man, a self-deceiver of this kind, the packet 
which was to carry me the next day to this shore. The first 
thing we happened to see on board of this noble and elegant 
vessel, was an old hat belonging, perhaps, to the " doctor."* 
"What," exclaimed my friend, apparently surprised, "an 
old hat in youthful America!" I thought it a good hit, but 
it had no effect on the enthusiast; he continued to believe 
that heroes and matchless citizens were stalking about here 
arm in arm with pure philanthropists and ncvcr-sullied po- 
liticians. He crossed the Atlantic, and what was the con- 
sequence, I need not say. I undertake to foretell of every 
European arriving here, what he will think and say of this 
country a year hence, if he will fairly tell me at the time 

• It is a strange, yet quite general custom with American and Englisli 
sailors to call the cook, especially when a black man, "the doctor." — 
Editor. 



( 17 ) 

what he expects to find. I have done it often, and never 
failed. 

With me it was different. I came here expecting lit- 
tle, because I expected little from man. I had lived in 
many countries and in a great variety of situations; I had 
already learned to sail when occasion required it, with a 
jury-mast on the wide sea of life, nor was its daily tread- 
mill altogether unknown to me. Experience and reality 
had already forced upon me, young as I was, that patient 
shoulder-shrugging way of regarding matters and things, 
which, bitter as it may be, no thinking man, whose lot it is 
to see mankind through the microscope, can help arriving at. 
Recollect what men of all ages have said, from Solomon down 
to the last sage. I think, then, that I took things a little 
more as they are than many others do; and this may be 
the cause of my having arrived at different conclusions. I 
found that the Americans have their good and bad points of 
character. I have won friends among them, whom I shall 
dearly love wherever I may be, even among the proscribed 
New Englanders. Their country I have found wanting 
in many interesting things and abounding in others. It is 
true, here is no gallery of pictures or great collection of sta- 
tues to delight your friend, whom you know to have spent 
days and days in the Vatican, feeding his soul upon those 
realized perfections, which nature seems continually to strive 
for, but which to conceive is left to the human mind. Sup- 
pose, however, I were obliged to live in a European provin- 
cial town, what should I have there? Say, what has a man 
who lives in Manchester or Breslaw? I find that people 
often compare America with Europe, when they mean Lon- 
don, Paris, or Rome. 

The great interest of this country lies in its institutions. 
There the observer of society and student of mankind finds 
enough with which to occupy himself. You may ob- 
serve at once, in this country, some of the boldest appli- 
cations of principles, the most recently developed, and the 
first manifestations, the first pulsations, so to speak, of those 

3 



( l-"^ ) 

(Irinciplcs of life which lie at the hottom of every political 
society. You may sec in the farthest west, beyond the 
boundaries of organized society, the incipient stages of poli- 
tical relations, of law and justice laid bare, as if prepared for 
the student of history, and of the gradual development of 
man as a member of political society. Perhaps all this would 
become clearer to you, should I write you about the regula- 
tors and the manner in which communities, beyond the 
limits of established law, meet the imperious necessity of 
dealing out justice; of this kind was one of the most inte- 
resting cases that ever came to my knowledge, when, lately, 
the assembled men of a district, arrested, tried, and executed 
a murderer. By what right? — By the right to punish crime, 
natural, indispensable and inalienable to every society, and 
growing out of the necessity, both physical and moral, of 
punishment. 

The United States form a republic of thirteen millions 
of inhabitants, founded on broader principles of liberty, 
than any former political society. This is a fact, and is it 
not interesting to study how so great a fact came to pass? 
But you will agree that, with a subject matter of this kind, 
institutions and their operations must be studied, which is 
what most travellers are not very willing to do. My ha- 
bits and occupations have afforded me the opportunity of 
collecting more materials in regard to the United States 
than, perhaps, ever a native of a foreign country had either 
the disposition or opportunity to collect, whilst my long re- 
sidence here, together with some additional causes, have ren- 
dered me intimately acquainted with the whole social life 
of the Americans. I can say, in this respect, of them what 
Byron said of his acquaintance with the Italians. 

If, then, you do not think me quite destitute of skill and a 
habit of observation, you may possibly, as you in fact intimate 
in your letter, consider me, in some measure, qualified to 
give a correct picture of this, at least, interesting country. 
But I could not do it, even if so many travellers had not 
given mc a distaste for this kind of authorship. I dislike 



( 19 ) 

the idea of being classed among the travellers by profession. 
They are, besides the Bedouins, the most dangerous class of 
people to deal with, and I no longer permit one of them to 
approach me with his pencil unsheathed. " Lay down your 
arms," I cry, " come like an honest man, but no stabbing in 
the back, and you are welcome; don't drink my wine, and 
go many thousand miles off and say you drank cider; and 
put things into my mouth which never dropped from my 
lips." 

Yet I might give a work, treating of the country, its in- 
stitutions, and the true state of its civilization, without any 
gossip of the kind. This could be properly done only in a 
work similar to that of Goede on England;* and still deeper 
than that ought it to enter into all important matters. The 
time to do this has not yet come for me, and I dislika ex- 
ceedingly to be half understood. A true and clear picture 
of the state of religion, theology, and church affairs, alone 
would require half a volume. If I say that theology, catho- 
lic and protestant, is at least a century behind the theology 
of Germany, — I speak here of the science as such, and of 
the general state only, because who does not know the dis- 
tinguished merits of a Stuart in Andover, — that we meet 
with the same controversial views and limited philological 
knowledge, which existed with us at that time, my asserr 
tions would be immediately extended, and conclusions made, 
to which I should be very unwilling to subscribe. How 
would it be possible to treat thoroughly of law and jurispru- 
dence in a short chapter? You may unqualifiedly praise or 
censure in very few words; I am not willing to do either; 
truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, on sub- 
jects of this kind, requires a detailed investigation. 

You must not then expect me to give you a connected ac- 
count, claiming to show the United States like a well-dried 
plant laid out on the blotting paper of a herbarium. For 
tay views on some single institutions, I must refer you to 

• It has been translated into Enarlish. — Editor. 



( 20 ) 

single works of mine. However, as I have just made a trip 
to Niagara, I will write, for you and our private circle, some 
letters on subjects as they may happen to occur to my mind 
in recalling the events of my journey. But do not forget 
two things; it is summer, and a summer in Philadelphia is 
no trifle — and you know that mercury and the human mind 
are like the two l)uckets in the well, when one is up the 
other is down. For several weeks we have been forcibly 
reminded of the situation of the three men in the fiery fur- 
nace; yes, I have thought that we shall stand in need of 
some such annealing place, in order to pass with safety from 
this heat into the cooler days of autumn. When the air we 
inhale is as hot as the steam in the Stiife di Ncrone* when 
from the bed which receives us, parched and arid, in the eve- 
nings after the trouble of falling asleep, we rise in the morn- 
ing unrefreshed and unrestored to elasticity of mind, to drag 
ourselves through the same existence for the next twelve 
hours, which is rather a permission of breathing than a real 
life — you must not be surprised, should you find Dante's 
heavy, leaden mantle of mediocrity hanging round my mind. 
I am astonished that we do not all become beau-ideals of mo- 
rality, since this heat ought to purify the basest metals. 

Without ice wc should undoubtedly melt, and it is fortu- 
tunate that the active farmer of the north omits not to lay 
in a (juantity during winter, and that the enterprising mer- 
chant of New England ships it in summer to the south, to 
the Carolinas, Georgia, New Orleans, and Ilavanna. By the 
way, have you seen in the papers, that an ice-merchant of 
Boston has sent a cargo of his goods to the East Indies? It 
arrived well-conditioned, and the captain of the vessel re- 
ceived a silver tankard with an appropriate inscription from 

• This, it is haixl'y ncccssaiy to say, is an cxajgoration. The baths of 
Nero, near Pozziioli, arc so hot that it is necessary to undress in order to ap- 
proach their wells. Few travellers dare to follow the guide who is in the 
habit of fetching water from them, in order to boil eggs. We remember 
how scorchingly hot the air felt in tlie lungs when we visited the place, and 
succeeded in penetrating to the end with our guide, — Editoh. 



( 21 ) 

the governor at Calcutta. Other cargoes have followed. 
What an enterprise ! Vasco did not dream of discovering 
the way for Kennebec and Boston ice to the " land of spices," 
when he doubled the Cape. Compare it to the paddling and 
creeping along the shores of the ancients, and yet Ulysses 
had his Homer. Some years ago, I remember, some ice ar- 
rived in London from Sweden, and the custom-house offi- 
cers did not know what rate of duty to demand. They 
were as embarrassed as the officers here some years ago when 
a mummy arrived from Egypt. Was it a manufactured arti- 
cle? Did we want protection for our mummies? These were 
the important questions. Certainly it ought to pay duty. 
If salt pork pays duty, why not smoked emigrant? It was 
lucky that the spiced man, being accustomed to waiting, did 
not suffer from delay like the Swedish ice, which melted, 
and, before the decision had arrived what duty should be 
paid, the article which was to pay, had vanished, a situation 
similar to many law-cases.* 

In addition to heat and other things, I have to plead want 
of time; I must steal an hour here and an hour there, and 
you cannot expect that spirit which a man may give to his 
writings, who has the whole twenty-four at his disposal, 
and may choose the time when his mind is the bright- 
est — with myself, after I have taken that decoction which 
Voltaire could not obtain strong enough and Leibnitz not 
weak enough. I will write most piously, in the sense of 
Sterne: begin, and trust the rest to the gods, as many poli- 
ticians do. I know not how many letters you will probably 
receive, for I cannot speak with the precision with which 
the author of the Fredoniad was able to sing: — 

" Songs thirty I have sung-, yet ten remain. 
Crude, undigested, written in the brain." 

• It is not a little characteristic of the enterprising turn of the Americans, 
that, while Bostonians send their ice to distant shores of Asia, a keeper of a 
menagerie sends an expedition to the Cape of Good Hope; to catch new and 
interesting animals. It has succeeded, and we have now here some of the 
rarest and most interesting animals. — Editor. 



( 22 ) 

He knew how much his indigestion would allow him to 
produce. Have you seen the Fredoniad? All I knew of it 
for a long time was, that it was an absurd concoction not 
looked at by any one, until chance threw it into my hands at 
an auction. If he who makes us laugh be really our benefac- 
tor, this poet deserves a more flourishing wreath than Escu- 
lapius himself. How I have enjoyed this grand poem! It is 
hardly known now; and this is a pity, for it is eminently fit- 
ted to shake the diaphragm, 



( 23 ) 



LETTER II. 



A BALL ROOM the moming after the feast; the giosira 
after the bull-fight is over, and the people have left the 
place; a stage from which tableaux vivans have delight- 
ed gazing friends with their fairy-like charms, and upon 
which now falls from without the glare of every day re- 
ality, disenchanting green baize into green baize, and white 
gauze into white gauze, are sights which never failed to 
produce peculiar impressions upon me. I have stood on 
the evening of the 18th on the battle-field of Waterloo, 
when, as one of my company said, " the fun was o'er," and 
made my Hamlet contemplations, which forced themselves 
even on the mind of a lad; but nothing equals, I think, a 
morning after a closely contested election in a populous 
city. Rise early on the morning after and walk through 
the quiet streets. Walls and corners are yet covered with 
flaming hand-bills, witnesses and documents of the high- 
running excitement, which but yesterday seemed to roll 
like an agitated sea. You are told in large capitals that if 
the candidates of the other ticket are elected, the common- 
weal needs must perish; our liberty, happiness, national ho- 
nor are lost: close by sticks another huge paper which de- 
clares, in equally measured terms, that the opposite side is 
composed of a set of Catilinas at least, a nest of designing 
demagogues, corrupt, sold, and panting for the people's 
money. They tell you that orphans and widows, whose 
money has been squandered away, call upon you to vote 
against the opposite candidate; they warn you to look well 



( 24 ) 

at your ticket before you throw it into the ballot box, be- 
cause spurious ones have been circulated by their opponents, 
to whom all means appear fair.* Above these placards are 
others of a somewhat earlier date, calling upon the citizens 
of a certain party of such or such a ward to attend a 
meeting, where election business of great importance will 
be transacted, and the chair be occupied by some old revo- 
lutionary crony, for they have their Marathon-men (may 
not f^ct^x^afOLcxxoi thus be translated analogous to Waterloo- 
men?) here as well as the Greeks had, and wherever an old 
honest revolutionary soldier can be hunted up, he is sure to 
be used for the chair of some meeting or other.t It is na- 

• Elections in New England arc much calmer tlian those described by 
the author; indeed, they ai-c, of all elections we have seen, both in Europe 
or America, by fur the most orderly. Without populai- elections, we mean 
elections by larg-e bodies, whoever may compose them, no true representa- 
tion is possible, and wherever popular elections are, there will be at the time 
of the election excitement, yet, as is also our author's opinion, much more 
in appearance than in reality. It is like the agitation of the atmosphere, 
necessary from time to time, in order to clciu- it We may add, however, 
that of all elections we ever have seen in the United Stxites, nothing is to be 
compared to a well-contested English election in a large place; for example, 
a Westminster election. The excitement, the overbearing rudeness dis- 
played by the populace, and the knowledge of the immense system of 
bribing which is carried on in an English election, render it one of the most 
interesting spectacles to the obsener. — Euitoh. 

I Tlie battle of Mar.ithon was, as may be imagined, a subject of peculiar 
pride with the Athenians, and tlie gloiy of the heroes of Manithon, (,««g:td»- 
vo/uaxot or Marathon-warriors,) was ever in the mouth of tlieir orators; so 
tliat, at last, it degenerated into the ridiculous, as is often the course of simi- 
lar things. Tlie sweetest airs of Mozart have been so mercUcssly hackneyed 
by street organs, that we lain as soon as we hcai- the tunc. 

Lucian, in Il/iclontrn Prxc. c. 18, makes a teacher of clecution impress 
his pupil with the importance of never forgetting Marathon, however alien 
to the subject. " If you speak," he says, "at Athens of .an adulterer, relate 
what was done with the Indians and in Ecbatana; but before all, mention 
Marathon, and Cynegirus, without which it will not do. Let always vessels 
pass through the Atlios, and sokliei-s tread upon the Hellespont; let the sun 
be darkened by the Persian arrows, let Xerxes flee, and Leonidas be admired, 
tlie inscription of Othryades be read, and sound the names of Salamis and 
Aitcmisium and Platia often and close together." — Editob. 



( 25 ) 

tural; how could it be otherwise? They are, in one respect, 
more than Marathon-men, because they did not only defend 
liberty but conquered independence, and the rarer an article, 
the higher the price. Carroll of Carrolton, for a long time 
the last surviving signer, received more honor than many 
others together, who were more active in the sacred business 
of declaring independence; and the farther we recede from 
the time of our " blessed revolution," and the rarer " revo- 
lutionary soldiers" become, the more they are sought for. 
I think there may be a time when people will run after me 
to see one of the last Waterloo-men, as my brother used to 
say that he had no doubt but his face, marked by the small- 
pox, would become in time so great a rarity that people 
would take it for a beauty. But to return to our election. 

A noise is made before every election, proportionate (or 
rather disproportionate) to its importance, from that of the 
president down to a constable; sometimes the uninitiated 
would think the whole country in a dangerous fever; new 
papers are established, if the importance of the election 
warrant it, pamphlets circulated, articles written, letters pub- 
lished, handbills printed, "sumptuous" dinners got up, 
meetings held, correspondence with committees of the same 
party kept up, whole districts deluged with printed speeches 
and political publications, all of which is expensive, and yet 
supported by contribution without coercion. And in order 
to arrive at the true statement of the expense of a govern- 
ment with elective representatives, I think that allowance 
for the expense of electing should be made, since it cannot 
be avoided, is inherent in the nature of this kind of govern- 
ment, and is paid after all by the nation; though I allow it is 
a tax which falls solely on the wealthy. Yet do not believe 
that our elections are at all as expensive as the English; 
nothing like it; nor is the kind of expense the same. Po- 
sitive bribes are not known with us, and the candidate him- 
self has no expenses to incur.* 

• Oup expenses, indeed, sound hardly worth mentioning, when we read 
in English papers of instances as tlie following': — "Mr. Fuller stood success- 

4 



( 26 ) 

The morning after the election all is quiet, the sea is calm 
as if a heavy rain had fallen upon it There hang the 
staring handbills with their enormous imputations and 
caricature exaggerations, now lifeless, tasteless, and with- 
out any farther effect or use than haply to point a moral. 
Soon after the rains of heaven wash down these traces of 
man's passion. In Paris some old woman would scrape 
them down, and soon placards of all parties would be mashed 
in one vat, peaceably to combine in the formation of a new 
sheet, destined perhaps to the same fate. 

These periodical excitements lead to curious considera- 
tions. Is it not strange that year after year the same thing 
is acted over, and year after year brings the same bustle, 
noise, and clamor? That man never seems to gain in ex- 
perience? That again and again excitement rises to a high 
pitch, though we know, to-morrow it will appear like labor 
lost. But, pray, do not misunderstand me, as if I were de- 
sirous for political apathy; nothing is worse in a free coun- 
try than a lifeless disregard of its politics; I would prefer even 
an undue excitement. Ambition, bad as it often is, is far 
better than supercilious disdain of the politics of one's own 
country; one thing only is worse than both — greediness for 
money in politics. Wherever this corruption is found, the 
commonwealth is irretrievably lost. Rome and France af- 
ford the proofs. I censure only that party spirit, which 
makes unjust assertions, and that clamor which knows its 
assertions not to be true. And how often — though I willingly 
allow by no means always — is it a trifle, a bubble, a mere no- 
thing, that consumes so much activity, and energy, and leads 
to such doubtful views of political morality! You sec, man is 
man every where; the same spirit, though in another form, 
is observed at courts, among sects, in families, with school- 
boys, scholars, and artists. Oh, the tabourets, the tabourets 

fully a severely-contested election with Colonel Sergisson, whicli lasted six- 
teen days, and cost tlie former 20,000/., iit addition to a siil)scription purse of 
30,000/. made by the county. The expenses incuncd by Mr. Sergisson 
were, we believe, equally heavy." — Editou. 



( 27 ) 

of Retz ! * The " Our Father," and " Father of us," of the 
Calvinists and Lutherans!! The blue and green caps! The 
white and red roses! The Nominalists and the Realists! The 
big-endians and little-endians, who are indeed no carica- 
tures, at least, no fictitious caricatures. Who has not seen 
them acted in real life? But a few years ago, one part of a 
congregation, in a considerable town of New England, was 
for the erection of a stove in their meeting-house, whilst the 
rest strenuously opposed the measure; and stovites and anti- 

* The author must refer to a passage in the Memoh-s of the Cardinal de Retz. 
It is so amusing throughout, particularly to us republicans, that we consider 
ourselves justified in giving a translation. On page 23, vol. ii., of the Ge- 
neva edition of If 52, the Cardinal says: " The prince had engaged to cause 
the tabouret (a chair, without back, on which certain privileged ladies were 
allowed to seat themselves in the presence of the court) to be given to the 
Countess de Foix; and the cardinal, (Mazarin,) who was much opposed to it, 
excited all the youths of the court to oppose all tabourets which were not 
founded upon brevets. The prince, who suddenly saw opposed to him the 
nobility of the court, at the head of which the Marshal L'Hospital had placed 
himself, was not willing to cause public excitement against himself for interests 
which where indifferent to him, and he thought it enough to do for the house of 
Foix, if he upset the tabourets of the other privileged houses. That of the 
house of Rohan was the first of the number; and imagine how unpleasant a 
shock of this nature must have been to the ladies of this name! They re- 
ceived the news on the same evening, when the Duchess de Guimene re- 
turned from Anjou. Ladies de Chevreuse, de Rohan, and de Monbazon, re- 
paired the next morning to her. They pretended that the affront offered to 
them was only to take vengeance against the Fronde, (the party to which 
the Cardinal de Retz belonged. ) We concluded upon a counter-party among 
the nobility for the support of the tabouret of the house de Rohan. Made- 
moiselle de Chevreuse was much pleased tliat she had thus been distinguished 
from the house of Lorraine; but the consideration of her mother was tlie reason 
that she did not dare to contradict general feehng. It was proposed to try 
to shake the prince, before it should come to an open rupture; I undertook 
the mission, and went the same evening; my pretext was my relationship with 
the house de Guimene. The prince, who understood me before I had end- 
ed, said, ' You are a good relative; it is right to satisfy you. I promise you 
that I shall not oppose the tabouret of the house of Rohan.'" — Editor. 

f Luther had translated tlie beginning of the Lord's Prayer by '^Father of 
us," (analogous to the Greek original,) Calvin, however, by " Our Father," 
and this difference was insisted upon with great pertinacity in the controver- 
sies and contests of the two sects in Germany. — Ebitor. 



( 28 ) 

stovites allowed themselves to be carried to a degree of ex- 
citement unexampled in the memory of the oldest inhabi- 
tants. In former times, it would have led to bloodshed, and 
put a whole province in fire. I once found the inhabitants 
of a small town in England in great agitation, because the 
rector's wife had appeared in church with a fashionable hat 
from London ; half of the female inhabitants sided with her, 
half were against her. A goose is a goose, and a monkey a 
monkey; an ass is an ass, and a tiger a tiger, but a man — I 
do not know what he is, certainly not a man. Would you 
believe that, in 1830, a man was killed at an election in 
Nova Scotia? What a tremendous tornado in a tea-kettle! 
Losing a life in a Nova Scotia election! This is carrying 
the fun too far, particularly for one of the party, though, ac- 
cording to Pierquin, dying is a " delicious, nay, voluptuous 
sensation," and no greater inducement to crime can be held 
out, than the sweet tickling of a guillotine,* or the smiling 
little abbreviation: Susp. per. col. 

Again, it is remarkable what excited language is used by the 
papers and public speakers in these times of political contest, 
whilst every body knows that not half of it is meant in reality. 
It reminds me of a picture which I found in one of my pedes- 
trian journeys, in a Silesian tavern. It represented a fellow 
with a knowing face, and, as spoken by him, were written 
the words: "Who knows whether it is true!" thus throw- 
ing a serious doubt over every thing that was said by the 
garrulous guests of the inn. I happen to know here three 
families, in each of which there are two brothers, directly 
opposed in politics, and manifesting their political opinions 
in public and very decided speeches; some of their sons are 
for, some against the father; yet they stand on the most 
amicable footing with each other. On the whole, I like 
this much. I believe that nowhere else do men allow, 

• Pierquin, in his work Dc la Peine dc Mort, thinks to prove tliat, as tlic 
author states, dying is a voUiptuous pleasure and that capital punishment is 
an incongruity since torture has been abolished, if it be the intention of the 
legislators to inflict pain, and deter by it. — Editor. 



( 29 ) 

with so much good humor, every one to have and follow 
his political opinion. You may see senators and represent- 
atives in Washington fighting deadly battles, and an hour 
later, walking and joking together. Not that this always 
indicates that all their political course flows from interest, 
and not from conviction; I have seen instances where no 
such suspicion can exist. No, it is because people here have 
always been accustomed to acknowledge in every one the 
right politically to act as he thinks best. It is a manly qua- 
lity which I love to see, as long as there is no real politi- 
cal ;crime imputed. But in the newspapers all, of course, 
wears a heightened aspect; there every thing is rouged to 
the utmost. 

We must be fair, however, and consider that all language, 
if used out of the narrowest circle of our family or long-tried 
friends, is exaggerated, and that not in politics alone. Is not 
our language in social and polite intercourse equally exag- 
gerated? " I am extremely happy to see you," " your most 
obedient servant;" is this not language equally overcharged 
with any newspaper article, for or against a candidate?* 

• We think all exaggerations of this kind find their beau ideal in the let- 
ter wliich Ibrahim-Pacha of Egypt wrote to the sultan in 1832, after having' 
beaten him soundly, and exacted a peace on conditions sufficiently onorous 
for the sultan. There is such insolence in this oriental civiUty of a successful 
rebel to his master, that we cannot help inserting it here. Ibralum thanks 
the sultan for the investiture of the government of Adana: — 

" My sublime, magnanimous, awe-inspifing, mighty, great Sovereign, our 
benefactor, the benefactor of mankind. 

" May God grant to your Sublimity a life without end, and make the au- 
gust shadow of your Sublimity a protection for all men, and especially for my 
humble head. 

"Your inexhaustible goodness has induced you, most gracious Sovereign, 
to grant me the government of Adana as mahassilik (in farm.) 

"Animated by tliis new favour of your Sublimity, the duration of my frail 
existence shall be wholly devoted to praying to God for the prolongation of 
your hfe and reign. 'As my heart is pervaded by a feeling of happiness, I en- 
tertain (God is my witness) no wish but to act so as to obtain the gracious 
approbation of your Sublimity, and to find occasion to devote myself to your 
service. For the purpose of expressing my gratitude to your Sublimity, and 



( 30 ) 

The comparison could be carried through many branches, 
and it must be, therefore, borne in mind, particularly by 
people abroad, who wish to judge of the political state of a 
country by its papers and other publications, that much of 
all the violence and contest exists on the paper alone; there 
it remains and there it dies. There was a man, at the be- 
ginning of the French revolution, who edited two newspa- 
pers at the same time; one for the popular party, one for the 
king, and both in violent language. I do not mean to say 
that he is a fair specimen of all editors and public .orators, 
but most of them have a passion which they can pull out 
like the stops of an organ. Promises, proclaimed by mo- 
narchs when they assume the sceptre, are not the only things 
which are to be taken as words of course, though, I confess, 
I think editors might be a little more civil with each other, 
since the sultan has given them a good example in prohibit- 
ing, as early as 1830, by a regular fetwa, the calling of Chris- 
tians, Christian dogs. 

Thirdly, those very bills on the corners of the street, and 
the perfect, good-humored calmness as soon as the contest 
is over, show that the Americans, the least excitable nation* 
I know of, are eminently qualified for a government of law. 
It is my full conviction, founded upon the little knowledge 
of history I have, and on constant and close observation, 
that there never Avas a nation so fitted for it, in ancient or 
modern times, so calculated to solve a number of difficult 
political problems, as the Americans, descending as they do 
from that noble nation to which mankind owes nearly all 
those great ideas, the realization of which forms the aim of 
all the political struggles on tlie European continent, and 

to express my most humble thanks, I venture to lay tlils humble petition at 
the foot of the throne of the sublime, magnanimous, awe-inspiring, mighty, 
great padishah, our august sovereign and benefactor, the benefactor of all 
men." 

This letter was written by Ibrahim-Pacha witli his own hand, and sealed 
with his seal. — Editor. 

• Hence there is little of what is called fun in America. — Editor. 



( 31 ) 

which the historian will single out as the leading and cha- 
racteristic political features of the present age — namely, 
elective representation, two houses, an independent judiciary, 
liberty of the press, responsibility of ministers, a law stand- 
ing above the highest ruler even if a monarch, and a proper 
independence of the minor communities in the state — that 
great nation which alone sends along with its colonies a 
germ of independent life and principle of self-action, (ren- 
dering the gradual unfolding of their own, peculiar law, pos- 
sible,) and above all, that nation which first of all elevated 
itself to the great idea of a lawful opposition.* Descend- 
ing, as the Americans do, from this nation, which seems to 
have civil liberty in its bones and marrow, and situated as 
they are, in a boundless country, allowing scope to the bold- 

* Reading over my letter, I will hastily add, here on the margin, a few 
ideas of mine on opposition. Do you recollect that about eight years ago a 
member of pai-liament, I forget his name, used in the house the expres- 
sion, "His Majesty's opposition." Now, this sounded very ridiculous, but 
tliere was a deep sense in this apparent paradox. Opposition is an ingre- 
dient part of a free government. The minister cannot act without — but the 
scanty paper will not allow me to say all I should wish to say. Only thus 
much will I add. A systematic and lawful opposition shows a high state of 
political development, and if the future historian knew nothing of the Eng- 
lish but that tliey fii-st elevated themselves to this idea, he would conclude 
that it must have been a nation in a very high stage of political advancement. 
The Turks formerly did not even know of such a thing as tlie mere official 
discharge of a minister; he was turned out of office and life at tlie same 
time. Now they have an-ived at this stage of civilization, yet the minister is. 
banished. In France the discharge of a minister was formerly called dis- 
grace. There was always the idea of something personal between the mo- 
narch and the minister connected with the dismissal of the latter. In Spaia 
a minister receives his discharge and banishment from the capital at the same 
time. In England, and now also in France, when a minister is dischargee^ 
he goes quietly to the house, and, in all probability, takes his seat with the 
opposition. No one di-eams of conspiracies and revolutions. The monarch 
even has been known to have a personal Lking for a minister, and to show it 
after his removal from office. — So much greater is moral security than phy- 
sical. In Asia every dismissed vizier is supposed to meditate rebellion, he 
must die; in Em-ope a monai'ch is detlironed and allowed peaceably to make 
his exit. Antiquity never elevated itself to tlie idea of a lawful and orga- 
nized opposition. 



( 32 ) 

est enterprise without causing discontent and political fric- 
tion, (which, in countries closely populated, cannot be avoid- 
ed,) — at a great distance from Europe and all her intricate 
questions and diplomatic influences, yet blessed with the 
civilization of that part of the world by means of the all- 
uniting sea, over which they have thrown their flying 
bridges, the fleet messengers of the Atlantic, conductors and 
reconductors of civilization, and, in addition to all these ad- 
vantages, possessed of their calm and sedate disposition — 
truly, if they are not made for a government in which the 
sway of the law alone is acknowledged, then tell me what 
nation is or was so? As a thousand things co-operated in 
ancient Greece to produce that unrivalled state of perfection 
in which we fmd the fine arts to have been there — a happy 
constellation of the most fortunate stars — so a thousand fa- 
vorable circumstances concur in America, to make it pos- 
sible that a far greater amount of liberty can be introduced 
into all the concerns of her political society than ever was 
possible before with any other nation, or will be at any fu- 
ture period, yet also requiring its sacrifices, as the fine arts 
with the Greeks required theirs. 

The influence of this nation has been considerable al- 
ready; it will be much more so yet in ages to come: poli- 
tical ideas will be developed here and have a decided efiect 
on the whole European race, and, for aught I know, upon 
other races; but as the Grecian art has kindled the sense of 
the beautiful with many nations, but never could be equalled 
again (as a national aflair,) so it is possible that political no- 
tions developed here and received by other nations, will 
have a sound influence only if in their new application they 
arc modified to the given circumstance; for it is not in the 
power of any man or nation, to create all those circumstances, 
under the shade of which liberty reposes here. Politics is 
civil architecture, and a poor architect indeed is he who for- 
gets three things in building: the place where the building 
is to be raised, the materials with which he has to build, 
and the object for which the structure is erected. If the 



( 33 ) 

materials are Jews of Palestine and if the object of the fabric 
be to keep the people as separate from neighbors as possible, 
the architect would not obtain his end by a constitution si- 
milar to that of one of our new states.* 

It was necessary for the Americans, in order to make them 
fit to solve certain political problems, which, until their so- 
lution here, were considered chimerical (take as an instance 
the keeping of this immense country without a garrison,) 
that they should descend from the English, should begin as 
persecuted colonists, severed from the mother country, and 
yet loving it with all their heart and all their soul ; to have 
a continent, vast and fertile, and possessing those means of 
internal communication, which gave to Europe the great su- 
periority over Asia and Africa; to be at such a distance 
from Europe, that she should appear as a map ; to be mostly 
Protestants, and to settle in colonies with different charters, 
so that, when royal authority was put down, they were as 
so many independant states, and yet to be all of one metal, i 
so that they never ceased morally to form one nation nor to 
feel as such. 

You may say: " Strange, that an abuse of liberty, as this 
apparent or real party strife in election contests actually is, 
should lead you to the assertion that no nation is fitter for a 
government of law." Yet do I repeat it. How would it be 
with other nations? It would be after an election of this kind 
that the real trouble would only begin; we see an instance 

• We know the author well, and are thoroughly acquainted with his poli- 
tical views. He is far from agreeing with tliose politicians who use the above 
argument in order to impede exertions for liberty among different nations, 
as if it were a mere aping of other people. On the contraiy, it is his firm 
belief, that from the beginning of the middle ages the European race had 
always in common certain broad political principles, and that, at the present 
time, one of these is that of representative government. And we would ask 
the absolutists, who designate the desire among nations to profit by the ex- 
ample of others as mere aping, when there was ever a more " tedious uni- 
formity " among European states than in the feudal times i* All the author 
wished to express is, that his true love of liberty made him regard its essence 
as more important still than its form. — Editor. 

5 



( 3-1 ) 

In South America. Here, on the other liantl, as soon as tlic 
election is over the contest is settled, and the citizen obeys 
the law. " Keep to the right, as the law directs," you will 
often find on sign-boards on bridges in this country. It ex- 
presses the authority which the law here possesses. I doubt 
v^ery much whether the Romans, noted for their obedience 
to the law, held it in higher respect than the Americans. 

A traveller who goes from the European continent to 
England is struck with the respect paid to the law in that 
country. I conversed once with an English stage-coach- 
man on a certain law, which I thought very oppressive: 
" Yes, said he, but such is the law of the land." You 
miglit travel all over Austria and Prussia before a postil- 
lion would give you such an answer. He would say, in a 
similar case, " Yes, but they take good care that you do 
not get round them." If you go from England to the 
United States, you find that there the law is held in still 
"higher respect. But to see the whole truth, to feel the full 
Aveight of what I say, it is necessary to see the law admi- 
nistered on minor occasions, to see riots quelled by citizens 
themselves sworn in for the occasion, to sec banks and mints 
without sentinels, to travel thousands of miles and never 
meet with a uniform; and farther, to observe that what the 
law requires is here held. honorable. No man looks upon 
a district attorney as upon a tool of government because he 
prosecutes in the name of the United States. 

I was once with INIessrs. sent by their government 

to this country to inquire into our , in a Boston party. 

A gentleman of fine appearance attracted their attention; 
"who is he?" they asked. " The sherifi"," I replied. " The 
sheriff?" said one of them:- "is not the sheriff the officer 
who directs the infliction of capital punishment?" "He 
is," I answered. " And did he superintend the execution 
this morning?" "He did," was my answer. "And he 
here! ma fois that is rather too much!" exclaimed my 
friend, in whom, though a gentleman of clear mind, all the 
European prejudices against every person who has any 



( 35 ) 

thing to do with the administering of capital punishments 
were excited; but reflection soon came to his aid, and he 
was struck with the rationality of this state of things. The 
more civilized a nation the fewer are the prejudices against 
professions and classes. In Spain, the business of the 
butcher, and even the business of the wine-merchant, is con- 
sidered as dishonorable; in Germany, but a few years ago, 
the executioner had his own small table in the inn, and his 
own glass fastened by a string to the wall. — What was a 
merchant in France before the revolution? what a mechanic 
all over Europe in the beginning of the middle ages? 

Speaking of the good traits of the Americans I may as 
well mention here, that they are ever ready to acknowledge 
and make use of ability come whence it may — a Jew, a 
Christian, a publican, a bricklayer, a man whom nobody 
knows whence he comes, will meet with encouraging ac- 
knowledgment of his capacity if he knows any thing which 
they consider worth knowing. Of course, in this you will not 
misunderstand me. I am not now speaking of the Ameri- 
cans in their more social relations. Pour le reste the Ame- 
ricans are no more angels than other people, nor am I 
blind, I trust, towards the deficiencies of this country or the 
faults of its inhabitants. I know that the criminal code of 
Delaware is a disgrace, consisting of laws which cold inte- 
rest and cruelty combined to enact, and that the unfathoma- 
ble mud of the capital has at immense expense been changed 
for impenetrable dust, arising in large clouds from a road, 
made under the very eye of government, and of stones, which 
it required gross ignorance to use for the building of a high- 
way or street. 

I visited yesterday our Eastern Penitentiary, the place 
where the only practical and essentially merciful and phi- 
losophical system of prison discipline, that which is founded 
on solitary confinement with labor, was first successfully be- 
gun and continued. You have read or may read my letters 
to on this important subject. I hope he has been 



( 3G ) 

able to found the criminal code which he is charged to draw 
up on this theory of discipline. A penal law, which only 
provides for the number of years of imprisonment that are 
to be awarded for a certain infringement of the laws, with- 
out strictly determining the kind and manner of this im- 
prisonment, is much like a bill which would give you the 
prices in mere numbers without informing you to what units 
these numbers refer. The nature of the punishment ought 
to be accurately defined, unless we choose to leave it to the 
discretion of the judge, as the Carolina does in so many 
cases. As to that matter, the Spanish law, formerly in use 
in Louisiana, determined only the crimes for which capital 
punishment is to be inflicted, but leaves it to the judge 
whether the criminal shall suffer by " decapitation of the 
sword (for the statute, with great humanity, forbids the saw 
and the reaping hook,) or burning or hanging, or casting to 
be devoured by wild beasts;" very nice discretion indeed! 
and all this after confession had been squeezed out by ap- 
propriate means. {Escudrinar la verdad was the Spanish 
expression for getting at the truth by torture, or as it still is, 
for aught I know.) My motto for all penal justice is, lex 
clemens, Judex certus, poena sapieiis.* That practical 
sense in which the Americans, as I think, excel all other 
nations, has shown itself in nothing more than in their 
making the manner in which punishment shall be inflicted 
a matter of the penal law itself. But it is not my intention 
to read you a lecture on penitentiaries, my dear friend; I 
only intended to tell you a story. 

When I was walking in the long corridor of one of the 
blocks of the prison, I heard two weavers, each in his lonely 
cell, evidently striving to outdo each other in the swiftness of 
their shuttles. My excellent friend the warden, seeing that 
I noticed the rivalship, told me that they were often observed 
running this race. Now this simple fact has in it something 

• Mild laws, sure judges, wise punishments-^EoiTOR. 



( 37 ) 

unspeakably touching to me. Two men of active minds, to 
whom nothing of all this vast world remains but the narrow 
ceil of their prison-house, and to neither of whom is left, of 
all the possible spheres of activity in which to engage, but a 
rivalship with his neighbor, of whom he knows not even 
the name or face, in the rapidity of his shuttle! They can 
perceive of each other actually nothing but the sound of 
this little instrument as it flies from one hand to the other, 
and this sound is sufficient to stimiilate their ambition. 
Perhaps the mere mentioning of the fact here upon paper 
may not affect you as the actual sight of it did me; but to 
my mind there was certainly something indescribably pain- 
ful in the emulation of these imprisoned hermits at their soli- 
tary loom. It affords one more illustration, of which daily 
life and history give so many, that man cannot deny his na- 
ture; it will show its original and deepest traits in situations 
where you expect it least. Vanity has broken forth on the 
guillotine; a mother's tenderness has shown itself in spite 
of certain ruin, the acknowledgment of superiority of mind 
in the black hole. 

That principle, which God has planted deep in the human 
heart, in order to propel mankind, and without which all 
would stagnate — call it emulation, ambition, envy, pride, 
jealousy, what you will, it is originally the same, — the desire 
of separating ourselves by some distinction from the crowd, 
and of outstripping our neighbor — this onward principle, as 
it might be called, this original ingredient of the human soul, 
manifests itself in this case in a most striking manner. Two 
men who know nothing of each other, who are confined, 
and whose exertions will be applauded by no one, whose 
labors bring them no gain, and whose toiling is for the be- 
nefit of no favorite, but is immerged in the produce of other 
and less active; two men with whom no stimulus can ope- 
rate that commonly incites to exertion, and who only know 
that both are weavers by the rattling of the busy shuttle, yet 
exert themselves to surpass each other in the only kind of 



^( 38 ) 

activity which aflbrds them the possibility of rivalship! 
Here is a strong instance of that principle in our soul which 
gives life blood to society, and which, if not bridled, brings 
its ruin; here are Cesar and Pompey. 



( 39 ) 



LETTER III. 



" Why shall we go to Europe's bloody shores 
To seek the herbs which gi'ow before our own doors?"* 

Quoth I, to a friend of mine, a Swiss, who pines for his 
towering Alps and their glowing summits, when the last 
rays of a setting sun slowly take their leave of the snow- 
capped peaks. " Let's go to Niagara, that seems to be no 
trifle, either, in its way," My friend smiled at the grandi- 
loquent lines quoted above, which I found on a catalogue of 
herbs and medicines gathered and prepared by the Mora- 
vians of Bethlehem; there these good folks had put it as a 
sweetener for bitter draughts. 

" Cos! all' egvo fanciul porglamo aspersi 
Di suave licor gli orli del vaso."f 

The couplet at the beginning reminds one of a poor Ger- 
man peasant, lately crushed under a barn, and who was 
dragged from out the ruins with twenty-seven fractures; yet 
he Avas cured! Nil desperandum! So do not despair of the 
motto; it may, and, in all probability, does, stand at the head 
of very salutary preparations. Considering the immense and 
various mass of rhyming in the present time, from the fore- 
going distich to the poetry of King Louis, of Bavaria, one 

* A true copy. — Editok. 

f Thus we give physick to a sick cliild, by covering tlie brim of tlie ves- 
sel with sweet liquor. Tasso, canto i. iii. — Eiuthk. 



( 10 ) 

might almost wish that all mankind should decree as did 
once the constituent assembly in Paris: " Que dortnavant 
on n* entendra plus a la barrc de la conve7ilio7i que la rai- 
son en prose.''* 

My friend agreed; the day was fixed; the day arrived; 
he could not go, and — so I went by myself. Of a voyage 
round the world, the first half mile is always half the 
way. I have been many years in this country; every 
spring and every autumn I intended to go to the Falls, 
but always something or other prevented me. Once, I was 
on my way in the winter, but was called back. Now, 
something entirely alien, brought me, at last, to execute 
my long proposed jaunt. Animals which think themselves 
vastly superior to boar-hunting dogs, do, nevertheless, equal- 
ly with these, require " barkers," or " finders," to stir and 
excite them to action. t Some stand in need of the barker 
to incite them, others require the little ass, which, in Lyons, 

• In future, nothing' shall be heard at the bar of tlie convention but reason 
In prose. — Editoh. 

■j" Boar-liunting, in several respects the most interesting hunting in Ger- 
many, requires two kinds of dogs — tlie finders or barkers, wiiich find tlie 
boar and follow the animal, barking all the time, and packer, (from the Ger- 
man /jacA-eTj, to seize forcibly.) The latter are very strong and heavy dog^, 
bold enough to attack the boar, wiien they come up with him, and bring him 
to the ground. The animal often inflicts serious wounds upon them, by tear- 
ing their flesh with his tusks. The hunter always has, for this purpose, a 
thread and needle to sew up the wound, if possible. The boar tries to rip 
open the belly, and it is astonishing to sec how serious wounds, when even 
part of the intestines protrude, arc cured in this way. The luniter has be- 
sides a small instrument, with which he breaks open the jaws of the dogs, 
which are so furious in tlieir attacks, that, if they have once obtained a hold 
on the boar, a cramp generally rendei-s them incapable of opening their 
mouth. Boars are shot witli balls and rifles, but, when wounded, or the 
sow, when she sees her young ones endangered, fearlessly attacks man. It is 
when the hunter uses his cutlass, jilaces it in ])osition, that the enraged bo.or 
runs it into his body; this requires much courage and is extremely dangerous. 
AVild boars will call together their tribe, as tame hogs do, and if a himter has 
fled to a tree, it is not uncommon for these animals to uproot it with great 
perseverance, and bring down the hunter. — Kiuron. 



( 41 ) 

is put before the horses merely to induce them to a steady 
pull. 

Suppose me then on board a Delaware steamboat, leaving 
Philadelphia early in the morning. " Sir, do you go to New 
York?" — " Yes sir; why?" — " Please take these letters, and 
throw them into the post-office." I did not know the gen- 
tleman; I took the letters, at least five in number, and had 
no sooner opened my carpet bag to put them in, than letters 
rained in from all sides as if epistolary matter had broken 
loose from the clouds. The liberty wliich everj^ one takes 
in this country, in asking you to carry letters, bundles, andy 
now and then, a bandbox, though very great, is what every 
one is equally ready to do for you, and so, on the whole, 
the matter neutralizes itself, and is rather a convenience. I 
believe, this is the only civilized country in which no law 
exists prohibiting private persons from carrying sealed let- 
ters. It would be considered a strange interference with 
private concerns if ever a law of this kind should be at- 
tempted here. The convenience of the public is the only 
object of posts; if the public find a more convenient way for 
themselves, let them make use of it. It is only forbidden to 
employ the regular means of conveyance in the carriage of 
letters, unless a previous agreement to that purpose be made 
with the post-office. This is but fair. If other governments 
would be unable to carry on the mail-establishment, were 
private persons permitted to take letters, it is well to forbid 
such : to forbid it, and yet derive a revenue from the postage, 
is what many people consider a very unjust law, but to seize 
upon a traveller's unsealed letters of recommendation, as so 
much smuggled goods, as was the case with myself when I 
arrived in England, I hold to be barbarous. Equally arbitrary 
was (or still is) the law in Prussia which prohibited a tra- 
veller, who set out by extra-post, from continuing his jour- 
ney by private conveyance, unless, indeed, he chose to pay 
a fine. 

I was on the upper deck, when five lads arrived; without 

(i 



( 42 ) 

saying a word, each of them took a chair, tilted it over, 
placed himself in a position worthy the pencil of a Cruik- 
shank, and took out a paper or book. This leads mc to remark 
upon two cliaracteristics of the Americans, their lounging ha- 
bit, and their eagerness to read. It is strange that Americans 
are as unable to sit like the rest of the European race as a 
Turk when he first arrives in Vienna. Whatever may be 
the reason, and however strongly self-indulgence may plead 
in its favor, it is an uncouth custom; and, though not prac- 
tised in the higher ranks, you meet even there with the 
same disposition, only refined by manner. A lady of my 
acquaintance carried the thing, as a joke, so far as to have 
in one of her rooms twelve chairs, not one of which was 
like the other, and that abomination, the rocking-chair, was 
not wanting. If the ladies but knew how ill they look in it 
with contracted shoulders and raised knees! However, you 
do not find these mongrel chairs in the parlors of the better 
houses in New York and Philadelphia. Their use is much 
more general in the eastern states, where I once saw a judge 
on the bench rocking himself in his easy chair. That prac- 
tical philosopher, Franklin, has the credit of their inven- 
tion. 

The following is characteristic in its way: — When the 
steam-cars on the rail-roads pass each other, and this often at 
the rate of fifty miles an hour, newspapers — these necessary 
surrogates for the market of the ancients, where every thing 
was transacted orally — are exchanged, so that passengers 
coming, for instance, from Philadelphia, receive the news of 
New York, before they arrive even on board the second 
steamboat, which takes them up to that city; this is effected 
by twisting the paper into a long roll, and holding it out of 
the window of the car, when it is caught by the passengers 
in the car passing in the opposite direction. I was once 
present when a young chap wished to deceive the others, 
and held out an old paper, but what was our merriment when 
we found that the paper wc had received in turn, was of 
still older date. 



( 43 ) 

But to proceed with my travels. The boat was full; com- 
fortable situations w'ere sought, groups of acquaintances 
formed, and soon all was pretty quiet. Foreigners often 
complain of this silence; but besides the taciturn disposition 
of Americans in general, it must be remembered that a steam- 
boat is a moving street. Would you talk to every one in a 
street? People of all trades and classes meet in the steam- 
boat, and as there can be no great familiarity on an open 
square, so is it impossible on board " the boat/' on which 
crowds of people collect together but for a short time. On 
the Mississippi, indeed, the case is different. 

Much has been said about steamboats, and very natu- 
rally so. They save time, and that, alone, is saying much. 
Steam has become the handmaid of civilization. Steam 
has not only quickened the intercourse of men, but has 
united things which, without it, would have remained se- 
parate forever. Steam, I do not hesitate to say, has ce- 
mented our union. How would it have been possible for 
States, at such a distance from each other as Louisiana and 
Maine, Missouri and Delaware, to remain firmly united, 
had these distances continued to signify what they formerly 
did, had, in short, a mile remained a mile? They would 
have pulled one this way, the other that way; what inter- 
ested, moved, or disturbed the one, might not have affected 
the others; the conductors of the political fluid would have 
been wanting, and the parts would naturally have been shi- 
vered asunder. It was by roads as much as the forces which 
used them, that the Roman empire was kept together for a 
time. 

When I was in Buffalo, I saw a steamboat and asked the 
captain where he was going. " To Chicago," was the an- 
swer. How far is that? "Eleven hundred miles by water," 
he replied. Half the way across the Atlantic ! And this he 
said in a tone in which a waterman on the Thames would an- 
swer a similar question, by " To Greenwich, sir." People 
go to and fro between Chicago and Buffalo. There are steam- 
boats for greater distances )^et. But I probably shall touch 



( 44 ) 

upon the distances in the United States again, and give you 
some more remarks upon the subject. Let me only add 
here, that, in my opinion, the history of civilization runs pa- 
rallel with the history of communication, both physical and 
intellectual, as roads, canals, steamboats, printing-presses, 
newspapers. 

For this reason, and because Fulton made the remote re- 
gions of the west easy of access to us, thus opening an im- 
mense field of enterprise to the fast-growing population, and 
preventing for a long time that discontent and uneasiness, 
so dangerous to calm and firm liberty, with which a crowd- 
ed population will ever be pregnant, I consider him a true 
benefactor of this Union and the liberty of the American 
people; separate the Union, and you will have jealousies, 
misunderstandings, war; have war, and you will have ar- 
mies and taxes and consolidation, and then — good bye to 
liberty. Were I asked for an inscription on the pedes- 
tal of a statue of Fulton, (which ought to stand, if possible, 
on the spot from which his first steamboat started,) I should 
propose this: — 

ROBERTO . FULTON . PENSYLVANIENSI 

FLUMINA . LACUSQUE . SUBEGIT 

ET . IN . TERRAS . REMOTAS 

ARATRUM . TULIT 

NECNON 

EXTREMAS . PATRI^ . REGIONES 

JUNXIT 

ITAQUE . FIRMIUS 

SACRUM . FCEDUS . NOSTRUM 

PEPIGIT.* 

There is a circumstance connected witli the invention of 



• In honor of Robert Fulton, of Pennsylvania. He subdued the rivers 
and the lakes, and carried the plougli to remote regions. He united the ex- 
treme parts of his country, and thus made firmer the stored covenant of our 
union. — Editoh. 



( 45 ) 

Steamboats, which it has in common, though not in the same 
degree, with the invention of the art of printing. Most 
great discoveries have been made by chance or suffering. 
Wliat would the world be to this day without bills of ex- 
change? It was cruelty that goaded men to this invention.* 
What would the world be without posts and post-roads? It 
was tyranny that invented them. What would the world 
be without division of power? It was oppression that led 
to it. But the art of printing was not invented in order to 
multiply the decrees of a monarch or the orders of a minister; 
it was the free invention of the human mind, which had ar- 
rived at that stage of maturity where it required this means 
of multiplication. Nor was the steamboat invented in order 
to injure an enemy, or as a means of domestic tyranny; nor 
was it the result of chance. It was the invention of a pri- 
vate individual, who foresaw the immense advantages which 
his country would derive from a navigation, able to brave 
wind, tide, and current, and which in speed would leave all 
other means of navigation far behind.t 

Yet in giving their due to modern inventions or brilliant 
discoveries, let us not forget old ones or those which now 
appear so natural that millions are benefited by them, with- 
out ever reflecting upon the immense influence they have 
exercised upon mankind for centuries. He who invented 
the saw, in imitation, probably, of the jaw of some large 
fish, was, to say the least, no fool ; the inventors of the wheel 

• The Jews, against whom the European race in the middle ag-es com- 
mitted crimes as enormous as those perpeti-ated at a later period by the same 
race against the Africans, were driven from time to time from one or the 
other countiy, that their master, whether monarch or feudal lord, might ap- 
propriate their property to his own use. At last, these persecuted men, 
when Philip Augustus and Philip the Long drove them out of France, trust- 
ed their property to Christians in France, and when they found a resting- 
place in Lombardy, gave to foreign merchants and travellers secret letters di- 
rected to the persons who held tlieir property in trust, drawing thereby upon 
them. — Editor. 

\ Let us never forget John Fitch, when we speak of steamboats. — 
Editor. 



( 46 ) 

and screw conferred as great benefits upon mankind as did 
Fulton, but history mentions not their names, as she passes 
over all these early and great benefactors in silence. We 
know the bold woman who taught us to protect our children 
against the small-pox, and Roscoe celebrates the mother who 
dared to return to nature.* But who invented the distaff? 
When was the complicated process of making bread com- 
pletely discovered? Is it certain that Ctesebes contrived 
the pump? A bold man, indeed, he must have been who 
first conceived the idea of nailing a piece of iron to the hoof 
of a living animal. We forget the file, the knife, the sail, 
the rudder, when we talk of our improvements. We forget 
what inj^enuity was requisite to hit upon the idea of milk- 
ing a cow, when the calf had given up to receive nourish- 
ment from her. The inhabitants of South America do not 
even now know this important art, and leave the calf with 
the cow as long as they wish to have milk.t And yet how 
important is a milking cow to our whole comfort. Consi- 
der what a part milk, butter, and cheese play in our do- 
mestic, and, hence, political economy. Think of a farm 
without milk! Cobbet justly attaches, in his Cottage Eco- 
nomy, the greatest value to a cow; and Finke| calls this 
good animal, in a report, on his province, to the king, inva- 
luable to the poor man, and he thinks that the capacity of 
providing food for a cow, should form the standard of lawful 
divisibility of land. You have only to observe how much a 

• The Duchess of Devonshire, who nursed her child, mentioned in Ros- 
coe's translation of the Balia. — Editor. 

I It is very frequent to see, in Soutli America, cows either with sore ud- 
ders, because the calves having already teeth, injure them in sucking, or 
with very small udders, because tiiey are left in a natural state, in which 
cows have not much larger udders than mares. — Editor. 

\ Von Finke, a distinguished Prussian statesman, is President of West- 
phalia. The work to which the author alludes, must be, " Report to 
the Minister of the Interior on the Division of Farms and Splitting up of real 
Estates in the Province of Wcstphaha, in 1824." Mr. Von Finke is known, 
also, by a work on the domestic government of Great Britain, edited by Nic- 
buhr, the historian, Berlin, 1815.— Editor. 



( 47 ) 

milking cow is valued by a family, especially where there are 
children; how parents feel a real gratitude towards "the good 
old animal/' " the old lady," how every member of the fa- 
mily takes an interest in her meals. — And, then, who can 
name the inventor of that sweetest of all things, sleep, to- 
ward whom Sancho, the wise fool, felt such intense grati- 
tude. Ah, honest Panza, if thou wert here, in our summer, 
thou wouldst not say " Sleep covers a man all over like a 
cloak;" its covering capacity hardly exceeds that of a short 
pea-jacket. 

The Delaware has always been to me the jDicture of gentle 
peace and calm enjoyment. Its banks are low, nothing 
striking appears to you whilst you glide along; but as far 
as you can see back into the country you behold cultivated 
land and fine vegetation. Many farmers here are quakers, 
and capital farmers they make. You should see their neat 
wives with their clean and polished vessels and nicely kept 
produce in the Philadelphia market. It must be a pleasure to 
buy butter from them ; you imagine all the neatness that pre- 
pared it. Some parts of the Delaware present very fine pic- 
tures, for instance when you cross from Burlington to Bristol, 
but I promised no description of my journey ; I write in my 
own way, and must be allowed to meander about. There is a 
rail-road at present between Bordentown and Amboy through 
New Jersey, whose sand reminds me of my native Mark 
Brandenburg. This is not the only artificial communication 
between the Delaware and the New York waters. I send you 
a map of Pennsylvania and New York, from which you will 
see that there are several canals and rail-roads which connect 
or will connect the eastern part of Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey with the waters around or leading to New York. 
Look well at this map; I believe, as long as history records 
the deeds of men, there has never been a territory equal in 
extent to Pennsylvania and the western part of New York, 
where human activity and ingenuity have done equally 
much in so short a time for internal communication; much 
as I honor the grand and majiifold improvements of the an 



( '1« ) 

cient Egyptians. Some years ago Pennsylvania alone had 
spent twenty millions of dollars on her canals and other ar- 
tificial means of communication. And all this is done hy 
a self-taxing people; it is not a powerful government with 
any coercive means either over the money or the labor of 
the people at its disposal, but a pure representative govern- 
ment, which resolves upon these great undertakings: it is 
a subject of pleasing contemplation. 

When I first came to this country, I went from the Dela- 
ware to the Chesapeake, across the little state of Delaware, 
(which, not unlike the rotten boroughs of England, has pro- 
duced more able men than, her size considered, might be 
expected,) in a confounded and confounding stage-coach. 
A few years later I had to go again to Washington, and 
found a canal cut through Delaware state, and got on very 
comfortably; a year or so later, I crossed the same state on 
a rail-road; now I wait impatiently for a passage over the 
state, for aerial navigation is the next in order, all other 
means being exhausted. An American distinguishes him- 
self from the inhabitants of all other countries by a rest- 
lessness, a striving and driving onward, without which this 
country would never have shot up in such an unexampled 
growth, and which opens to thousands of men, possessed of 
nothing but their energy, a successful career; whilst it also 
extinguishes in many individual cases the calm enjoyment 
of what they have and possess, a disposition the very op- 
posite of that which gives to the Italian such deep enjoy- 
ment in liis dolce far niente. So strangely are we con- 
stituted! Have the one, and you must resign the other. 
The same disposition which, in this country, renders the 
word enterprising a most popular and laudatory epithet, 
and which leads a Daniel Boone* farther and farther to 
the west, or guides a small New England craft to the New 

• Not alone yoimg' men and poor emigrants seek the distant M'est; many 
families in comfortable circumstances leave the places where they have en- 
joyed all the pleasures of social intercourse, and to which they ai-e tied by 
all tlic bonds which usually fix a man in life, and proceed to the fertile 



( 49 ) 

Shetland Islands, where her crew chase the seal, and from 
whence the}'' sail for London, because they happen to hear 
that the market for their skins will be best there — this same 
disposition makes the American little satisfied with what he 
has, and therefore little fit for the calm enjoyment of any 
thing; while, on the other hand, the turn of mind which 
makes the Roman blacksmith look out of his shop door, 
turn round to his hands with — " boys, let's go to Monte 
Testaccio," and then send for a coach into which he jumps 
with his journeymen and all, and dance and drink away the 
afternoon happy as a child: that same disposition makes 
him dance in rags and sleep in a house that is no home» 
But if one or the other must be, give me, I say, the man^ 
the striving, enterprising man. There is, besides, a happi- 
ness in toiling and braving of difficulties. Who rules? the 
Babylonian on his couch or the Mede? The Mede or the 
hardy Persian? The degenerated Persian or the stirring Ma- 
cedonian and enterprising Greek? Voluptuous Asia or manly 
Rome? The luxurious inhabitant of the south, or the ac- 
tive Englishman? 

An American cannot make a piece of machinery, twice, 
precisely the same; he endeavors always to improve, some- 
times merely to change. How beneficial an influence.this dis- 
position must, on the whole, exert on all mechanical and ma- 
terial affairs, you can easily imagine; it has a different effect 
upon those subjects which lie beyond the sphere of the 
mere material world. Often sufficient time for necessary 
development is not allowed to an institution; its rpots have 

plains of Illinois and Missouri, which they have yet to clear, and where they 
have to begin with the log-hut. It was but lately that a friend of mine, a 
gentleman bom and bred in one of the largest cities of the Union, who is 
highly esteemed by his fellow citizens whom he represented repeatedly in 
Congress, whose family enjoyed the best standing, who is " fallen into the 
sear, the yellow leaf," who had a most agreeable country seat and a farm 
conducted on the best principles, warranted by his own experience, — broke 
up his establishment and set off with his whole family for Illinois. It is ati 
instance which could not possibly happen any where but in tlic United 
States. — Editor . 

7 



( 50 ) 

hardly begun to spread, when changes are begun. This is 
owing also to the peculiar situation of Americans in a new 
country which calls continually for the application of new 
forces, and which leads them to look upon changes and no- 
velties in a totally different light from that in which they 
would appear to the inhabitant of an old European state. But 
as to the improvement of the material world the beneficial 
influence of this disposition cannot be doubted, especially as 
the Americans are as great hands for division of mechanical 
labor as they are for uniting the different branches of mental 
labor. A few days ago I found out at my book-binder's that 
the gilding and marbling of books is done by men who do 
nothing else, and not by the book-binder himself. The same 
is done in England; I never heard of it on the continent. 
So do the butchers occupy themselves with killing but one 
and the same species of animals. Pork butchers I have 
found in many countries entirely separated from the others, 
but hero we have veal, mutton, beef and pork butchers, — 
each separate from the other. A fai'mer rarely sen<ls his 
own wheat to the mill to be ground for his domestic use; 
he sells all his produce to the miller, and buys flour for 
his own family wherever he finds it most convenient. This 
is at least the case in all parts of the wheat-growing states, 
where large mills exist, and a considerable trade in flour is 
carried on. Speaking of division of labor, I must tell you 
an instance of its consolidation, which I think is too good 
to be lost. " Give me a good anecdote," I say with Sir 
Horace Walpole. 

There was formerly in Havana a certain Thomas Ni- 
chols of Worcestershire, England, who kept a boarding- 
house. In addition, he was undertaker, and made the cof- 
fins himself. When a foreigner landed, old Nichols would 
shrewdly scrutinize his face; if it betrayed a bilious dis- 
position, or otherwise seemed to give a fair chance of the 
stranger paying his sad toll, by way of yellow fever, for a 
passage into the other world, Tom would slyly steal behind 
him and measure his length with his cane, precisely three 
feet long; the rest of the measure he look with his eye, 



( 51 ) 

and if his store happened to be out of coffins of the requi- 
site size, he was quick in filling up the gap. Was he not a 
Wulkyrie incarnate?* A friend of mine was once dragging 
himself along, half dead, in the street- of Havana, when 
he discovered Nichols busy about him. " Out of the way 
with you, you bird of death," exclaimed my friend, when 
the ever-ready coffin provider replied, with the best na- 
tured smile imaginable, " Why, Mr. Smith, you know very 
well you will not die a moment the sooner for my mea- 
suring you. It is not only an innocent precaution, but a 
necessary one; sometimes I have not sufficient hands to get 
a coffin ready as quick as gentlemen might require after 
dying in this climate."- — But I have not been correct in the 
order in which I should have stated Nichols' various em- 
ployments. He served as nurse to patients of the yellow 
fever, and physicked you like a good fellow if you trusted 
yourself to his Care. He made the coffin, as I stated, he 
digged the grave, and lastly, he read the English Church 
service over you. In health, sickness, or death, he pro- 
vided for you; his faitliful companionship survived you. 
What a Hoffmann! t In Prussia a physician is not per- 
mitted usually to provide his patient with medicine; how 
would Nichols have fared there! In 1832, when the cho- 
lera raged in Havana, Tom died of this disease, and ex- 
pressed on his death-bed great regret at being obliged to 
make his exit just in so fine a season, of which his suc- 
cessor would reap all the benefit. { 

• Walkyries were in Northern mythology the stem beings who, before 
battle, designated those who should fall. A Scald represents them as fear- 
ful and cruel, but we find them as beautiful virgins, for whom the heroes 
pine, because they lead to Walhalla, the heaven of the brave. — Editor. 

•j- Ernest Theodore Amadeus Hoffmann, a Prussian, whose works have 
lately been translated from the German into French, was at different periods 
judge, leader of the orchestra, author, composer, and painter. The dis- 
turbed state of his country, caused by Napoleon's conquest, gave rise to hia 
many metamorphoses. — Editor. 

\ Incredible as this account of Thomas Nichols sounds, we can testify to 
its truth. Hewasacharacternotorious among the foreigners in Havana, May 



( 52 ) 

Before I conclude this letter, it may be worth while to men- 
tion the method now in use of transferring baggage from the 
steamboat to the rail-way. The baggage on coming upon the 
boat is placed in a large wooden machine, closed on all 
sides, but made of frame work, and thus admitting a view 
of the interior; and is then carefully secured. When the 
landing place is arrived at, the whole is bodily transferred 
by means of a crane, to a four-wheeled stage standing upon 
the road itself, when the whole moves off with the rest of 
the cars. When the cars arrive at the other boat, another 
crane moves the baggage again from the car to the steam- 
boat, so that there is no danger of loss or delay. But a few 
years ago baggage was removed from the steamboat by means 
of wheelbarrows, then by a little wagon drawn by men, and 
lastly, by the present expeditious mode. 

I will now describe the approach to New York city by 
water, from Philadelphia. About three-quarters of a mile off 
from Castle Garden, a prospect presents itself of rare beauty 
and interest: you have at once before you a view up the wide 
and noble Hudson, with its high and majestic bank to the 
west, and the numerous masts along its eastern bank, down 
toward the sea, over the quarantine ground, and the beautiful 
bay out to where the sharp line of the horizon bounds the 
plain of vision; whilst the charming and well-wharved bat- 
tery lies right before you, with its regular walks and fine 

he, who was so careful about the length of the coffin of othei's, have found 
one of proper measure, tliat lie may rest in peace. 

As the author indulges in telling anecdotes, the editor may be perhaps 
permitted to contribute another. We were present on a new year's day in 
Germany, when, according to custom, the grave-digger entered with other 
trades-people the room of a gentleman to "congi-atulate" him, and receive in 
return what is called his '« congratulation fee " or present. " May you live 
many yeare," said the man of odious profession, making a deep bow. "You 
tell a lie," said the gentleman, "you wish me dead most heaitily." "I beg 
your pardon," replied the polite grave-digger; " those last wages cannot 
escape me, and tl»e longer you live the longer do I continue to receive my con- 
gratulation fee." The scene had some Sliakspeare-like irony about it. — 
Editor. 



( 53 ) 

foliage, through which may be seen a crescent of neat houses, 
and close alongside, innumerable masts on the western side 
of the Sound,* while, on the eastern shore, rises a steep 
bank crowded with the houses of a busy sister-city. To 
your right, somewhat in the rear, you have Staten-island 
with her gently sloping hills, capped with country-seats; to 
your left, the Jersey shores, with smaller bays and inlets, 
and another city ; and all the three waters strewed with ves- 
sels of all sizes and destinations, some slowly ploughing the 
waves, all sails set, alow and aloft, with a drowsy breeze, 
some speeded by man's ingenuity, some riding and resting 
at anchor in the stream, some in the service of peaceful com- 
merce, some with a heavy burden of metal; some are coming 
up from the narrows after a long passage; you can see it by 
the rust which the sea has washed from the iron of the 
shrouds, and which now stains her sides as she comes from 
beyond one of the distant fellow-capes, thrown out into the 
sea to mark where the Atlantic ceases; here you perceive 
some as they are towed down by the steamboat, there you 
see the schooners beating up the river, with their large can- 
vass, like wide-winged gulls, at a distance, so many in num- 
ber that they are spread out like the tents of an Arabian camp 
on the even surface; here are the heavy-laden Indiaman, 
the racing packet, the nimble cutter, from the Chesapeake, 
the gazelle of the waters, and the fleet and eager newsboat, 
defying even the swift pilot, with his inclining masts, and 
sailing closer to the wind than vessel ever did before, and 
the skiffs of the fishermen, the flat bark of the patient oys- 
ter-man, and the buoyant yacht to carry buoyant youths; 
and between all these vessels move the quick ferries, like 
busy spiders, to and fro. It is, indeed, an enchanting sight! 
What man loves and what he dares; nature in all her fulness, 



* Properly speaking, tliis is not the Sound but the East river, but we sup- 
pose the author chose to extend, in this passage, tlie name of Sound thus 
far, as " western side of East river, on the eastern side," &.c., would have 
sounded too statistical. — Editor. 



( 54 ) 

freedom, and grandeur, and nature, tamed by man — all is 
here collected on one spot. 

I know many cities that surround their harbors: New 
York is the only one which is surrounded by its harbor — a 
port-encompassed city, which sits proudly throned on her 
projecting island, and allows the rolling billow of the sea to 
kiss her feet, whilst the splendid river hastens to lay at her 
footstool the produce of the farthest west; the furs entrapped 
and hunted by the wild Indian, and the wheat gathered from 
the fields which reward with bountiful fertility the labor of 
the active white man. Around her wave, between the many 
stars and stripes, the welcome colors of all nations, whose 
knowledge teaches them to cross the ocean; and what dis- 
tant countries send from all climes to this chosen queen of 
the watci-s, she distributes among the many crafts, winged 
with sails and finned with wheels, which await her orders 
to carry it thousands of miles into the deepest and the dis- 
tant west. Europe, Africa, Asia, and the isles of all the 
seas are spread out for her commerce; daily to those remote 
shores speed the fleet messengers of .the waters; to the south 
of our own hemisphere, to our western shore, where the 
Columbia, the Mississippi's mate, empties its mighty vo- 
lumes, to barter with the red man; or on the watery desert, 
among the fearful crystal isles, to pursue the giant of the 
sea along the jealous shores of Japan, or, farther still, to the 
icy pole, where Asia and America meet, as if in obedience to 
tiie sceptre of the European Autocrat, swayed over three parts 
of the world. Wliat flourishes in the burning regions of the 
south, or dwells in the waters of the highest north, what 
the rude African gathers or the industrious European con- 
trives or refines, is carried to her over the vast ocean, which 
opens her the way to all marts of the world, and over which 
she sends, in all directions, our proud and cheering flag, so 
that the Indian of the Ganges and the Chinese on the Taho 
know it as familiarly as the islanders of the South Sea, the 
Californian, as well as the swarthy man of Guinea; over 
which her vessels glide to carry assistance to the helpless 



( 55 ) 

sufferers of the Cape Verd Isles, or the seeds of knowledge 
to regenerated Greece,* and by means of which we com- 
mune with Europe's art and Europe's science. 

The Hudson river is generally called North river, in con- 
tradistinction to the East river, which is the name employed 
to denote the beginning of the sound between Long Island 
and the continent. I think it would be better to leave to 
that grand river its specific name; we have in America ge- 
neric names applied to species or used as nouns proper quite 
enough: yellow bird, black bird, blue bird, red bird, green 
mountains, blue mountains, rocky mountains, shallow river, 
yellow river, red river, flat river, highlands, there is no end 
to them. It is natural in so new a country, where innume- 
ble new objects offer themselves to the attention, and which is 
occupied by a race that has passed that infantine stage which 
easily corrupts names, originally generic, into nouns proper. 
The time, when man " gives names to all cattle, and to the 
fowls of the air, and to every beast of the field," and to ri- 
vers, islands, mountains, and countries, belongs only to that 
period of a nation, in which people are satisfied if they make 
themselves understood, without much regard to correctness; 
since rules are not yet settled. 

First, a generic name is given, gradually it is corrupted, 
and the corruption grows at length into a specific name or 
noun proper. Occasionally, this takes place at later periods, 
e. g. the French Charlesquint, and frequently it is even now 
effected by the illiterate, especially the English and American 
sailors. Some time or other, I shall give yoa a whole letter, 
on the subject of names in the United States and other parts 
of the world: It is a subject of great interest to me. As to 
the Hudson, it is somewhat strange that, in common par- 
lance, he is deprived of his proper name, and the prosaic, in- 
sipid title of North river is substituted, whilst the wretched 
Goose-creek at Washington was honored with the name of ■ 

• Printing-presses and school-books, in modem Greek, have been car- 
ried from the United States to Greece. — Editob. 



( 56 ) 

Tiber, with which it has indeed something in common, 
but, unfortunately, only its muddy appearance. But Moore 
has treated of this folly sufficiently. There seems to be a 
general disposition among men to make a great noise about 
small rivers. Gongora, the Spaniard, calls the river of Madrid 
the Duke of Rivers and Viscount of Streams. Very poetic! 

Manganares, Man^anares 
Os que en todo el aguatlsmo 
Estois Duque de AiToyos, 
Y Visconde de los Kios.* 

If I remember aright, the city of Turin is styled Her Ex- 
cellency. If the Manganares is duke, what shall we think 
of the Hudson, the Rhine? They are royal highnesses at 
least, and at that rate the Mississippi, Oronoco, and Ama- 
zon rivers, deserve the imperial crown. I should suppose 
Gongora would call the Himelaya, pope of mountains or, 
better still, a council of peaks; and how tender it would 
sound to call a rivulet, in a pastoral, sweet, murmuring, gen- 
tle Monsieur de , or limpid hidalgo, transparent baro- 
net; every brook and puddle might be knighted, and we, to 
remain republican, might say in future Squire Schuylkill, 
Captain Raritan, Judge Kennebec, General Goose-creek, or 
the Honorable Ohio. As in the olden times of Greece, when 
"every tree its driad had;" we would animate all nature around 
us, and make, at once, out of these utilitarian times a most 
poetic age. 

• Manganares, Manganares, tliou who in all watcr-dom (this would be a 
correct translation of aguatlsmo, and we believe as g'ood a word — the dic- 
tionaries have it not,) art the duke of rivers and viscount of streams. — Edi- 
Ton. 



( 57 ) 



LETTER IV. 

At my landing on the wharf in New York, I found seve- 
ral groups of German emigrants, just arrived from Europe, 
Some of them looked pretty well dressed, and showed that 
they had come with sufficient means to proceed immediately 
to the west and to settle there ; others, who looked very poor, 
had first to go through the ordeal of a poor emigrant, who is 
obliged, for want of means, to tarry in or about a large city, 
where he is, of course, exposed to the miseries inherent to a 
residence in a populous, foreign place, without any means of 
independence, and often becomes a prey to swindlers, with 
numbers of whom, as you may well imagine, they meet among 
their own countrymen, worthless fellows who have arrived 
long before them, and know all the ways of robbing these poor 
and helpless creatures of their last farthing. I know it from 
many of my acquaintances in New York, who belong to a 
charitable society, one of the objects of which is to assist 
destitute emigrants, that one of the great dangers which 
await the latter in that city is, their falling into the hands 
of certain boarding house keepers of their own nation (of 
course only certain of these,) who strip the poor families 
of every thing they had the good luck to be able to bring 
along with them; like wolf-dogs they are the enemies of 
their own species.* A German emigrant generally re- 
mains in a large city only as long as he cannot help it; his 

* In Brazil, retail dealers in slaves are always colored people, and colored 
drivers on plantations are the severest towai-d their fellow-negroes. — Editor. 

8 



( 58 ) 

great and laudable desire is always to get a farm and to 
own it. The Irish are, in this respect, very different; they 
prefer the cities, and wherever you meet with a popu- 
lous place in the United States — I do not only speak of the 
Atlantic cities, but also of those in the interior, such as Al- 
bany, Utica, Cincinnati, Louisville — you are sure to find a 
great number of poor Irish in and about it. The German, as 
I said, pushes on; if he has not the- n/eans to proceed imme- 
diately to the west, and must take his temporary abode in a 
large place, it is only in order to save, as soon as he possi- 
bly can, the requisite sum to carry him and hTs family to 
those parts of the Union where land is cheap and fertile. 
Here again he has not, perhaps, the means to purchase a few 
acres, though government sells public lands for the low 
price of one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. If this 
is the case he will first work for another farmer, never, how- 
ever, losing sight of his main object, the having of a farm to 
himself. As soon as he has it, he loves it as a German troop- 
er loves his horse;* it becomes his "all in all," so that he 

• The German farmer Ic«es his farm sometimes to the disadvantage of 
his own family. In some parts of Pennsyhania the love of the farm has de- 
gcnenited, it might be said, into a kind of mania. You can find there barns 
as large as well-sized chapels, with glass windows and blinds; whilst in these 
very parts little has been done for Hie schooling of the people. The love 
of tile German for his horse, wiiich, in Germany, induces liim to expect by far 
too little labor from the latter, in riding as well as driving, shows itself also in 
the German farmer of Pennsylvania. They prefer heavy horses — fme ani- 
mals, it is tnie, but sometimes too heavy for agriculture. Horses form, per- 
haps, the only subject in regard to which a Gennanico-Pennsylvanian farmer 
is a prodigal. — A German treats his horse with affection. An Englishman 
or American more like a useful thing, to the care of which he is disposed to 
bestow every proper attention, and, in fact, he works harder for it than the 
German; an Italian or Frenchman is hard, often cruel, to his horse; a Greek 
treats his beast shamefully. — We remember having seen, when a child, 
French cavalrists, who, iniable to follow their regiments, because their horses 
were galled, and preferring to stay in a large city to field duty, rubbed the 
backs of their hoi-ses with a brick, to make them sore again. A German ca- 
valrist could not have possibly done it. — Editor. 



( 59 ) 

sometimes forgets the proper mental education of his off- 
spring. Scotch emigrants, I imagine, generally arrive here 
provided with sufficient means to begin farming immedi- 
ately; and it is very interesting to see how the Scotch and 
Germans, — among whom I count the Alsacians, since they 
are French in a political sense only, always show their na- 
tional predilections wherever the wide west offers them a 
fair chance of displaying it. The Scotch uniformly select 
hilly parts of the country; and dearly love their dairies; 
Germans prefer the water side, they settle upon land bor- 
dering upon rivers and creeks. 

You can judge from what I have said how valuable Ger- 
man emigrants are to our country, if they mingle with the 
Anglo-American race, " They are sober, industrious, and 
excellent farmers," is the universal testimony given of them. 
I have found that of all nations with which I have become ac- 
quainted by personal observation, none has, at home, less of 
a money-making disposition than the inhabitant of the inte- 
rior of Germany. Although he always endeavors to save, 
to "lay by," as it is called, he seems very generally to en- 
tertain the idea that an acute attention to gain by methods 
of speculation has something not quite honorable about it, 
except in a merchant, and, again, as all he has, has often 
been acquired by frugality and economy, he is not very 
ready to part with it.* He has not that pride in the ap- 

• In tiiis, as in many otlier respects, Uie German and American charac- 
tCTS arc directly opposed^ the German, partly from a want of practical sense, 
partly from an enthusiasm peculiar to his nation, and partly because the 
political state of his country does not admit the freest play for his indus- 
try, is satisfied with a moderate gain, without continually endeavoring' to 
discover how more might be obtained. If he have the money he is slow 
in spending it; a saving disposition is universally recommended and taught 
as a virtue; and the invariable desire of a German to leave something sub- 
stantial to his children confirms him still more in a frugal disposition. The 
American, wide awake to gain of all kinds, is also ready to spend it freely, 
when he has made it; his house, dress, &c., must be of fine quality. This can 
be accounted for by many reasons: first of all, the field for energy and in- 
dustry in the United States is so great, that there is little doubt of any man's 



( GO ) 

pearance of domestic and substantial comfort, of which the 
English race is possessed, that has given rise with them 
to the development of so many resources of national wealth, 
and lias so greatly promoted their feeling of independence 
and civil liberty, which, however, not unfrequently de- 
generates into mere ostentation. This disposition of the 
German has free scope to show itself in the United States, 
especially as you must add to tlie effect of his rational 
education, that in the case of the poorer sort of emigrant 
— which constitutes tlie greater part — tlie pleasure, and 
a pleasure it is indeed, which a man finds in accumu- 
lating property for the first time in his life, property that 
he can truly, without any reservation, call his own. This 
great pleasure is founded upon the original principle, 
the inextinguishable desire of property, which has been 
planted deep in our breast, to make it a foundation of all 
civilization — the anxious wish " to see our own wheat fall 
under our own reaping-hook." The first fifty livres we 
are able to save are not only, as Rousseau says, half of our 
fortune, — were it that of a Girai-d or a Rothschild — but 
they are, also, partly on tliis very account, the pleasanter 
half. When a poor German arrives here, it gives him in- 
finite pleasure to be able to lay by some of his earnings, 
and as it is not possible for him to realize immediately the 
idea of credit, banking, &;c., his savings must needs be in 
silver, in shining dollars. He thinks silver is tJie only 
true money, as it is the only one with which he was ac- 
quainted in his native country, and as it re])resents to the 
eye, in a way more pleasing and more suited to his com- 
prehension, the sum which he has Ijecn able to save. Wlien 

success, if he has acquired a sound education, mental and moral. Ag^in, the 
absence of privileged chusscs, iiicites many ])eople to elevate themselves, in 
matters of appearance, to the level of others, from Mlwm, in Kurope, they 
wovild be perfectly willing to keep a respectful dis'ance; this, and tJie idea of a 
gentlemanlike appearance, so peculiar to tlic English race, and of so mixed a 
character, contribute considerably, we have little doubt, to pixxluce the result 
in (juestion. — EuiTon. 



( 61 ) 

I lived in Boston, German laborers of the glass-works in 
that city would often bring me some money tied up in a 
handkerchief, that I might save it for them. They would 
not only reject my advice to deposite it in the savings-bank, 
a safe institution if ever there was a safe place of deposite 
any where, where they might have got interest, because, they 
said, " they would receive, for all their money, nothing but 
a little book;'' they would not even allow me to change their 
money for bank-notes, in order to preserve my trust with 
more convenience to myself, so that I was, from actual want 
of room, forced to decline acting any longer as their treasu- 
rer. One day an honest German tailor came to me with a 
request that I would take the trouble to transmit fifty dol- 
lars of his hard earning to his poor mother in Germany. It 
would have given me real pleasure to assist him in so praise- 
worthy a work; I had done similar services to others before, 
but when, in the course of his inquiries, he learned that I 
should never send the self-same money, — consisting of all 
kinds of coins — that he held in his hand, far into the interior 
of Germany, to some village in Baden, where his mother 
resided, but only a draft, upon presenting which his mother 
should receive the money from a gentleman in Carlsruhe, 
he began to shake his head and said, " he would think about 
it;" in the course of the day he returned to take his money 
back. It was utterly impossible for me to represent the 
matter to him in its proper light. 

You find, therefore, very frequently, that German emi- 
grants save their money, without reaping any interest. 
Sometimes, if a German dies, his heirs will find some little 
bag, a stocking perchance, in some hidden corner of the 
garret, filled with the delightful metal which made Byron 
so eloquent, and gave the Dey of Algiers, as Niebuhr the 
elder relates, every evening the greatest pleasure of which 
he was susceptible, when, placed in a box before him, he 
could dig in it with both -hands and let it run through his 
open fingers. I think there must be a chemical aifinity be- 
tween man's nerves and gold and silver. Can cowries ever 



( 62 ) 

delight as much as shining metal? Would man commit the 
grossest incongruities for beaver-skins or mats, though a le- 
gal tender? 

The Germans, as I said, form a most valuable addition to 
our population, when mingled with the great predominant 
race inhabiting the northern part of this continent. When- 
ever colonists settle among a difTerent nation, in such num- 
bers and so closely together that they may live on among 
themselves, without intermixture with the original inhabi- 
tants, a variety of inconveniences will necessarily arise. 
Living in an isolated state, the current of civilization of 
the country in which they live does not reach them; and 
they are equally cut off from that of their mother country: 
mental stagnation is the consequence. They remain a fo- 
reign element, an ill-joined part of the great machinery of 
which they still form, and needs must form a part. Some- 
times, indeed, particular circumstances may alter the view 
of the case. When the French Protestant colonists were 
received into Prussia, it was perhaps judicious to allow them, 
for example in Berlin, to form for a time a community for 
themselves, to have their own jurisdiction, schools and 
churches, because they were more perfect in many branches 
of industry than the people among whom they settled; and, 
had they been obliged to immerge forthwith, this skill, so 
desirable to those who received them, might have been lost. 
At present, however, they too are immerged in the mass of 
the population; besides, the inconvenience arising from their 
forming a separate community was never very great, since 
they were few in' number and belonged by their professions 
to the better educated classes. But take an example in the 
Hussites who settled in Germany; remember the Bohe- 
mian village near Berlin, called Rixdorf, the inhabitants 
of which obstinately refused intermarrying with Germans, 
and many of whom, until very recently, continued to 
speak Bohemian only. Those, 'therefore, who lately pro- 
posed to form a whole German state in our west, ought to 
weigh well their project before they set about it, if ever 



( 63 ) 

it should become possible to put this scheme into prac- 
tice, which I seriously doubt, " Ossification," as the Ger- 
mans call it, would be the unavoidable consequence. These 
colonists would be unable, though they might come by 
thousands and tens of thousands, to develop for themselves 
German literature, German language, German law, German 
science, German art; every thing would remain stationary 
at the point where it was when they brought it over from 
the mother country, and within less than fifty years our colo- 
ny would degenerate into an antiquated, ill-adapted element 
of our great national system, with which, sooner or later, 
it must assimilate. What a voluntary closing of the eyes to 
light, would it be, for a colony among people of the Angli- 
can race, — which, in point of politics, has left every other 
race far behind, — to strive to insolate itself. 

You cannot refer with propriety to Grgecia Magna as a 
proof of the contrary. As large as Greece herself, close to 
the mother country, and witliin ear shot of no other lan- 
guage, — Graecia Magna would rather compare to the United 
States themselves with reference to England, than to an iso- 
lated colony of the kind in question. Nor could you pro- 
perly instance Marseilles. Tliis was a commercial colony, 
united to the mother country by the sea. All these formed 
no part of another nation, among^ whom their inhabitants 
had settled. Louisiana proves what I say, and would still 
more so, had it not a lively seaport, by which it keeps up 
a constant connexion with Europe;, though I allow, that the 
great ease with which this originally foreign state has never- 
theless been made to enter into our whole national system has 
also struck me as a phenomenon deserving the greatest atten- 
tion. There are large counties in Pennsylvania which prove 
what I say. So little are they carried along in the general 
course of the surrounding parts, that they even are disin- 
clined to promote instruction. 

Quite a different question it is, whether German emi- 
grants ought to preserve the knowledge of German lan- 
guage, and German education in general among them. By alt 



( 64 ) 

means! Have schools in which both German and Englisli 
are taught. Npthing is easier than to learn from infancy 
two languages at once, and few things are more important 
than the knowledge of two languages, especially if the one 
besides the native idiom is the German. Whilst in most 
sciences more is to be learnt through the medium of this 
language, it is more difficult than the idioms which belong 
to the Latin stock, and it is well to overcome the difficulty 
early, when, in fact, it appears to the pliant mind of a child 
as no difficulty at all. 

I saw something whilst looking at these emigrants in New 
York of which I had not been reminded since I had left the 
European continent * * * * * * So you may see 
in Italy, Spain, France, and, though very rarely, at times 
in Germany, the friendly service performed by the lowest 
classes in the streets, of freeing one another from uninvited 
personal attendants. 

I will mention to you a fact, one of those apparent- 
ly trifling, yet characteristic facts, which ought never to 
pass by unnoticed, that so long as I have been in Eng- 
land or the United States I have never seen that peculiar 
movement of the shoulders and upper parts of the body 
which indicates a molestation by those animals with which 
Marius said the then Roman state was infested, when he 
coarsely, but justly, compared it to a ragged cloak found by 
a peasant on the road. England has not only succeeded in 
freeing herself from wolves and boars, but Mso other ani- 
mals of prey, nearer man. And believe me, British clean- 
liness is intimately connected with British strength and 
beauty, British liberty, British public welfare and industry, 
both as consequence and cause, just as Neapolitan, Portu- 
guese, and Russian sloth is closely connected with the civil 
worthlessness of those nations. But I am getting upon one 
of my hobbies, the great importance of national cleanliness, 
and — therefore, shall forthwitli break oil". 

In like manner as I was astonished when I saw the worn- 
down, weather-beaten, ruined figures of the Moreote wo- 



( 65 ) 

men, and compared it with that of the German peasant wo- 
man, so the brown, care-worn faces, the bent figures, the 
muscular arms and dark hands, the soiled dresses of the 
poorer sort of the female German emigrants surprised me 
to-day, when comparing the latter to the women of this 
country. They look like other beings: verily, verily one 
feels inclined to stop and meditate upon those governments, 
which, though they have acted for centuries on the prin- 
ciple that they have a right and are bound to interfere with 
the private concerns of the subjects, yet leave such great num- 
bers of human beings in so backward a state of civilization. 
And I thought of the smoky huts I have seen in Mecklen- 
burg, and the small amount and incipient state of ideas which 
move the mind of their inhabitants. I could not help think- 
ing of the Bohemian peasant, of the farmer in some parts of 
France, of Russia, Poland, Portugal — what progress in any 
branch have they made for centuries and centuries? In men- 
tal cultivation? or in common industry or mere physical 
comfort, or religion, or social refinement? I love science 
from my inmost soul; establish royal academies and under- 
take scientific expeditions, the more the better; I hail a 
Ross, I pray for a Humboldt; but I say, while you do the 
one, omit not the other.* To "widen the circle of ideas" 
is undoubtedly the noblest achievement of man; but let the 
boundaries of knowledge be widened in all directions. Do 
not provide men merely with abundant means to run up a 
spire of new ideas, but extend also and strengthen the foun- 
dations; make men of men, and leave not the mass in such 
a backward state while a few ascend to the highest regions; 

• We know that the autlior sincerely regretted that tlie United States did 
not do more than she does for the support of science, and did not unite, — for 
doing which it has so abundant means, — with other great nations in the 
ardent pui'suit of knowledge, such as measurements, voyages of discovery, 
support of scientific inquiries too expensive for private individuals. " Eng- 
land," we have heard him often say, " has already two observatories in dis- 
tant colonies, one on the Cape of Good Hope and the other on Van Dieman's 
Land, and we are not ashamed of not having a single one in our own coun- 
tjy. — Editok. 

9 



( <;<'• ) 

a few whom, you know well, I do not undervalue, antl 
whose labors I believe to be of the greatest benefit to man- 
kind whether their utility be apparent or not. Let no man 
stop — provided he is once in the right way, — to ask him- 
self, "is my inquiry likely to be useful." Go on, uncon- 
cerned about the application of knowledge thus boldly ob- 
tained; you add to the treasures of knowledge, and mankind 
will most surely profit; but let not these towering inquiries 
stand like pyramids surrounded by dreary sand — by a desert 
of people reduced to the consumption of the smallest pos- 
sible quantity of ideas. I am a fervent admirer of the fine 
arts, and consider their influence upon mankind to be of the 
utmost importance from their refining and ennobling power; 
nay, I truly believe that this influence is of much higher im- 
portance for the lower classes than the wealthier ones; but let 
not the fine arts be cultivated in the style of a Justinian, of 
whom it is said that he appropriated for a year the salary of 
every teacher in the empire towards the erection of St. Sophia, 
and that to cover its dome he employed the leaden pipes 
which conveyed water to various parts of Constantinople. 
Jerome promoted also the fine arts in Cassel, but then he 
drained all the kingdom besides. Oh, I have known In- 
dians, — I admit they were exceptions to their fellows, — 
whose minds were more expanded than those of many 
European peasants or workmen in manufactories, whom I 
have seen particularly in the north, where nature in itself 
ofiers a scantier opportunity for the development of mind 
than the south, and where man sinks into mental torpor if 
the life of his community does not afford him ideas to lead 
him to reflection, and physical materials upon which to work. 
In America you never see a woman working in the field, 
except, yet even then but rarely, with some German or 
Dutch farmers. I cannot describe to you how strangely it 
appeared even to me when, on my travels, I found a German 
woman hoeing in the field. American servants, in the north- 
ern and middle states, are better educated than those in Eu- 
rope, and, in general, parents need not be so much afraid 



( G7 ) 

liere as they are with you, lest their children should learn 
their faults from them. An American servant has a more 
independent and, consequently, a morally higher opinion of 
himself than the servants of other countries. " Say," said 
I one day to a servant of mine, " that I am not at home," 
disliking exceedingly to send word to a person who wishes 
to see me, "I am within, but unable to see you;" when she 
answered, with perfect modesty ; " I beg your pardon, but I 
really cannot do so." I had to make a long explanation to 
the effect that the phrase, " the gentleman is not at home," 
means, as thus employed, either that he has actually gone 
out or is not at home for the inquirer, and that this way of 
giving the answer is more agreeable to the inquirer himself. 
That this state of things has its inconveniences, I allow, but 
who will not like being served by a being who stands before 
you fully possessed, in his individual capacity, of his rights 
and privileges? 

All servants in the United States go better dressed, and, 
you know, I am a great advocate of good dress. The dress 
is half the man, says a German proverb, and if its intended 
meaning be that it makes half the man as to the respect paid 
by others, I mean that it makes half the moral man. A man 
in clean and decent dress will generally behave himself de- 
cently. That this better dressing has again its abuses, as all 
things in our sublunary existence, may be readily granted, 
especially as American women have, generally speaking, a 
great fondness for fine dress. You will say " all women 
have:" granted. Go out on a fine afternoon in Philadelphia, 
and you will be astonished at the numbers of women neatly 
and tastefully dressed even in streets which the fashionable 
World never enters. American women have, I think, gene- 
rally considerable tact in dressing. There are few even third 
and fourth rate mantua-makers, in any of the larger places, 
who have not their Petit Courrier des Dames, of Paris, in 
order to let their customers choose the newest fashions. This 
little code of fashions is also found in most millinary shops 
in Cincinnati as well as in New York. I saw it in the window 



( 68 ) 

of two shops in Buffalo. I allow, this desire of dressing well 
is not unfrequently carried to ruinous extravagance in the 
larger cities, and in New York perhaps more so than in others, 
Broadway will show you many mechanics' wives, in one after- 
noon, dressed like the richest of the land. As there is here no 
actual difference of classes, in a political sense; the reasons why 
she should not dress as many do, are often not taken into con- 
sideration by the wife of the mechanic. Do not, however, 
forget that this abuse, ruinous as it is, and originating in a 
silly desire of outward show, is but anotlier effect of the 
same cause which produces that love of independent ease 
and comfort, that elevates the mechanic to the rank of citi- 
zen, which incites him to the laudable ambition of giving to 
his children the best possible education; and which, in the 
case of the farmer's wife, is one of the various causes which 
raises her husband to a higher station in the United States, 
than he any where else in the world enjoys. 

I wish you could see some negro servants dressed in 
their best. They go in heavy silks, with f;ishionable hats, 
fine gloves, worked stockings, elegant parasols, lace veils; 
some looking like caricatures, some not. The good wages 
they receive enable them to go exceedingly well-dressed. 
Having touched upon the subject of American women, you 
will wish to hear more from me on the same: since it is the 
desire of every one to know what situation the females of a 
country enjoy. I will endeavor to satisfy your wish as far 
as I am able. Let me begin with saying what I shall con- 
clude with; that I have a high respect for the American la- 
dies, and that they fully deserve the character of great amia- 
blcness. 

From what I have said, and much more indeed from your 
personal knowledge of me, you well know that I consider 
the proper station of woman as of the greatest importance in 
national as well as private life. I need not dwell upon tliis 
vast subject, which history elucidates with so many striking 
examples. But it must not be forgotten that, as the woman 
may hold a situation too low, she may be placed in an equal- 



( 69 ) 

ly false position on the other extreme. Such was that which 
she occupied in the higher circles of France for nearly a 
century. When colonels were found in the antechambers 
embroidering, and ladies took the lead in philosophy and po- 
litics, the whole society must have been in a rather disjoint- 
ed condition. Far be it from me to intimate that any such 
state exists here; it would require and be the cause of in- 
trigue, and intrigue is unknown in America.* I only mean 
to say, that the consideration in which the women of a na- 
tion are held is far from serving as a safe measure of its real 
civilization — as has been vaguely though frequently asserted. 
The woman must have her proper station; since different 
individuals and, more particularly, different sexes, are fitted 
to move in different spheres. 

It is a good and very beneficial trait of the Americans, 
that they hold women in great esteem. An American is 
never rude to a woman; let a single woman travel from Phi- 
ladelphia to Cincinnati, and if she be of respectable appear- 
ance, she will not only meet with no molestation on her 
way, but very soon some gentleman or other will take her un- 
der his protection, and she may proceed with perfect safety. 
The consequence is that many very respectable females, of 
course not ladies of the higher circles, travel alone in the 
United States. Nay, if those who have no claim to a re- 
spectful treatment move from place to place for the same 
reasons as many females proceed to the Leipzig fair, they as- 
sume invariably a respectable appearance, without inconve- 
niencing that part of the company, unacquainted with their 
history. 

The Americans are not a race of French agility, and, 
therefore, cannot be expected to show that pliant politeness 

• At least it is so totally and decidedly discountenanced in its slig-htest ap- 
pearance, that, as to bad example, it can be said not to exist, and can, in re- 
ality, exist but in a very slight degree in the largest cities; and as the highest 
circles which, in all social intercourse, wiU always take the lead, are proba- 
bly the freest from it, you will very properly conclude, that the evil cannot 
exist to any great degi'ce, in fact, far less than in any other country. 



( 70 ) 

toward women which depends, in a great degree, upon this 
peculiar quality; they are not easily excitable, and, conse- 
quently, not versatile in conversation; they, therefore, can- 
not show that quick politeness which depends upon this in- 
ventive brightness of the moment; l)ut they are essentially 
and substantially polite, ready to serve a woman, of what- 
ever class, and to show the greatest regard to the female 
sex in general. You probal)ly recollect the doleful story 
•which Mr. Stuart relates of his back seat in the stage-coach. 
I do not doubt his account in tlic least; it is in perfect keep- 
ing. I have seen a hundred times a woman entera stage-coach, 
wait, without saying a word of apology, until a gentleman 
had removed from a back seat, and then, with equal silence, 
place herself in the vacated situation. Here I must observe 
that, in my opinion, an American lady accepts with greater 
nonchalance any act of politeness, than the women of other 
countries; by which they imprudently deprive their social 
life of much of its charm. A smile, a friendly glance, a 
gentle w^ord — who cares for holding the stirrup if he cannot 
expect thus much.* Yet, as you may imagine, there arc many 
sweet and lovely exceptions. Women belonging to the in- 
dustrial classes in America, I have observed to be, in com- 
parison with those of a similar rank in other countries, par- 
ticularly imperturbable by politeness, perhaps owing to a 
certain shyness, and, perhaps, it is more observed because 
you are brought more into contact with people of all classes 
in this country than in others; for here all the world travels, 

• An anecdote, by way of illustration. The manuscript of a part of tliis 
work, contiiining- the description of the author's adventures in the battle of 
Waterloo, w as lent to a lady, and a most sprightly one, too, who returned it, 
after having perused it, without a line or even a message, though she declared 
afterwards, that she had read it with intense interest, and showed, in fact, 
that such was the case. We immediately told her that we should be obliged 
to give an account of her parsimony in writing, which hereby we have done.* 

EOITOH. 

* Before the proof shoot went out of our hands, we received the sweetest note imngi- 
nable, from the Indy above, now an amiable penitent, and our great veneration for the 
ladies of America, obliges ua to add this fact, however the worthy printer may grum- 



( 71 ) 

the richest and the poorest, the blackest and the whitest* 
How often have I handed a lady into the stkge-coach, or 
picked up a handkerchief, or handed her some dish at din- 
ner, when travelling, without receiving as much as a word 
in return. 

I met lately with a pleasing instance of the regard paid 
to the female sex in the United States. A separate place 
has been appropriated to the delivery of letters to females, 
in New York, and an editor noticing this arrangement and 
approving of it, suggests the propriety of having an aAvning 
or covering of some description to protect the applicants 
from the sun. Of course, only women who have no servants 
to send, or no home so fixed that the carrier may take the 
letters to them, go in propria persona to the post-office, and 
for them was this considerate arrangement made. Was it not 
Mirabeau who said that he felt as if he should fall on his knees 
on the well-paved side- walk, when he arrived in England, and 
thank the gods that he had come to a country where some 
regard was paid to the foot-passenger! Here he might pray 
erect, as the ancients did when they poured forth their joy. 
Had the arrangement in question been made, not for the 
convenience of females, but in order to separate certain wo- 
men, always busy about the post-office, from the place of ge- 
neral delivery, the considerate regard for the community 
would have been equally praiseworthy. 

I once saw a young, gay gentleman taking, in a stage- 
coach, a baby from a lady and holding it in his lap, I should 
think at least half an hour. I thought it, of course, very 
amiable, but really I was also barbarian enough to think it 

* Our colored seiTants take regularly their summer's trip. — "By a re- 
port made to the New Jersey legislature, on the 7th. of February, 1834, we 
find that nearly one hundred and ten thousand passengers were conveyed be- 
tween the cities of New York and Philadelphia, by the Camden and Amboy 
rail-road line, during the year 1833, from Januaiy to January, summer and 
winter." — Editor. 

ble at our giving bim the trouble of " overrunning " a number of pages. They will not 
be the first pages that have been obliged to accommodate themselves to ladies — Editor. 



( 72 ) 

quite sufficient, in all conscience, to bear good-humoredly 
the act of travelling in company of a non-domestic baby. 

I always have considered Mahomed very impolite for 
denying women a soul, and the Andalusians ought to be 
ashamed to this day, that their forefathers, the gentlemen of 
Gadcs, according to Strabo, prohibited women from entering 
their temple of Hercules.* But I really wish ladies would 
keep out of the way where they are not in their sphere. 
I would say, " Don't show this passage to the ladies of your 
family," did they not know already my opinion on this, 
point, and, moreover, that it originates from my great vene- 
ration of the sex. 

A poor fellow of a traveller w^ints, for instance, to hear 
the great men of the nation " talk." He goes to Wash- 
ington; by eleven o'clock, the morning after his arrival, 
he proceeds to the senate, though its business only begins 
by twelve o'clock. He thinks he has secured a seat. But 
by that time ladies begin to drop in; presently they seize 
upon all the seats. Very well, allow the poor fellow but 
a fair stand; but no, he is obliged to squeeze himself 
in a corner, pressed in from all sides; mercy, ye gentle 
souls, allow him but a free passage from his ear to the de- 
baters, and treat the rest of his body as though it were a 
bale of cotton under the hydraulic press! The prayer is 
said; he stretches his neck like a turtle, and turns his eyes 
away, in order to bring his ear the better into a position 
that it may catch a sound, which Echo, more merciful than 
the ladies, may throw into it. His twisted neck begins to 
ache; his eyes are closed, he thinks "now for the treat," 

• And as to the superintendent of the Auburn State prison, who states in 
his official report: " I liave under my care about four hundred and fifty male 
prisoners, and nine females, and I would cheerfully undertake the care of an 
additional four hundred and fifty men, to be rid of the nine women;" why, 
he ought to be lapidated on the spot. How could he dare to assert such enor- 
mity, when he knew that the law of his state considei-s womankind so pre- 
cious that SI schoolmaster in Renssellaer county has been fined a thousand 
doUai-s for having kissed one of his female pupils.' 



( "73 ) 

when, unhappily, some officer of the senate taps him on the 
shoulder: " Sir, there are ladies coming," at the same time, 
shuffling and pushing chairs over the heads of innocent listen- 
ers and constituents, crammed in like the camomile flowers 
of the shaking-quakers; but they have nothing to do here, 
it seems. At last, the officer succeeds in working a passage, 
and, lo! as if a canal of bonnets, feathers, and veils, had 
broken through, in they rush; there is no use in resistance 
" when this element breaks through." Without a single " I 
beg your pardon," or betraying the least sorrow at disturb- 
ing you, the ladies drive the poor man out of his last retreat; 
"out with you, badger, out with you!" he must needs give 
way, the contrary would be rude; and — manos blancas no 
ofenden* The poor man who has come, say five hundred 
miles, to hear the senate, is standing, by this time near the 
door, with a longing look toward the president, if he has 
found an opportunity to turn his head back again; and now 
the debates begin, but, alas! the ladies, also, begin, and our 
unlucky traveller retires, all he has heard of the senate 
having been a lisping from sweet lips, directed, perchance, 
to a polite senator himself I truly and sincerely think, 
that legislative halls are, generally speaking, not places pre- 
cisely calculated for ladies, for many and, I humbly think, 
very weighty reasons. 

Taken all in all, it seems to me, that woman, in the best 
times of the Roman republic, had a position in society as 
near to what she ought to have as at any other period of the 
world, and with any nation. Thus much is certain, that the 
history of no people has recorded so many adorable exam- 
ples of female virtue and elevation of soul, as the history of 
" better Rome." But Lucretia, Valeria, Veturia, Volumnia, 
Cornelia, Porcia, and the late and noble Aria, ncA'er went 
to the senate-house. I know full well that our society, rest- 
ing on different principles from that of ancient Rome — wit- 
ness our refinement, our industiy, our generally diffused sys>- 

• A Spaiush proverb : white (female) hands cannot offend. — Editoe. 

10 



( 74 ) 

tern of education, our^social intercourse, whicli has grown out 
of a natural transformation of that of the chivalric times, of 
which, nevertheless, many elements have passed over as in- 
tegrant parts of the new order of things, — has different de- 
mands, and requires different positions in the memhers com- 
posing it; yet much is ever to be learned, from whatever once 
vv^as great. 

Why not have, in the good old style of the early church, a 
box vvitli lattice-work, or some seats for a few matrons; but 
as to giving up the whole place, left for humble listeners, to 
young ladies of sixteen and seventeen, who turn the senate- 
house into a lounging-place: it is, permit me to say it with a 
bow, which craves indulgence, unfair. Now, if a law were 
passed that no lady under twenty-five years should be ad- 
mitted, I bet my life the whole difficulty would be removed. 
The English, as 3'et the great masters of what I would call 
parliamentary management, in which we are the next best, 
but the French, to no little injury of their whole scheme of 
of liberty, arc totally deficient, do not admit ladies, except 
on some particular occasions, in the gallery of the house of 
lords. 

Suppose, the same disappointed man, whom we have seen 
swimming, without success, against the current in the se- 
nate-house, is desirous of hearing an oration on some po- 
litical subject, to be delivered in a public hall or church. 
He starts early, to be certain of a place, but, oh Jove, pro- 
tector of the strangers! when he arrives, all seats, below 
and in the first rank above, are already taken by the ladies, 
whose pretty heads are in as quick motion as their fans, which 
gives to the whole scene the appearance of an agitated sea be- 
tween breakers. But the stranger espies a yet empty space; 
to this he directs his course; it is difficult, and may cost him 
a flap of his coat, but, never mind, he is anxious to hear the 
orator of the day. He penetrates, at length, to the spot where 
he expects to rest in peace, " Sir," says, very politely, 
a man with a short stick in his hand, " these seats are re- 
served for the gentlemen who form the procession." Con- 



( 75 ) 

found it, internally exclaims the disappointed man, and makes 
his exit. I remember, I was once unable, on occasion of the 
delivery of a Latin oration at a public commencement of some 
college, to penetrate a crowd of ladies, composed, almost 
without exception, not of mothers, but of young fashionables. 
I am resolved to do my best to get up a Polite anti-ladies- 
thronging-poor-men-oitt-of-every-chance-of-seeing-any- 
thing-Sociefy* and have branches established all over our 
Union. If I am made president, I'll certainly use my in- 
fluence to get Mr. Stuart elected an honorary and corres- 
ponding member. 

There is at times, in the intercourse between ladies and 
gentlemen in this country, something old-fashioned. Whe- 
ther the reason of this be the great distance of this country 
from Europe, where all that belongs to this part of social 
intercourse has undergone considerable changes, I do not 
know. Certain it is that there is a difference between the 
Americans and also the English on the one side, and the 
French and Germans on the other, in respect to the feelings 
and views they entertain as to the fashions of the " olden 
time." 

In Germany and France, there is invariably something 
quasi-ridiculous, at all events pedantic, connected with the 
age of wigs. " He is a wig," says the German, to express 
a pedantic, stiff fellow. You remember Uhland's song. The 
endeavors of the Germans to obtain liberty, their notions, of 
a national life, their more manly and popular ideas of a 
modern date, unfolded themselves with greater energy after 
the age of wigs had passed by. It is not so with the Eng- 
lish; their greatness flourished in the time of the wigs and 
hair-powder as much as it ever did afterwards or before. 
Their greatest lawyers — lawyers of whom the nation feels 
proud, expounders of the constitution, appeared in wigs; 

* There was, in June, 1830, an <' Open-air-field-and-annual-fair-preaching- 
Society " established in London. — Ethtoh. 



( 76 ) 

their greatest legislators defended liberty in wigs, their 
greatest heroes commanded armies in wigs; their Chathams, 
Whitbreads, Foxes, Rodneys, Elliots, Duncans, Nelsons, 
spoke, fought, and died in wigs, or, at least, in powdered 
hair; and as to the Americans, their whole heroic age 
fidls in the time of wigs. Their Washingtons, Adamses, 
Jeffersons, Hamiltons, Hancocks, Shermans, Greenes,* 
conquered liberty and established the nation's name in wigs, 
or hair powder. Great brains, indeed, have boldly thought, 
great hearts have nobly beaten, with you, too, under wigs, 
great heroes have fallen, with you, too, in cues and powdered 
hair, but they were not national men in the sense in which 
the above deserve this name. This explains why certain 
forms which have come down to our age from those times, 
appear in a different light to English and Americans from 
that in which they are viewed by other Europeans, and 
thus partially accounts for some of the strange incongruities, 
both here and in England. As you see in England a lady 
in the most fashionable dress, followed by a florid face, over 
which hangs a cloud of powder, and under which you see 
a dress in the oldest possible fashion, so you find here by 
the side of great ease of manners and of a liberty, allowed 
to young ladies, unknown in the best society of Europe, 
some old-fashioned custom, either in expression or manner. 
Newspajjcrs redound with old-fashioned expressions of " as- 
sembled beauty," &c. 

I return to my subject. Every female person in the 
United Slates is a lady. But a few days ago, my boy 
went out witli a colored servant, and as they had not re- 
turned when it began to grow dark, I felt uneasy, and went 
to the ferry, on which they had intended to cross the De- 
laware. I a.sked the ferryman: "Has a colored woman 
with a child gone across this afternoon.'"' describing both. 
" No colored lady lias gone to the other shore," was the an- 

• Did General Greene wear a wig-^ His fiUlier was a blacksmitli and he 
followed the profession of beating-. — Editou. 



( 77 ) 

swer, not with the intention to correct me, but because the 
words were more natural to his lips. He repeated, after- 
wards, " No, sir, no colored lady, no colored woman has 
gone across, within the last two hours." I'll tell you more. 
They had, notwithstanding what had been said, gone across, 
but in another boat. My boy found a little girl on board 
the ferry, with whom he soon made acquaintance, and 
speaking to the gentleman who was in charge of her, said, 
" I wish I had a sweet little sister like this little girl." 
" Have you no sister?" asked the gentleman. " No," said 
my boy, " but I have begged God to give me one." The 
colored girl, mentioned above, told at home this innocent 
story, and added, " I did not know where I should look, 
•when the little boy said, he had begged God to give him a 
sister." Violh de la delicatesse! 

These are anecdotes, and must be taken as evidence is 
taken in court, for what they are worth. I dislike very 
much picking up anecdotes and generalizing them — the com- 
mon method of travellers who think themselves very saga- 
cious. It is a poor way of observing and reasoning, and has 
done infinite mischief in judging of individuals and events, 
both in history and those of our own times, but these are 
anecdotes of a generic character. I know the state of things, 
independently of their evidence, and give them because they 
elucidate the fact; I do not reason from them, but add them 
by way of illustration. 

There are strange inconsistencies in the character of 
every nation, and one of the strangest in the Americans 
is the immense freedom young ladies enjoy upon some 
points and their primness in others, upon which latter 
the English often comment, altogether forgetting how 
prudishly prim the ladies of England appear to foreigners 
from the continent. Nothing is more common here than 
for the young lady of the house, perhaps seventeen years 
old, to give invitations to a ball in her own name, to sin- 
gle gentlemen as well as others, though there may not 



( 78 ) 

be the slightest reason for the mother or father not issuing 
them in their name, I fancied I had made a great impres- 
sion upon some unknown beauty when I received my first 
invitation from young Miss So and So. " I," were my 
thoughts, " invited by Miss X. Y. Z.?" " She writing my 
name?" It was not long, however, before I discovered my 
mistake. The mother is put quite in the back ground. This 
is village-like, and is rapidly growing out of fashion in the 
best educated families. As soon as the lady is married, she 
drops like a Cactus grandiflorus after twenty-four hours 
blowing; she recedes to give the ground to other young la- 
dies yet unmarried. This is mauvais ton, no one denies, and 
you see less of it in New York than in Philadelphia, in Phi- 
ladelphia less than in Boston. However, it is pire ton still in 
Italy, where the girl is shut up in a convent till she marries, 
and when she is married, tries to regain in all possible ways 
all she has lost in her early youth. Yet the true value and 
refinement of society depends upon the married women. 
Young damsels, occupied but with themselves, may be 
found any where. People perceive this more and more, 
and I have myself observed a change toward the better since 
I have resided in this country. 

An American girl is never embarrassed; a child of ten 
years, — and I would hardly except a single class of the in- 
habitants, — receives you with a frankness and good breed- 
ing which is astonishing, and I can assure you, not un- 
pleasing. So perfectly self-possessed are they, that blushing 
is decidedly of less frequent occurrence here than with you 
in Germany. My attention was lately drawn to a young 
friend of mine, a most amiable girl, who blushed; and I 
then thought how rarely I had seen it here. I could re- 
member but very few girls of a large acquaintance that 
will now and then be seen blushing, I mean when no- 
thing but false embarras is the cause. This pleasing ease 
and sensible frankness sometimes degenerate, as you may 
suppose, into unbecoming and ungraceful forwardness, as 



( 79 ) 

German mildness and bashfulness* degenerate sometimes 
into shy gaucherie. 

American ladies are possessed of much natural bright- 
ness, and converse very freely, infinitely more so than gen- 
tlemen. Altogether, boys and girls are earlier developed 
here than in Europe, partly perhaps owing to the climate, 
partly because they are allowed more freedom, — left more 
to themselves. A young man of twenty has a much more 
advanced position in life here than in England, and in 
England more so than on the continent. The Germans, 
it is my opinion, hold back a young man by far too much; 
Americans, I am equally convinced, allow their young peo 
pie to leap beyond their age — each system has its inconve- 
niences. 

Good education among ladies is general. Not a few are 
truly superior in this respect. I think there must be num- 
bers who are bright and fluent letter-writers, to judge from 
my own correspondence. I know several ladies whose 
attainments and natural powers would be a great orna- 
ment to society any where, but one of them I count among 
the most superior minds with whom it has ever been 
my good fortune to become acquainted. Yet that has no- 
thing to do with America; such brilliant endowments are 
but contingencies in a nation, not the fruit of general na- 
tional civilization. Would she but give proofs of her flash- 
ing mind, unfettered thought, and independent judgment, 
to more than her personal acquaintance! Her mind has 
indeed a powerful grasp. Were it not for the horror I 
feel at communicating letters, I would send you some of 
hers, and I would ask you whether they do not equal any 
you have ever read which have been preserved as the stars 
of memoirs. 

You wish the ladies described too? I know that we wish 
as much to become acquainted with the appearance of the fe- 
male sex of a country as with their character. But this is no 

* The Spanish ladies who neither admire EngUsh gravity nor French 
moveability, say, " Han dc ser muy dukes las Memanas.''' — Editor. 



( 80 ) 

easier task than to give, in a few lines, a description of the 
scenery of a country; it is, in fact, much more difficult. Yet 
I will try it; only remember that descriptions of this kind are 
to be taken as general assertions, admitting of innumerable 
exceptions. To begin then. — It must be allowed, in the 
first place, that American women have generally a fine, 
and — more frequently than the women of other countries — 
a genteel, rarely an imposing appearance. Their shoul- 
ders are generally not wide enough, and too sloping; their 
busts not sufficiently developed, but the waist is small and 
round, and the lower parts of the body finely formed; their 
feet are not peculiarly good — they are better than German 
feet indeed, and better than English. Yet so capricious are 
exceptions! The smallest pair of correctly shaped feet, so 
small as would be justly criticized if an artist were to give 
them to a work of his imagination, and the neatest pair of 
ankles, "turned by Cupid," with corresponding hands and 
wrists, that I ever beheld, I saw on this side of the Atlantic. 
A pair of feet which miglit induce an admirer of the beau- 
tiful to sing but of them, as Conti sung only of the hands of 
his mistress.* I will give you a letter of introduction to 
these lovely feet and hands and arms, if you come to this 
country. In the mean time I send you a glove of their mis- 
tress, which she once gave me with much grace: honor it 
duly, and feel unbounded obligation for my parting with the 
memento. 

Their walk is much better than the ungraceful dipping 
and pitching of the English ladies, which looks rather like 
an unsuccessful attempt at a gallop than a walk.t However, 
for feet and walk you must go to Andalusia; what is there 
equal to la gracia andaluz? 

• Giusto dc' Conti, in the 15th ccntun', was an imitator of Petrarch. The 
constant subject of liis sonnets was the hand of his mistress; hence tlie whole 
collection is called La Bella Mono. — Editor. 

•j- Of the English walk may be said what Byron says of the Andalusian 
step: "I can't describe it, though so much it strike." The lady, whoever 
she be, that first kept pace with her long-striding husband, ought to be im- 
mortalized as the opposite deity to Aglaja or Euphrosyne. — Editor. 



( 81 ) 

"Their very walk would make your bosom swell; 
I can't describe it, though so much it str.ke. 
Nor Lken it — I never saw the Ike. — 

An Arab horse, a stately stag, a barb. 
New-broke, a cameleopard, a gazelle- 
No — none of these will do." — 

4 

Th'eir arms — where are fine arms any longer to be found 
if not by way of exception? Sleeves have spoiled them. 
Their color — I do not now speak specially of the arms 
— is generally delicate, which contributes to give, even to 
the lowest classes, an arr of gentility. An English face here 
is known directly by its florid color; and it is sometimes 
very agreeable to ir/eet with a rosy cheek lately arrived. 
Their eyes are not as large as the Spanish, nor ojos adov' 
midlllof!* yet th«y are fine, well cut, and well set, and of 
much mental expression. They look bright, and are general- 
ly of a fine dark brown color. The general expression of the 
face is again that of handsomeness and delicacy rather than 
of great and striking beauty. From all this ycat will see 
that American ladies look better in the street than in the 
ball-room, yet I can assure you you find there also many 
charming faces It is a peculiarity of the United States which 
has often struck me, that there are more pretty girls than in 
any other large country, but fewer of those imposing beau- 
ties which we meet in Europe, and who have their proto- 
types in a Mad. Recamier or Tallien, or the beautiful Al- 
banian, when I saw her in Rome, or even as you find many 
inr the higher ranks in England, or those noble faces, necks, 
and figures of the women in the marine villages near Gensa- 
nOy which made a Thorwaldson ravet — beauties which " try 

• The Spanish name frfr sleepy, languishing eyes. — Editor. 

f We know tliat the author visited Gcnsano near Rome at the time of the 
ifjjioraia, in company with Mr. Thorwaldson, the greattst sculptor of the 
age. The injiurata (the feast of the blossom, literally the vi-blossonied 
feast,) is the name of a fcbtival, when the streets of that beautifully situated 
town are covered with tasteful designs made of flowers, ot which, mostly, 
the small colored leaves only are taken. By mcins of these flowers it b*;- 

11 



( 82 ) 

man's soul," which will not depart from the mirror of your 
mind, and disturb your quiet, though your heart may be firm 
as a rock. After all, I come back to my old saying, there is 
no European nation that can — taken all in all — compete for 
great beauty with the English, as there is no nation where 
80 many pretty and delicate faces are seen as in the United 
States. Heavens! what an array of beauty in one single bright 
afternoon in Hyde Park, or at a ball in the higher circles! 
Amongst other nations there are also beauties, for exam- 
ple, the Roman ladies, the peasant women around Gensano, 
whom I just mentioned, and the Tirolese men; but I call the 
whole English nation a handsome one. The very first time 
I took a walk in London I was struck with the beautiful 
children even in that confined city; a handsome English 
boy of ten years is one of the flowers of creation. Go even 
to the London 'Change; among the merchants, who, Avith 
other nations, surely do not exhibit many specimens of 
beauty, you find there tall, well-shaped, fine-looking men, 
whom Frederic William I. would have put directly into a 
uniform of his grenadiers. Call me a heretic, as the dis- 
tinguished did in the Roman osteria, I cannot help 

it; English beauty outstrips all the rest, and what seems pe- 
culiar to that nation, is, that the higher the class in England 
the greater the beauty, whilst the aristocracy of other Eu- 
ropean nations is far from forming the handsomest part of 
the inhabitants. 

Brightness of mind, as I said before, is a general attri- 
bute of the American lady. They seize with ease the sa- 
lient points of things. Let me, instead of a long descrip- 
tion, give you an instance. In a conversation between a 
lady and myself, tableaux vivans happened to be mentioned, 

comes possible to lay out any design and show great skill. The streets thus 
covered with the richest tapestry offer one of the most charming sights ima- 
ginable. To this feast people of all the surrounding places resort, and it is 
here where the beautiful peasant girls with corals in tlie hair are seen. Mr. 
Thorwaldson was quite excited by the great mass of matchless beauty col- 
lected there, when the author was with him. — Eiutor. 



( 83 ) 

and when it was found that I was acquainted with the me- 
chanical details of these charming entertainments, she im- 
mediately resolved to have some represented in her house, 
and entered into their Avhole character with an ease, which 
surprised me, as she had never seen any before. The aes- 
thetic part as well as the mechanical was soon perfectly 
understood. I will not detain you by relating all the trou- 
ble we had to find the proper gauze for the frame, and 
my delight in arranging and placing the pictures on the 
occasion. I will only say, that not a single one of the com- 
pany showed either false primness or a coquettish desire to 
show herself to the greatest advantage. But one wish ani- 
mated all, to make the tableaux as perfect as possible — and 
they were made perfect. I have never seen more beautiful 
ones, though I have seen them on a larger scale; the stage, 
curtain, light, music, the ease and grace of the performers, 
the subjects, the steadiness with which the ladies and gen- 
tlemen stood, the style of the whole, in short, every thing 
conspired to make these tableaux vivans, the first ever seen 
by most of them, as perfect as they could be wished. Se- 
veral European gentlemen who, like myself, had often seen 
them, were quite astonished, and the whole performance 
gave me a high opinion of the tact, taste and grace of Ame- 
rican ladies. I will give you the subject of some of the 
pictures, so that you may the better judge: Niobe, Hagar 
and Ishmael, Ali-Pacha and Vasiiiki, Cumean Sibyl, Mar- 
garet and Faust, Baptism of Malek Adhel, Amy and Janet 
Foster, Death of Cleopatra, Marino Faliero, a Vestal, all 
after engravings or pictures. I can assure you that while 
the first was a truly classical picture, there were others, for 
instance Hagar and Ishmael, or the Cumean Sibyl, which 
produced in me, for the first time since I had been in the 
United States, that peculiar feeling, which a picture of the 
glowing Italian school, of Raphael, Giulio Romano, &c., 
never fails to pour through all our veins. 

What surprised me much was the ease with which they 
at once understood the principles of drapery, I mean that 



( 84 ) 

drapery which the higher art requires, and of which our 
present life affords no opportunity of study. The lady, 
through whose zeal and taste they were got up, liad chosen 
the music for each picture with great felicity; and if I add, 
that not a single lamp-glass cracked, or any lady smiled 
or moved, or any accident or mistake, however trifling, oc- 
curred during the whole performance, you may imagine 
that I had, of the whole, a fine evening, the preparations 
for which, by the by, in the three rehearsals were not less 
agreeable. AVere what I write calculated to meet the eyes 
of the fair performers over whom I ruled for a time with 
almost as much power as a direcleur gmtral des tlitalres, 
I should express my acknowledgments to them most duti- 

fully. 

As to music, there is much instruction in it here, * * * 
* * * * * * * English, perhaps 

Mozart not fashionable; " can Raphael be fashionable, or the 
contrary?'* I said, * * ^ * # * * 



» 



* * * * pour briller * # « • 

• * * « » * * * • »'• 

yet one of the noblest voices and, perhaps, the best non- 
professional performer on the harp, I ever heard, are in this 
country.* 

Before I close my chapter on American beauty — a chap- 
ter which, I dare say, has proved very unsatisfactory to'you, 
although I gave you fair warning that it is very difficult for 
a conscientious writer to generalize such things — I must 
mention the fact, that American women make most exem- 
plary wives and mothers, and strange, be a girl ever so co- 
quettish — yea, even a positive flirt, who in Europe, would 
unavoidably make her future husband unhappy as soon as 
she were married, here she becomes the domestic and re- 
tired wife. That unhappy marriages seem to be compara- 

• Tlie blank lints in the above, indiciite passages, wlrch, by some acci- 
dent, were reiidertcd pcxfecUy illegible In the MS.— .EblToa. 



( 85 ) 

lively rare in America may be partly owing to the great 
patience of an American husband, which again is referrible 
to the greater want of excitability, but it is undoubtedly 
owing also, and probably in a greater degree, to the temper 
of the women. 

The American women are kind and very charitable; I 
think they are peculiarly so. Married ladies do not only 
give, if a case of misfortune happens to present itself, but 
they undergo considerable personal trouble in compliance 
with their charitable disposition. And again, I have known 
here several ladies of the most worldly appearance, living, 
apparently, but to gain admiration, who, nevertheless, would 
visit the poor and sick in their humblest dwellings. 

I have mentioned above the beautiful Albanian. You 
know who she was? was, because, by this time, alas! that 
matchless beauty must have begun already to become a 
prey to all-corroding tim«. I had the enviable fortune to 
live with the great historian, Mr. Niebuhr, then minister in 
Rome, and resided with him also for some time in Gensano, 
in a palace belonging to Cardinal Consalvi. One afternoon, 
it was the 3d of October, I took a walk in the vineyards 
around that Jovely place, and met a peasant driving home 
his ass, laden with grapes. After a short conversation, I 
expressed a wish to buy some, when the peasant asked me to 
go along with him, as he had much better grapes at home. I, 
who like to mingle with the people, and am always desirous 
to observe life as closely as possible, accepted the invita- 
tion with great pleasure. When we arrived, the hospitable 
peasant called his daughter to bring some wine, bread, and 
grapes, and who should come in! — "the beautiful Alba- 
nian." This girl, the daughter of Antonio Caldone, was, as to 
her head, face, neck, and bust, such perfect beauty that her 
reputation had rapidly spread far and wide, and the father 
justly apprehended evil consequence from the many visits 
which were paid by artists and others. He, therefore, cut 
the matter short, and allowed nobody to paint her or to pay 
any visits to the house for the purpose of seeing his daugh- 



( 86 ) 

ler. Mr. Thorwaldson alone obtained permission, after this 
injunction, to take a bust of the wonderful maid. He him- 
self showed it to me one day in his atelier, and said, point- 
ing at it with that beaming joy which a great artist feels 
when the pleasure at meeting with perfection thrills through 
his heart, "There! — no art has ever produced a purer 
beauty." 

Her aquiline nose was of the finest make, and clearly 
defined; her eyes were large, dark, glowing, and oversha- 
dowed by long silken eyelashes, full of a playful expres- 
sion, yet tempered by the gravity of perfection — eyes which 
made me think, the moment I beheld them, such were the 
e3''es of a loving goddess, such the voluptuous expres- 
sion of the Paphian maid! Her eyebrows were distinct 
and dark, yet so fine and gracefully arched, that they ap- 
peared as if painted by the steadiest hand with the most de- 
licate brush. Her forehead was a vault of perfect dimen- 
sions and delineation, and the tense, clear, youthful skin, 
showed the unbroken circles which mark serenity and no- 
bleness of mind. Neither care, nor vulgarity, nor little- 
ness were stamped there. Her full, black, and moist hair 
had that lustre of youth, which renders still deeper its dark- 
ness and richness, and grew down from one small and trans- 
parent ear to the other, in a line as well marked as if drawn 
by a skilful draftsman, and not too deep in the neck, where 
close above it, the rich, Grecian nest of her abundant hair, 
pierced with the coral arrow, permitted the matchless beau- 
ty of her head to appear, set on the neck in the most perfect 
angle. The line of her chin was as graceful and as dis- 
tinctly drawn as that of her forehead, while the vividly co- 
lored, full, and well-cut lips of a mouth not too small, gave 
her a slightly earthly look, that the nobleness of her fore- 
head might not be too grand for a youthful female beau- 
ty. Her small and square teeth were neatly set, showing, 
when she smiled, two narrow white stripes, lining the deep 
carmine of her lips, which, arched like Cupid's bow, full, 
.-swelling with health, and yet delicate, had that firmness 



( 87 ) 

mixed with tender softness, which is unlike any thing else 
in nature. Her skin, though darkened, by a southern sun, 
was clear and of the finest texture, and showed the rosy 
color of her cheek like the first glow in the east, under 
her large eyes, dark as night. The lines of her shoulders 
sloped off in the most correct angle to the outer points; and 
with these round, as if turned of ivory, and with a bust and 
neck betraying youthful health, and striving, in budding 
fulness, towards the time when her beauty would be in 
its noon — the appearance was that of graceful vigor in its 
development. There was in all her head, and face, and 
bust, a grace, a grandeur, a voluptuous richness, and a 
pride of purity, such as I never had believed could exist 
but in imagination. Her figure was not as that grand tour- 
nure, so common in this part of Italy, even among the low- 
est, would have induced the beholder to expect with such a 
head and such a bust; nature had exhausted herself; she had 
concentrated all her plastic power to produce this unrivalled, 
perhaps never to be equalled, head. Such beauty appearing 
on earth, reveals to man the secrets of nature, and shows 
him of what perfection she contains the germs. I am thank- 
ful for having been permitted to meet her even once. 

As a woman whom we have ever seen adorned with 
great charms, will have attraction for us, even at periods 
less favorable to her beauty, or as an individual whom we 
have once known to perform an act revealing great nobleness 
of soul, will always appear to us in a superior light, though 
we may see him in the commonest affairs, so it is well if we 
meet in life with a being, whom we can call noble, pure, 
and elevated throughout, since, after having seen one in- 
stance of great elevation of soul, we will ever find the inci- 
pient stages of it in many individuals around us; and so it is 
in like manner, well for us to meet with one example of 
beauty made perfect, which may serve to show us what hu- 
man beauty can be, and thus elevate in our eye every beau- 
tiful trait or limb we may afterwards see, more nearly to 
that standard which gives delight to the soul. Why is a 



( 8S ) 

painter more easily charmed than other people with some 
single tree, a peculiar bend of a rivulet, or a small rock? 
Because he perceives a beauty in all of them, from having 
often observed such objects in their state of perfection. 
Every true specimen of perfection or even excellence, of 
whatever kind it may be, from the moral down to the phy- 
sical, elevates every instance of an inferior degree of excel- 
lence that we meet with, and sheds over it a portion of its 
own perfection. 

Perusing my letter once more, before I send it to you, I 
was reminded by the passage which speaks of the love of 
a German toward his horse, and shows his bonhomie, of 
another and better instance of this trait in Germans, with 
which you would wish, perhaps, to become acquainted, as it 
pleased me when I found it. You probably know that Na- 
poleon Louis Bonaparte, son of Louis Bonaparte, Count St. 
Leu, published in 1830, a French translation of an Italian 
manuscript written by James Bonaparte in the year 1527, 
on the pillage of Rome by Bourbon. Count Survilliers, 
Joseph Bonaparte, had the kindness to send me a copy of 
this work, interesting in more than one respect. James 
Bonaparte was an eye-witness of the sad event which he de- 
scribes. What a butchering there has been in this world! 
How many thousand years has it been full of Timours, small 
and great! I do not speak of regular battles, but of actual 
butchering. The history of India before the British oc- 
cupation alone might make a man doubt, whether he would 
not be willing to change his human skin for some other fur. 
And then, when the slaughter ceases, what ruling! Oh Po- 
mareh! Oh Pomareh!* 

• We must explain this exclamation. Often, when the author heard of 
bad governments, he would exclaim, oh Pomareh! On repeated inquiry 
what he meant by it, he one day showed us, without s.ijing a word, a passage 
in Kotzebue's Second Voyage round the World, which runs thus: — "Po- 
mareh, late King of Otaheili, a wise and mild ruler, used, nevertheless, now 
and then, to drink, and when he felt the effects of this evil habit, he would 
exclaim and apostrophize himself, • Oh King, to-day thy fat hogs might rule 
better than thyself !'"— Editor. 



( 89 ) 

But to my passage in James Bonaparte's work. — Page 
66, it is said that " the Spaniards respected the sacred places 
and did not touch the relics, but they surpassed the Germans 
in cruelty and perfidy. When once the first heat had abated, 
the latter did no longer maltreat their prisoners. They 
were content with the sum of money, which had been vo- 
luntarily offered and paid them; a great number of them 
even showed much regard for the young and handsome 
ladies and treated them with mildness and humanity, and, to 
protect them against all dangers, carried them to secure 
places. Several prisoners, taking advantage of the good 
disposition of these soldiers, offered immediately very mo- 
derate ransoms. Their propositions were willingly ac- 
cepted. This moderation on the side of the German sol- 
diers cannot be attributed to the rich booty they had to di 
vide among themselves, nor to the poverty in which they 
live in Germany, and which might be supposed to have 
given to the very small sums which were offered, great va- 
lue in their eyes;, it originated from a greater humanity and 
fairness in them. The Spaniards, on the contrary, quite as 
poor, and more so perhaps, showed, neither in the first mo- 
ment of victory nor later, so much moderation," &c. — Their 
cruelties are described as horrid. Now consider that the 
Germans were chiefly Protestants and the Spaniards of that 
time bigoted Catholics, and I think, a testimony from so 
remote times, by an Italian who had himself suffered much 
by the pillage and many enormities committed during the 
same, will be quite acceptable. The southern nations of 
Europe have always been more cruel than those of the north. 
The English peasants under Watt Tyler killed indeed, but 
they did not torment in so refined a way as the French 
"Jacquerie" in rebellion, and the French nobility in their 
turn. What a poisoning and stabbing there has been in 
Italian and French history; how little, in comparison, in 
England or Germany. It is a sad truth, that the French, to. 
this day, surpass the other civilized nations in atrocity. If 
you pay attention to the different species of crimes against 

12 



( 90 ) 

persons, committed in Germany,England,*the United States, 
and France, you will find that the enormity and refinement 
of crime are by far the greatest in the latter country. The 
Gazette des Tribnnanx contains the awful proofs of what 
I say. There are more murders committed, attended by 
great cruelty, or requiring unnatural hardheartedness, such 
as parricides, &c., in France than in cither of the four great 
leading nations. I do not assert this as mere opinion; I have 
paid attention to the subject for several years. 

And now, when I had at last intended to close my epistle — 
as long as an American governor's message — a negro boy 
under my window calls a lad of the same race, by way of 
reproach, " nigger.'^ This is quite frequent, yet very pe- 
culiar. So much does the oppressed or lower class always 
strive to imitate the superior, that even the name which is 
bestowed by the latter upon the former, by way of con- 
tempt, is adopted and used by them. You must not take 
the present instance as of a similar character with the 
Gueux or Protestants, or the song of Yankee-Doodle, 
which were adopted in spite, though used originally by 
way of ridicule, or reproach, but rather as an instance of 
the same kind as the Spanish cafre, a word of contempt, 
now used by the Spaniards, but originally bestowed upon 
them by the Arabs, with whom it signified first an infidel, 
and then a rogue or villain. When I first saw the Greeks, 
a short time after they had driven the Turks from the Mo- 
rea, they endeavored at nothing with so much zeal as to 
imitate their former and hated masters in all their customs, 
and in dress, &c. Our German proverb " One kettle calls 
the other black face," might, therefore, be better rendered 
now, by " One negro calls the other nigger," — a proverb, 
homely as it is, for the application of which, we do, never- 
theless, find opportunities every day, in politics, sectarian 
controversies, scientific disputes, &c. 

• Ireland is not included. Murders, in that countiy, arc frequently attend- 
ed by great ferocity. — Editob. 



( 91 ) 



LETTER V. 



The morning after I arrived in New York, I went to 
see a friend of mine — a gentleman, such as you may meet in 
this life, to whom, nevertheless, were he to be depicted in a 
work of fiction, the possibility of existence would be de- 
nied. He is a Spaniard, yet he knows and speaks fluently 
five languages, among which is the German, though he never 
was in any other country than Spain, Ihe Spanish West In- 
dies, and but lately has come to the United States. He is 
a merchant, yet makes sweet verses in French and Spanish. 
He is an Andalusian, and yet delights in American beauty. 
He is of true sangre azul* and yet of great ease in his 
manners, and enters with facility into the views and ways 
of other nations. Such is the salt-cellar t of my soul, of 

• To be of sangre azul, blue blood, means in Spanish, of pure Christian 
origin, perhaps on account of the whiter skin of the Gothic race, and the 
veins appearing blue through it, compared to the darker skin of the Moors; 
or, and we think more probably, from the fact that blue being the color of 
the sky assumes with several nations the meaning of purity. Altogether, 
the word blue has obtained a very peculiar signification with many modern 
nations. — Editor. 

j Sal and salero (salt and salt-cellar) are very common expressions used in 
Andalusia with reference to beauty and endearment, thongh the author de- 
viates somewhat from the Spanish use, which generally employs these strange 
expressions as terais of endearment between the two sexes. Salero del alma, 
salt-cellar of my soul, tiene muclia sal, she has much salt, es muy salada, 
she is very salt, salado y valenton del alma, salt one and hero of my soul, 
are frequently used. — Editor. 



( 92 ) 

whom I might mention yet a whole list of deviations from the 
rule. But we do not only meet in reality with persons who 
would be considered in plain prose the creations of the poet; 
I could tell you of many events and occurrences which have 
happened, as I myself know, in real life, and yet would 
not be tolerated in a novel, merely on account of their es- 
sential improbability, or impossibility, perha])S, as the critic 
would have it. Like Italian mountains at a distance, so dark 
and yet so purely blue, that, were a landscape painter to copy 
them, they might be considered as belonging to the scenery 
of a land of visions. 

I found my friend pensive and sad — a humor in which he 
does not often indulge; but when he imformed me of the 
reason of his melancholy, I could not but agree with him 
that he had good cause for it 

A friend of his had lately arrived from the West Indies 
with his sister, a lovely girl, but whose beauty was enhanced 
by that most melancholy charm, which told that Death had 
entered in his book of record, opposite her name, the fear- 
ful word — Consumption. The transparent whiteness of her 
spotless teeth, such as we observe only in those, whose 
veins have drunk of the poison of that disease, the deep 
crimson of her lips, the brilliant lustre of her eyes, that fear- 
ful ornament peculiar to the victims of this fever, which 
paints with delicate vermilion the mocking flush, as if in 
scorn of health; the pallid check, fanned and softened by 
the wings of inexorable Death, who hovers around and 
seems to shower all bloom and charm upon his youthful sa- 
crifices, as if to say to those who remain, " Behold, such 
their beauty, and such my power to destroy:" — ah, every 
thing about this Spanish girl sufficiently proved that there 
was no hope in human skill, and that her noble figure, of 
wliich nature might have been proud, and her dark and lux- 
uriant tresses, — that all these features beaming with kind- 
ness and intense attachment to her afflicted brother, the last 
and only kinsman left her, and that her heart, which never 
yet iiad beaten but in purest innocence, would soon be laid 



( 93 ) 

into the narrow shrine and become a prey to the loathsome 
servants of Death. 1 saw this lonely and afflicted couple, 
and never had I beheld a more affecting picture of silent 
grief and of despairing love; she had his hand in hers, her 
eyes fixed upon his, as if desirous of speaking of their ap- 
proaching separation, but fearful to pierce his heart by the 
\'ery comfort she wished to give him; he struggling with- 
in himself to belie his fears and griefs, and to make his 
countenance speak of hopes his heavy heart knew not. And 
all this in a distant country, far from their friends, their sky, 
and native tongue! A lady, whom I would call the kindest 
woman I know, did I not know the one whose kindness is 
intwined with my life, had visited her, indeed, as often as 
her sufferings would permit her to see any one besides 
her brother. It is true, that the looks of that kind be- 
ing must soon have told the sufferer that joy and grief 
quicken the steps of friendship; yet this friend had not 
been a companion of her youth, she was not a friend of her 
friends; her appearance was not a record which told of a 
thousand pleasures enjoyed together, a thousand griefs suf- 
fered in faithful companionship. That balm of friendship 
is but slowly collected by single drops on a long journey 
through life. 

The physicians had advised the patient to proceed forth- 
with to Havre. She was to go with her brother the next 
morning, and my friend had had the painful foresight to 
ask the latter whether he was prepared to lose his sister 
on the passage. " I fear," said he, with moistened eyes, 
"she will never see the shores of France." "Then," con- 
tinued my friend, " you are to consider which you prefer in 
case of death, to hand her over to the deep, or to have her 
buried on shore." " I tremble at the idea of parting with 
her on sea." "If this be the case, my friend, I shall be 
obliged to send a cask of spirits on board." " Do so, do 
so," he sobbed, overwhelmed at all the horror of his 
thoughts. — I wish Sterne had described it to you. 

Now, there is something heart-rending in the idea of sail- 



( 94 ) 

ing on the lonely track of the wide ocean, in that awful si- 
lence — vastness above you and vastness beneath — with the 
body, yet nothing but the body of a being you love, and love 
beyond every other human one, close by you. Even the 
idea of an easy posture in the coffin has something soothing 
compared to this. The human mind abhors being obliged 
to connect the idea of the narrow, the ugly, and especially 
of that, which, in any other case, would cause the opposite 
to grief, with the beloved who have departed from this 
world. Things of this kind depend, I know well, upon feel- 
ing alone. To some, the idea of seeing the shrouded body 
of a once dear companion in life, descend into the watery 
grave, there to be devoured by the ill-shaped inhabitants of 
the deep, is horrid. 

I knew a lady who told me once the story of her grief, 
when she lost her husband on a passage from Brazil to the 
United States, a few days after they had set sail, and could 
not persuade herself to part with his body, but rather chose 
to keep it near her for more than two months, in the way 
that bodies are preserved on sea. When I asked, " and you 
did not prefer to let the ocean receive it?" she uttered, 
with a shuddering and trembling voice, pressing her hands 
against her face: "Ah! and fishes gnaw upon!"* 

My feeling on this point is different. The burial service 
on the sea — a floating community, under the vastest dome of 
heaven's canopy, surrounded by the unbounded ocean which 
is to receive the remains of a departed friend, and soon may 
ingulph those who are paying him the last tribute of earth- 
ly regard, should He that bade him die, call up the tem- 
pest — this faithful picture of our whole course through life, 
has in it for me, something sublime. We love, indeed, to 
know the spot where our friends rest from the toils of life, 
and it is soothing to go unseen to their graves, to plant a 
flower on the turf beneath which they slumber; but if this 

• Shakspeare will put his words into our mouths in moments of the great- 
est joy and deepest grief; he penetrates so intimately our souls, that he br- 
comes our spokesman, and \vc quote him unconsciously. — Editok. 



( 95 ) 

can only be obtained by first placing the body in a liquid 
which reminds you of a thousand prosaic and contrasting 
things, I would much prefer the burial on the waves, and 
let the heaving billows close for ever over him, from whom 
the breath of life has fled. There is something elevating 
to me in the contemplation, that thus matter returns to 
matter in this wide element; that death has given sustenance 
to life according to the eternal laws which regulate the ever- 
changing substance, as its Maker willed them from the com- 
mencement of all things. Though the same takes place 
with those who sleep in the bosom of the earth, I think 
that that great truth presents itself with more grandeur to 
our mind, when we contemplate this dissolution in the vast, 
unbroken element which rolls from pole to pole, and is preg- 
nant with a thousand germs of life in every drop. 

I never can forget what I felt when I came to the end of 
Southey's Life of Nelson, where the hero terminates his ca- 
reer in a barrel of rum. 



( 96 ) 



LETTER VI. 



Few things in life, it seems to me, can dispose us to feel 
more sad than the looking over of old letters, and yet it has 
all the interest of a sad story, all the painful charm of tragic 
events related in a vivid style. How, in such moments, 
our life passes before our inward eye! Here some lines of 
a hand that now is cold and stiff; there the characters you 
once so dearly loved to contemplate, but no longer directed 
to you; the date of some letters, the buoyant style, and jokes, 
and puns of others; the blots of burning tears in one; the 
yellow paper, cut and smoked by the precautious quaran- 
tine; the large capitals of a childish correspondent; the brief 
but happy official information that your petition at length 
has been granted; a colored and embossed note, whose three 
or four lines remind you of a world of enjoyment; a tattered 
letter crossed and crammed; a note written by a fair hand, 
and which once accompanied some choice wine, when you 
were sick in a foreign country; a letter from your old teach- 
er with Greek and Latin quotations; the happy writing of 
your parents, traced by a hand trembling with joy, after 
they had learned that a great battle had been fought and you 
were still alive; the unsolicited praise of your own work by 
a man of distinguished authority, who thus begins his cor- 
respondence; the malevolent misrepresentation of your best 
intentions; the joyous information that your election is go- 
ing on swimmingly — represented in such documents lies 



•( 97 ) 

the history of your life around you — ruins and ashes, which 
it requires courage to contemplate, a strong resolution to 
view without a bleeding heart; while pain retains its sting, 
joy almost turns to grief, since ruthless time has written un- 
der most of these messengers of pleasure — " past and gone." 

And if our correspondence of elapsed years can thus af- 
fect us, with what feelings do we not lay down an old journal 
of ours, not a book of lying sentiments, but a brief and true 
record of names, dates, events and facts? Why can I hard- 
ly ever take up my journal of Rome without sadness? Why 
are the faint characters I wrote in Greece with wine and 
gun-powder, so sadly dear to me? Why can I not look at 
the tattered leaves, which recall to my mind Waterloo's 
field, without feeling something heavy here at my left side? 
Because human life is in such moments spread out before us 
with all its withered blossoms, over which Time has trod 
with his hasty and destroying strides. — Have you ever 
looked again at one of your earliest copy-books? I have a 
book containing the compositions, which I had to write in 
the course of my religious instruction preceding confirma- 
tion* — but it is useless to dwell upon these things. 

I was led to this introduction to my epistle, from my be- 
ing reminded in New York, in the course of my letters to 
you, that seven years ago I arrived there on the same day, 
and put my foot on land in the same hour, that in 1815 a 
ball prostrated me. This coincidence made me at the time 
reflective; I sought the field, and at Wiehawk, on a point 
perpendicularly above the Hudson, from which I had a 
view over the whole city and the bay, the river and the 
country, I sat down and mused. Thus reminded of Wa- 
terloo, I remembered that some time ago you asked me to 

• The German Protestants, who consider confirmation as the voluntary re- 
petition of the vow which others made for the infant at the font of baptism, 
allow no person to be confirmed without previous and regular instruction in 
our religion and a public examination, which proves the fitness of being ad- 
mitted to confimiation. Lutherans and Calvinists do this alike, and govern- 
ment exacts this instruction. — Enrron. 

13 



( 98 ) 

give you a sketch of my adventures in that battle; I deter- 
mined to comply with your wish, and searched among my 
papers for a copy, which my mother gave me once, of my 
own letter, the first I was able to write after the eventful 
days of battle. I did not succeed in finding what I looked 
for, but will, nevertheless, give you a sketch of what you 
desire. Do not expect a kind of memoirs; I played too 
humble a part in the chorusscs of that great drama, though 
a French sergeant has, I sec, published his memoirs. Nor 
must you even expect a monography. It will be but a 
very brief sketch, of some little interest perhai)s, in as 
much as we love to observe how a great and memorable era 
has affected a single individual; of what particular elements 
that which we know only as a great historical phenomenon 
was made up; and in as much as that may interest, which 
we know to be true, when, as a fictitious composition, it 
■would be void and wanting of all salient points. I wish 
some Egyptian had noted every evening during one whole 
year, on his imperishable papyrus, every thing he had done 
during the day. It would be a document of no mean value 
now, had his occupation been but the superintending of some 
men engaged in building a pyramid, or digging a canal. 

But, if I thus tell you a plain, true story, you must not be 
surprised to find strange contrasts, the most common thing 
ludicrously placed by the side of the noblest or gravest. 
Life, you know well, docs not select and classify, does not 
present things by gradual transitions, but seems to delight 
in contrasts, and is much like the index of an encyclopedia, 
where Locke follows Lobster, where Lace precedes Lace- 
dxmon, and Shakers is the neighboring article to Shak- 
speare. It places, like the old architects, a grinning inonkey 
in the capital of a column, which supports the canopy of an 
altar, or covers the walls of the room where Jefferson drew up 
the Declaration of Independence, with scenes of Don Quix- 
ote's life.*" Perhaps the very spot, on which he fastened his 

* Room No. 2, in the Indian Queen in Pliilaiklphia, in which Jcfici-son 
dwell during the memorable Congress, is universally believed to be the room 



( 99 ) 

eye when meditating how he should word that great instru- 
ment, now represents Sancho tossed like a fox. We meet 
with contrasts every where. To the version of the bible used 
by the freest nation of Europe, continues to be prefixed an ad- 
dress to one of England's most obnoxious kings, drawn up 
in terms of offensive flattery; whilst the women of the very 
sect, which takes its name from its meekness, are sufficient- 
ly bold to speak in their public meetings. Does not the gay 
riband of fashion almost touch the gravestone which looks 
from the churchyard into Broadway? Captain Lyon found 
the nest of a snow-bunting built on the breast of a dead in- 
fant,* and Domitian was brother to Titus and a son of Ves- 
pasian, and Charles the Fifth's own sister professed Protes- 
tantism. 

" Boys, clean your rifles," said my old and venerable fa- 
ther, entering my room, where I was just studying Loder's 
Anatomical Tables; " He is loose again." — " Napoleon?" — 
"He has returned from Elba," — My heart beat high; it 
was glorious news for a boy of sixteen, who had often heard 
with silent envy the account of the campaigns of IS 13 and 
-14 from the lips of his two brothers, both of whom had 
marched in 1813, in common with most young men of good 
families, as volunteer riflemen, and returned as wounded 
officers. 

The one, cured of his wounds, rejoined his regiment; an- 
other of my brothers and myself followed the call of govern- 
ment to enter the army as volunteers, though our age would 
have exempted us from all obligation. Which regiment 
should we choose? Of course one which was garrisoned 
near the enemy's frontier, so that we were sure not to have 
# 

where he drew up the Declaration of Independence, and is shown as such to 
visiters; yet Mi-. Jefferson liimself, in a letter to Dr. Mease of Philadelphia, 
states, that he wrote that instrument in the second story of the house at the 
south-west comer of Market and Seventh Streets. He then boarded there. 
It was at that time a two or three story building, but it is now four stories 
high. — EniTon. 

* In his Narrative of an Attempt to reach Repulse Bay. — Editor. 



( 100 ) 

a peaceable campaign in a distant reserve. There was a regi- 
ment among the troops near the frontiers of France which 
enjoyed a peculiarly high and just reputation; its name was 
Colberg, bestowed upon the brave band in honor of its va- 
liant defence of the fortress of Colberg, in the year 1806 — 
the only Prussian fortified place at that wretched time which 
did not surrender to the French. It was composed of brave 
and sturdy Pomeranians, a short, broad-shouldered, healthy 
race. In more than twenty "ranged" engagements during 
the campaign of -13 and -14, had they shown themselves 
worthy of their honorable name. My brother and myself 
selected this regiment. When the day appointed for the 
enlistment of the volunteers arrived, we went to my father 
and said, "Well then, we go; is it with your consent?" "Go 
to your mother," he replied. We went to her; our hearts 
were big; she had suffered so much during the first campaign. 
With a half-choked voice I said, " Mother, we go to be en- 
rolled, shall we?" She fell into our arms, that noble wo- 
man, worthy of the best times of Rome, and sobbed aloud. 
*'Go," was all her bleeding heart allowed her to utter; and 
had she been the mother of twenty sons, she would have 
sent them all. 

A table was placed in the centre of a square in the city of 
Berlin, at which several officers were enlisting those who 
offered themselves. We had to wait from ten to one o'clock 
before we could get a chance to have our names taken down; 
the throng was so great. 

In the beginning of the month of May, we were marched 
from Berlin to our regiments. My mother, my sisters, 
and brothers were calm when we took leave; tears would 
burst out of their burning eyes, which had wept the live- 
long night; but they did all they could not to make the 
parting too painful to us. My father accompanied us to 
the place of rendezvous. When the bugle called us to the 
lines, we looked for him, to take the last leave; he had 
stolen himself away. A great many people accompanied 
us out of the city; the beautiful Brandenburg gate was soon 



( 101 ) 

behind us; we began to sing. I looked but forward, happy 
that it was yet my lot to carry arms in defence of my country. 

On the 16th we passed the Rhine. With all the feel- 
ings of veneration with which a German of the north will 
ever regard that noble and classical river, when he sees it 
for the first time, was mixed in our breasts a glowing of 
patriotism such as you may expect to find only in one whose 
morning of life had fallen in that exciting time. On the 
25th of May we passed in review before Prince Bliicher, in 
Namur. On the 26th we marched to a village called Voistin, 
and were incorporated with our regiment. Its colonel re- 
ceived us with a calmness which almost bordered on cold- 
ness; he was always so. In the most trying moments, or when 
the cry of victory was raised after a long and doubtful strug- 
gle, his face betrayed no emotion. Our men called him Old 
Iron, yet they loved him for his justice and bravery, and 
his love of his men. Every man of the army or navy will 
understand me. 

On the second of June we had our first parade with the 
regiment, and the colonel declared that we had the bear- 
ing of old soldiers; he was satisfied with us.* We longed 
to be tried. I saw on that day, for the first time, the wo- 
man who was sergeant in our regiment, and distinguished 
herself so much that she could boast of three orders on her 
gown, when, after the peace, she was married, in Berlin, to 
another sergeant. In a second regiment of our brigade was 
another girl serving as soldier; but she was very different 
from our sergeant; her sex was discovered by mere accident; 
she had marched instead of her brother, that he might sup- 
port their aged parents. You probably recollect Pochasca, 
and the girl who followed her lover to the army, fought by 
his side, vvas known to nobody but him, was wounded and 
discovered herself only just before she breathed her last in 
the Berlin hospital, — to the Princess William. 

" The infantry volunteers, who were all riflemen, formed separate com- 
panies, called detachments, one of which was added to each battalion or re- 
giment, according to the number who had enrolled for a certain regiment. — 
F.niTon. 



( 102 ) 

We marched to Longueville, seven leagues from Brussels. 
On the 9th we received lead to cast our balls, the rifles being 
of different calibre, as each volunteer had equipped himself. 
It is one of the most peculiar situations a man of reflecting 
mind can be in, when he casts his balls for battles near at 
hand. 

In the evening I was lying with two comrades, one of 
whom was a Jew, in a hay-loft; the crazy roof allowed us to 
see the brilliant stars. We spoke of home. "My father," said 
the one, " told me he was sure he would not sec me again, 
though he never attempted to keep me back," and, added 
he, " I feel as if I should fall." A ball entered his forehead 
in the first battle, and killed him on the spot. The second, 
the Jew, said, " Nobody has told me of my death, yet I be- 
lieve I shall remain on the field." He fell at my side, in the 
battle of Ligny, before he had fired a shot — a ball cutting his 
throat. " And I," said I, " shall be brushed, but, I think, 
shall return home, though with a scratched skin." Thus, 
strangely every prophecy of that night was fulfilled. 

On the morning of the 15th the general was beaten; hostili- 
ties had begun on the 14th. We marched the whole day and 
the w^hole night. In the morning we arrived not far from 
the battle-field of Ligny; we halted. Before us was a rising 
ground, on which we saw innumerable troops ascending 
the plain with flying colors, and music playing. It was 
a sight a soldier loves to look at. I cannot say, with 
Napoleon, that the earth seemed to be proud to carry so 
many brave men, but we were proud to belong to these 
brave and calm masses. Orders for charging were given; 
the pressure of the coming battle was felt more and more. 
Some soldiers who carried cards in their knapsacks threw 
them away, believing that they bring bad luck. I had never 
played at cards and carried none, but this poor instance of 
timid superstition disgusted me so, that I purposely picked 
up a pack and put it in my knapsack. Our whole company 
consisted of very young men, nearly all lads, who were im- 
patient for battle, and made a thousand questions in their 



( 103 ) 

excited state to the old, well-seasoned sergeant-major, who 
had been given to us from the regiment. His imperturba- 
ble calmness, which neither betrayed fear nor excited cou- 
rage, but took the battle like a drilling, amused us much. 

We now marched again, up the sloping plain, and by one 
o'clock, in the afternoon, arrived on the battle-ground. Our 
destiny was first a trying reserve; the enemy's brass played 
hard upon us; shell shots fell around us and took several 
men out of our column. We were commanded to lie down; 
I piqued myself on not making any motion when balls or 
shells were flying over us. Behind us stood some cavalry; 
one of their officers had been a near neighbor to us in Ber- 
lin. He rode up to me and asked me to write home should 
he fall, he would do as much for me should I be shot down. 
He soon after fell. We longed most heartily to be led into 
the fire, when our officer, a well-tried soldier, for we had not 
yet exercised our right of electing our own officers, as none 
of us had sufficient experience, spoke these few words: " My 
friends, it is easier to fight than to stand inactive exposed to 
fire; you are tried at once by the severest test, show then that 
you can be calm as the oldest soldiers. My honor depends 
upon your conduct. Look at me, and I promise you, you 
shall not find yourselves mistaken." At length, at about 
two o'clock, an aide of the general of our brigade galloped 
up to our column, and said to the colonel: "Your column 
must throw the enemy out of the left wing of the village." 
Presently the colonel rode up to us and said, " Riflemen, you 
are young, I am afraid too ardent; calmness makes the soldier, 
hold yourselves in order;" then he turned round: "March!" — 
and the dull, half-suffi)cated drum, from within the deep co- 
lumn, was heard beating such delicious music. Now, at last, 
was all to be realized for which we had left our homes, had 
suffered so many fatigues, had so ardently longed for. The 
bugle gave the signal of halt; we were in front of the village 
of Ligny. The signal was given for the riflemen to march 
out to the right and left of the column, and to attack. 

Our ardor now led us entirely beyond the proper limits; the 



( 104 ) 

section to which I belonged ran madly, without firing, toward 
the enemy, who retreated. My hindman* fell; I rushed 
on, hearing well but not heeding the urgent calls of our old 
sergeant The village was intersected with thick hedges, 
from behind which the grenadiers fired upon us, but we 
drove them from one to the other. I, forgetting altogether 
to fire and what I ought to have done, tore the red plume 
from one of the grenadiers bear-caps, and swung it over 
my head, calling triumphantly to my comrades. At length 
we arrived at a road crossing the village lengthwise, and the 
sergeant-major had now succeeded in his attempt to bring us 
somewhat back to our reason. There was a house around the 
corner of which he suspected that a number of French lay. 
" Be cautious," said he to me, " until the others are up," but 
I stepped round and a grenadier stood about fifteen paces 
from me; he aimed at me, I levelled my rifle at him. " Aim 
well, my boy," said the sergeant-major, who saw me. My 
antagonist's ball grazed my hair on the right side; I shot 
and he fell; I found I had shot through his face; he was dy- 
ing. This was my first shot ever fired in battle. 

Several times I approached old soldiers in the battle, to ask 
them whether this was really a good sound battle, and when 
they told me, as heavy a one as Dennewitz, one of the most 
sanguinary engagements in which our regiment or, in fact, any 
regiment had ever fought, I was delighted. All I had feared 
was, that I should not have the honor of assisting in a tho- 
rough battle. I observed a hog and a child both equally be- 
wildered; they must have soon been killed, and as I never can 
omit observing contrasts, I noticed a bird anxiously flying 
about its young ones and striving to protect them in this 
tremendous uproar and carnage. A degree of vanity, I re- 
member, made me in the beginning of the battle, feel very 
important, when I thought tiiat a man's life depended upon 

• Riflemen, who attack as tirailkurs and never shoot witliout aiming-, are 
placed two by two together. Tliese couples assist each other, one charges 
whilst the other aims, and vice vci"sa. One of them is called tlie fore-man, 
the other hind-man. — Editor. 



( 105 ) 

my trigger. After about an hour, I was calmed down, and 
got the proper trempe* I felt a parching thirst, and disco- 
vering a well, I took a canteen from the knapsack of a 
dead soldier, contrived to fasten it by thongs obtained in a 
similar way, to a pole, and drew up some water. A cap- 
tain, seeing me, partook of it, and made some remarks about 
my calmness, which made me feel proud. It happened 
where the fire was briskest. — But I cannot tell you all the 
details of the fight, and what a soldier pei'sonally does in a 
battle, so bloody and so long as that of Ligny; how many 
of my friends I have seen falling dead or wounded around 
me, how desperately we fought on both sides for the pos- 
session of the village; and how the troops against us were 
three times renewed, while we received no succour. Suf- 
fice it to say, that the battle lasted in all its vigor until dark. 
The village was four times taken and retaken; the last 
time we had to march in a hollow way, which leads across 
the centre of the place, and where the struggle had been the 
hottest all the afternoon. Three or four layers of dead and 
living, men and horses, impeded the progress of the soldiers, 
who were obliged to wade in the blood of their comrades, 
or to trample upon wounded enemies, imploring them to 
give some assistance, but to whom they were obliged to 
turn a deaf ear, whatever might be their feelings. This 
last attempt to regain the village, when I was called upon to 
assist in getting a cannon over the mangled bodies of com- 
rades or enemies, leaping in agony when the heavy wheel 
crossed over them, has impressed itself with indelible horror 
upon my mind. I might give you details such as j^ou have 
seen in no picture of a carnage, by whatever master it was 
painted; but why? 

All my ammunition was exhausted except one ball, which 
I was anxious to save, should any cavalrist attempt to sabre 
me. It was impossible for me to get new ammunition, and 
so I was obliged, for more than an hour, to be present at the 

• Temper of steel. — Editor. 
14 



( 106 ) 

fire as a mere spectator, I would not have gone back on 
any account, though the commander of our company once 
advised me to do so. In the course of the battle, one of my 
friends had, in the heat of the engagement, put his ball into 
the rifle before the powder. It is one of the most painful 
things that can happen to a young soldier. There is a kind 
of stigma or suspicion attached to this mishap; besides, 
who likes to leave the battle? Yet I advised him to go back 
and get the ball extracted, " I'd rather fight the whole day 
with a stick," he exclaimed. He then took the gun and am- 
munition from a dead Frenchman, and fired the enemy's 
own balls until he fell, I now tried to do the same, but though 
guns enough were strewed on the ground, I found no car- 
tridge box with ammunition. 

Toward evening the cavalry began to press us more and 
more; to regain the village was impossible; our troops were 
thinned to the utmost; it became dark; the bugle blew to 
retreat, when horse grenadiers approached to charge us. 
The signal was given to form heaps* It was now, when 
retreating, that our men began for the first time to show 
uneasiness. The colonel observed it by the irregular heal 
of the gun, when he commanded " Ready." But as if he 
were on the drilling place, he said, "Your beat is bad; 
have we drilled so long for nothing? down with your guns; 
now, 'Ready;'" and every man was calm again. Treat 
good soldiers soldier-like, and good sailors sailor-like, and 
you may always depend upon them. The cavalry charged, 
but we received them according to the rule, " No firing 
until you see the white of their eyes;" and they were re- 
pelled. My brother had been wounded in the foot and was 
obliged to ride the night through on the pointed cover of 

• Infantry fornis, at tlie approacli of cavaliy, reg^ular squares; but, when 
troops are so thinned and dispersed as the reg'iment Colberg' was toward the 
end of this battle, or, wiien the attack of cavalry is too sudden and unex- 
pected to admit of their regular formation, mere heaps arc formed; that is, 
the infantry run togetlier and imitate a square as well as they can, — 
EoiTon. 



( 107 ) 

an ammunition car. He assured me afterwards he had an 
uncomfortable ride of it, which I willingly believe. 

Of our whole company, which, on entering the engage- 
ment, mustered about 150 strong, not more than from twenty 
to thirty combat tans remained. The old soldiers of our regi- 
ment treated us ever after this battle with signal regard, 
while, before it, they had looked upon us rather as beardless 
boys. We marched all night. On the seventeenth we at- 
tempted twice to go to bivouac, but were twice disturbed 
by the enemy. Suffering greatly from hunger, we made a 
meal of raw pork, having met with a hog. 

Toward evening I was sent with some others to get what- 
ever might be obtained in the shape of victuals, from the sur- 
rounding villages. It was a sad charge ! In one house, stripped 
of every thing, we found a young woman with an infant, by 
the side of her father, who had been beaten and wounded 
by some marauding enemies. She asked us for a piece of 
bread; we had none. We gave her some potatoes which we 
had just found, but she said she had nothing to cook them 
with. We received this da)^ the order of the army, in which 
Bliicher spoke in high terms of the conduct of the infantry 
during the battle; our regiment was singled out by name. 

We marched a great part of the night. Rain fell in tor- 
rents; it had rained the whole of the 17th; the roads were 
very bad. Early in the morning of the 18th we found part 
of our regiment from which we had been separated. It was 
a touching scene, to see the soldiers rushing to each other, 
to find comrades whom we had believed to be dead or miss- 
ing. Our men were exhausted, but old Bliicher allowed us 
no rest. We began early on the 18th our march. As we 
passed the marshal, wrapped up in a cloak and leaning 
against a hill, our soldiers began to hurrah, for it was always 
a delight to them to see the " Old one," as he was called. 
"Be quiet, my lads," said he; "hold your tongues; time 
enough after the victory is gained." He issued this morn- 
ing his famous order, which ended by assuring our army 
that he would prove the possibility of beating two days after 



( 108 ) 

a retreat, and, with inferior numbers; and which concluded 
with the words, "We shall conquer because we must con- 
quer." 

We entered the battle with Blucher in the afternoon: 
you know the history of this memorable day. It had 
been again our lot to stand, unengaged for some time, in 
sight of the battle; we saw some brilliant charges of our 
cavalry putting to rout French squares. Not far from us 
stood the huzzars, commanded by Colonel Colomb. An aide 
came with the order to charge a square. " Volunteers, ad- 
vance!" called the colonel, — intending to form the body 
for the attack of volunteers, — when the whole regiment, as 
if by magic, advanced some steps. He was obliged to order 
a company in the common way. Numerous wounded 
passed by us while we stood there inactive. Marshal Blii- 
cher rode by, and when he observed our uniform, said, "Ah, 
my Colberger, wait, wait a moment, I'll give you presently 
something to do." 

We suffered dreadfully from the cravings of hunger. I 
found a peasant in the cellar of a house near the road, and 
threatened to shoot him instantly unless he gave us bread. 
He assured us he had none. I told my comrade to hold 
him, while I would seem to prepare to shoot him; he brought 
us a small loaf. No one knows what the enjoyments of the 
palate are, who has not really suffered from hunger or thirst. 
Let a shipwrecked man, who floated for many days with the 
scantiest supply of water, under the scorching rays of a ver- 
tical sun, tell you what he sufl'ered, and describe to you what 
he felt, when, for the first time again, he could quaff the de- 
licious crystal liquid, without the jealous eyes of his fellow 
sufferers fixed upon him, counting with the envy of a maniac 
each draught he takes. It is in such moments we receive 
an enjoyment, which ever after gives us a different view of 
the senses through which we obtained it. They then ap- 
pear to us in their true light, sanctified by all their impor- 
tance and necessity in the great world of creation; we then 
see how their subtle organization forms a powerful means 



( 109 ) 

of connecting scattered elements, and our inmost soul per- 
ceives that they, too, are the gifts of a great God. 

It was heart-rending to halt, as we did in the evening, on 
the field of battle after such blood-shed. Fires were lighted, 
that the wounded might creep to them. I found a hen- 
house, got in, and the door shut after me; I heard the signal 
for march, and my anxiety was great when I found I could 
not get out. It was perfectly dark; I groped about, but, to 
my utter discomfiture, I found no way of escape. At last 
I set up a tremendous shouting, and after awhile succeed- 
ed in attracting the attention of some of our regiment, who 
delivered me from my unpleasant situation, and enjoyed a 
hearty laugh at my expense. 

The great body of the Prussian and English armies 
marched toward Paris; but half of our army corps, to which 
I belonged, received orders to pursue Vandamme, who had 
thrown himself upon Namur. We marched the whole of 
the 19th; the heat was excessive, and our exhaustion and 
thirst so great, that two men of our regiment became de- 
ranged in consequence. We chewed clay, over which the 
artillery had marched, and thus had pressed out its mois- 
ture by the wheels of the cannons. In my despair I even 
made the attempt — but I could not. 

No soldier is allowed by the regulations, when marching 
through a place, to step out of the ranks or to drink from 
wells on the road; but when we marched in the course of this 
day through Gemblours, where the people had placed large 
tubs before their doors, filled with water, officers and privates 
fell pellmell upon them; some drank their last draught. Such 
was the impression then made upon me by the consuming 
thirst, that, for a long time after, I was unable to see liquid 
of any kind, without feeling an intense desire to swallow it, 
though I might not at the time feel thirsty. At four o'clock 
in the afternoon we went to bivouac; we started early again, 
and now my strength forsook me. I could not keep up with 
the troops, and began to lag behind; it was a most painful 
feeling to me, but I could not do otherwise. I tried to get 



( 110 ) 

hold of a cannon: an artillerist, pitying my appearance, wished 
even to take me on the cannon, but his officer would not 
permit it. Suddenly, at about noon, I heard the first guns; 
the battle of Namur had begun, Heavens, and I not with 
my corps! My strength was suddenly restored; I ran across 
a field, in which the balls of the enemy were mowing down 
the high vvheat, toward the commander of our brigade, whom 
I espied on an elevation. I asked him, " Where is my re- 
giment?" He very angrily turned round: " Who disturbs 

me here during the engagement? go to the d ," but as 

soon as he began to observe me more narrowly, my ex- 
hausted appearance, my youth, and particularly when I 
quickly said, " Sir, I ask, because I want to fight," he bent 
down from his horse, stroked my face, and said, in a mild 
tone, " What do you want, my rifleman?" I repeated my 
question; he showed me where I had to go, gave me to 
drink, and called after me, " Come and see me after the bat- 
tle: do you understand?" " I do," said I. Two minutes af- 
ter he fell. He was a most kind officer, and the soldiers said 
he treated the riflemen too kindly. 

W^hen I arrived where my regiment stood, or, as I should 
rather say, the little band representing it, I dropped down, 
but fortunately one of my comrades had some eggs, one of 
which gave me great strength. Our colonel came up to us, 
saying, " Riflemen, you have twice fought like the oldest 
soldiers; I have to say nothing more; this wood is to be 
cleared; be calm — bugieman, the signal!" and off" we went 
with a great hurrah! driving the French before us down a 
hill toward Namur, which lay on our front. My hindman 
— like his predecessor — was killed. \Vhen I saw our men 
rushing too fast down the hill, I was afraid that some enemies 
might be hid under the precipice to receive them. Hold- 
ing myself with my left hand by a tree, I looked over the 
precipice, and saw about seven Frenchmen. " They will 
hit me," I thought, and turning round to call to our soldiers, 
I suddenly experienced a sensation as if my whole body 
were compressed in my head, and this, like a ball, were 



( 111 ) 

quivering in the air. I could feel the existence of nothing 
else; it was a most painful sensation. After some time, I 
was able to open my eyes, or to see again with them; I 
found myself on the ground; over me stood a soldier firing 
at the enemy. I strained every nerve to ask, though in 
broken accents, whether, and if so, where I was wounded. 
" You are shot through the neck." I begged him to shoot 
me; the idea of dying miserably, half of hunger, half of my 
wound, alone in the wood, overpowered me. He, of course, 
refused, spoke a word of comfort, that, perhaps, I might yet 
be saved, and soon after himself received a shot through both 
knees, in consequence of which he died in the hospital, while 
I am now writing an account of his sufferings here, in Ame- 
rica. 

My thirst was beyond description; it was a feverish burn- 
ing. I thought I should die, and prayed for forgiveness of 
my sins, as I forgave all; I recollect I prayed for Napoleon; 
and begged the Dispenser of blessings to shower his bounty 
upon my beloved ones; and, if it could be, to grant me a 
speedy end of my sufferings. All my relations passed be- 
fore my mind. I received a second ball, which entering my 
chest, gave me a more local pain than the first; I thought 
God had granted my fervent prayer. I perceived, as I sup- 
posed, that the ball had pierced my lungs, and tried to breathe 
hard to hasten my dissolution. At several periods I heard 
soldiers passing by and making their remarks upon me, but 
I had no power of giving any sign of life. A boy, the son 
of a colonel, was led by an old soldier past me; I could see 
them dimly, and heard the boy exclaim, " Oh, my father!" I 
heard afterwards that his father had been killed, and the se- 
cond in command had sent the boy out of the fire. 

I now fell into a deep swoon; the ideas of approaching 
death, the burning thirst, and the fever, created by my 
wounds, together with the desire which had occupied our 
minds so often during the last days, of seeing once more 
good quarters, produced a singular dream, which was as 
lively and as like reality as it was strange. I dreamt that 



( 112 ) 

I had died and arrived before the gates of heaven, where I 
presented my billet. St. Peter looked at it, and I was ad- 
mitted into a wide saloon, where an immense table was 
spread out, covered with the choicest fruits, and with crys- 
tal vessels filled with the most cooling beverages. I was 
transported with joy, yet I asked, " Do people here eat and 
drink?" St. Peter answered, that those who wished to 
enjoy these refreshments, as was probably my case, were 
at liberty to do so, but tliat those who were unwilling to 
partake of them, felt no evil effects in consequence; life was 
possible there without food, I went to one of the crystal 
bowls, and drank in deep draughts the refreshing liquid. 
I awoke, and found a soldier bending over me and giving 
me out of his canteen what I long believed to be wine, so 
deliciously and vivifyingly did it course through every vein. 
But at a later period I happened to meet the same soldier, and 
learned that this reviving liquid was simple water. It was 
extremely hot, and the wounded suffered very much; but 
this heat, so painful to us, saved perhaps my life, since with- 
out any bandage over my wounds, I soon must have bled to 
death, had not the clogged blood served instead of a ban- 
dage, and stopped in a measure farther bleeding. 

I succeeded in expressing to the soldier my wish that he 
would return with some men to carry me away; he pro- 
mised to return, but did not. I again became senseless, and 
when I awoke found myself digging in agony in the 
ground, as I had seen so many of the dying men do in the 
previous battles. I shuddered, and prayed once more for a 
speedy dissolution. I had, fortunately, in my agony and 
struggle, turned from the precipice; had I turned toward 
it, I must inevitably have perished. My situation, on a de- 
clivity, was such that I could see into the plain of Namur, 
and I was rejoiced, when I saw by the fire that our troops 
had, by this time, hard pressed the enemy. 

My strength was fast going, and when, toward evening 
I was awakened by the peasants sent to collect the wound- 
ed, but who found it more profitable to plunder the dead or 



( 113 ) 

such of the wounded, as could offer no resistance, and to 
throw both into the fosses, the common grave of friend and 
foe, I could not speak; I felt as if a rock was weighing 
upon every limb and muscle. They searched for my watch 
and money, and rudely stripped me of my clothes, which 
increased my pains and renewed the bleeding of my 
wounds. At last I was enabled to move my eyelids, and 
this motion, as well as, probably, the expression of my look, 
showed them that not only was I living, but that I was suf- 
ficiently sensible, to be aware of all the horrors of my situ- 
ation. One of them said, " ./?A, mon camarade, tu es daiis 
un etat quHlfaut que. tu crevesP' When they had nearly 
finished their work, I heard a loud threatening voice, a shot, 
and a scream of one of the peasants, upon which they all 
absconded. Soon after a soldier of the Westphalia militia, 
himself wounded, dragged himself toward me. He had 
seen the peasants at their nefarious work, and fired upon 
them. He saw my helpless situation, and when he espied 
a surgeon below in the valley, he called to him to come 
and dress my wounds. " At this hour work is left off," * 
he replied, and proceeded on his way. My protector in- 
tended to fire at him also, but his wounds prevented him 
from loading quickly enough. He promised me to return 
soon with assistance. I feared he would not return, and saw 
him, with a heavy heart, disappear behind the trees; but he 
did not deceive me. 

At about 9 o'clock he returned, — painful as it was to him 
to walk, — with some peasants, who dressed me with the 
clothes of the dead around me, and made a litter, by means 
of guns; upon which they carried me into the valley, to a 
farm where the surgeons were. All the lint had been used, 
and it was necessary to cut open the uniform I had on, and 
employ the wadding of it as a substitute. A sutler tried to 
make me eat small crumbs, but I could not move a single 
muscle without great pain. 

* Es istjezt Feierabend. — Euitoh. 
15 



( 114 ) 

A short time after, a false alarm spread that the French were 
coming up again; wounded soldiers are full of apprehension, 
and the rumor was believed. I implored my kind friend, 
for I had, by this time, somewhat recovered my speech, to 
take me away; I feared nothing so much as to be taken pri- 
soner when wounded. He fetched a wheelbarrow, made to 
carry lime, got me into it, as well as he could, and carried 
me to a farm at a distance from the main road. My pains, 
during this time, were excruciating; my bandages fell ofif. 
On the road to this farm we met a wounded sergeant of my 
company. I heard the militia-man ask him whether he 
knew me; he answered in ihe negative, and I could not tell 
who I was. My head had sLuck against the wheel, and my 
wound had bled anew. " Poor fellow," said the sergeant, 
" may God assist you;" then, addressing the militia-man, I 
heard him express his serious doubts as to the possibility of 
my recovery, but requesting him to take care of me as long 
as 1 should be alive. 

The house to which I was taken, was full of wounded; my 
kind companion tried to make some room for me on the 
ground; it rained hard, and we were exposed to the incle- 
mency of the weather. In the morning, my friend left me 
after having recommendetl me to the care of an officer of our 
regiment, shot through the belly. Toward noon a coal-cart 
arrived, to take some of the wounded to Namur; the officer 
was carried into it; and I then heard him say, "Fetch that 
rifleman;" but those who were to execute his order, took 
another in my place, and I could not speak loud enough to 
correct the mistake. 

By the time that evening arrived, the number of the 
wounded had greatly diminished; all who could carry them- 
selves to town, had done so. Late in the evening, the pro- 
prietor of the house — an old man — came, slowly and shy- 
ly, into his own house. He made some porridge, and in a 
manner, which betrayed much feeling, tried to feed me, but 
I could eat but very little. The poor old man had himself 
a son in the army- 



( 115 ) 

On the 22d every one was carried out of the house ex- 
cept myself and three others, with equally bad wounds. We 
had not strength to make ourselves sufficiently noticed when 
the carts arrived. We remained together the whole day in 
silent companionship; the old man had left the house soon 
after he had attempted to feed me. On the 23d, in the 
forenoon, I resolved to creep out of the door, should I perish 
in the attempt, in order to stand a chance of being seen by 
passengers. It must have been more than two hours before 
I succeeded in reaching the road, though but a few rods 
from the house; I fell from one swoon into another. Many 
persons, passing by, threw money to me, but what was I to 
do with money? At last two soldiers of my company, who 
had remained in Namur, to have their rifles repaired, passed 
by. They could not recognise me by my features, because 
my face was incrusted with blood and earth, but they knew 
me by my boots, which the plundering peasants had not 
succeeded in pulling off. It was my custom, in order to 
protect the soles of my boots, to drive nails in, all over them, 
and every evening I used to put in a new nail, wherever I 
found the head of an old one gone. This had given them 
almost the appearance of a steel plate, and as they could be 
plainly seen by passers by, did me the essential service I 
have mentioned. 

As soon as the soldiers recognised me, they managed to 
get a stable-door, begged a wounded soldier, who was pass- 
ing by, to serve as my escort, and obliged four persons go- 
ing by, to carry me toward Namur. Whenever we came 
across any one on the road, one of my carriers was allowed 
to depart, and the new comer obliged to take his place. 
When we arrived at the house where my wounds had been 
dressed on the evening of the 20th, we found a cart lite- 
rally crowded with wounded French; but it was necessary to 
make room for me, and it was accordingly done. The dipping 
motion of the two-wheeled cart, the jolting on the paved 
roads, such as they are in that country, was excessively an- 
noying to us, and made the French scream lustily, at which 



( IIG ) 

a soldier of our regiment, the only Prussian besides me in 
the cart, and himself very grievously wounded, swore in 
great anger. 

When we entered the city of Namur, the inhabitants 
showed much kindness to us; so much, indeed, that it be- 
came annoying. One man, I think he was a hair-dresser, 
insisted upon washing my face, though I told him that eve- 
ry touch he gave caused me great pain. The French were 
carried to their hospital, but the Prussians were obliged to 
proceed. We were taken to the Meuse, where two vessels, 
chained together, received the wounded. Two girls en- 
deavored here to dress my wound; and changed my shirt, 
stiff with blood, for a clean one. I thanked the kind souls; 
and they gave me, in addition, some currants. In the ves- 
sel I found many of my comrades. The sun was very hot. 
Toward evening, the vessel in which I was drew water; 
besides which it rained. We suffered much. At Huy, 
where we arrived at about midnight, we received some 
bread, but we wanted surgeons. 

In the morning, at about eight o'clock, we arrived in 
Liege; the inhabitants received us with all possible kind- 
ness. I was carried into a house, where I found four or 
five wounded, and two young ladies busy in dressing them; 
some of the wounds were already in a most disgusting state. 
After they had dressed me as well as they could, I said 
to one of my comrades, a school-mate of mine, that I 
needs must try to get to the hospital; my wounds required 
proper attendance. He, wounded as he was in the thigh, 
tried to support me in getting there; but soon after we had 
left the house, I fainted away. A lady, who found me in 
this state, ordered me to be placed on a litter, and when 
my consciousness returned, I found myself on my way to 
the hospital, which was established in an old convent. — The 
large bell was rung, the doors opened, and I was carried into 
the yard; I felt very unhappy. The hospital was so full, 
that I was placed, with many others, on straw in the yard; 
besides, Ihe uniform I lunv had on did not show my rank. 



( 117 ) 

Every morning a cart would enter into the- yard, stop in the 
centre, and the driver would pass along the straw, to see 
who was dead. If he found one whose life was extinct, he 
pulled him out and carried him to the cart. The living 
were very quick to show by their motions, that they were 
not yet ready for the cart. 

At length, I succeeded in getting a place in the same bed 
with another. Close to my bed lay a dragoon, whose left 
arm, shoulder, and part of the chest had been carried away 
by a shell shot, so that part of the interior could be seen; it 
was the most cruel wound I have ever beheld. Some time 
after, a few men, some with one arm, some with one leg, 
some otherwise wounded, would amuse themselves by 
marching up and down the long rooms, commanded by 
some gay wooden leg. So light-hearted is the soldier. It 
was found necessary to prohibit these mock drillings. 

I vvas once present in the amputation room, when a ser- 
geant, after his leg had been taken off, exclaimed, drawing 
his pipe, " Why, the fire is gone out after all." Perhaps, it 
was from afiectation that he said it, but it was, at all events, 
soldier-like affectation. 

I had had a letter of introduction and credit to a gentle- 
man in Liege, whom it was now very important for me 
to see, in order to obtain the means of leaving the hospi- 
tal; but my memory failed me entirely. The cutting off 
of several nerves descending from the brain, and the ball 
grazing the skull, must have been the causes; I only re- 
gained it afterwards by degrees. But even if I should be 
able to find him, would he recognise me? Others had not 
known me in my sad guise; why should he? Yet I vvas de- 
termined, at least, to make the trial. I took a large stick, 
and slowly dragging myself along, left the hospital. I was 
obliged often to rest on the steps in the street, and people 
showed invariably great kindness toward me. A woman 
who sold fruit took a particular fancy to me, swore a king 
ought to be hung for allowing such lads as I vvas to take 
arms, and overwhelmed me with caresses, which I was in- 



( H8 ) 

capable of parrying. People very often put money into my 
hand, and did not know what to make of it, when I refused 
accepting it. 

On three different days I made the attempt to find the 
gentleman I was in quest of, but did not succeed. At last, 
on the fourth trial, I found the house: I rang the bell with 
small hope of success. When the servant opened the gate, 
the gentleman happened to stand on the piazza, and imme- 
diately called me by name. My sufferings were now, for 
the present, at an end. He gave me as much money as I 
wanted; I obtained quarters in town, and walked every day 
to a place where any soldier could get his wounds dressed. 
While I lay wounded in Liege, one of my brothers was in 
the hospital of Brussels, and another in Aix-la-Chapelle — 
just distributed in a triangle. 

After I had been a considerable time in Liege, I met 
with one of our company, who told me, that, while I was 
carried on the litter to the hospital, he followed on another, 
the bones of one of his arms having been shattered; that 
after I had passed a certain corner, his carriers were 
beckoned at by a lady; they carried him into the house; it 
belonged to one of the richest wine merchants of the city. 
He met with the utmost kindness in his house, especially 
from the young lady, about sixteen years old. He was glad 
to find mc, because he could not with ease converse with 
her. I went: Julie, — this was her name, — had the look of 
an angel. Alert whenever she could do any thing for my 
wounded comrade, and not shunning labors, even the most 
disgusting, — she prayed for him, when she could not be of 
any active service. Often, when painful operations were 
performing on him, and her assistance was not required, she 
would kneel before her crucifix in a neighboring room, and 
pray for the assistance of Him who can heal all pains. I 
have ever since been unable to imagine an angel without 
her features. 

It was not long before I went daily to her house. I 
was delighted at finding this being after such rough hand- 



( 119 ) 

ling; the contrast was immense. On the other hand, my 
great youth for a uniform — the down hardly budding on 
my chin — and with a wound of a peculiar kind, such as is 
seldom seen — shall I add, that we fell in love with each 
other? 



( 120 ) 



LETTER VII. 



Though I remained for a long time under the physician's 
care in Liege, I returned as soon as possible, — and too soon 
for my health, — to my mother, as our soldiers used to call 
their company, appropriately expressing in this homely way 
the warm attachment which an honorable soldier feels to- 
ward his comrades, officers, and regiment; toward that body 
in which alone he " is worth his price," and out of which 
he is an insulated nullity. Our physicians were continually 
obliged to guard against deceptions, when making out the 
lists of convalescents. 

The company is the soldier's home; there he knows every 
body and is known by all; and what a feeling, when, — as a 
battery is to be taken, or some other hard work to be done, — 
the colonel looks round for a few seconds and says, Take 
the third or fourth — in short, the company to which you 
belong! A similar feeling extends of course over the whole 
regiment, and, in like manner, as the uniform is of great 
importance, because it strengthens the feeling of uniformity 
and of honor, and produces a care not to " disgrace the 
coat," so is the name, given to a particular regiment in honor 
of some signal actions or other worthy deeds, of great effect. 
Mere numbers are too abstract: a regiment which has often 
stood well the hardest buffetings, will, indeed, confer a pe- 
culiar signification upon such a number. There were, for 
instance, in Napoleon's and Wellington's armies, regiments 



( 121 ) 

whose mere number needed only to be mentioned to awaken 
in every breast a soldier-like feeling; yet a name is more 
pithy, more significant — and affords an admirable means of 
rallying in times of danger. When, late in the afternoon of 
the ISth, our regiment passed Prince Blucher, he turned to 
his aide-de-camp, " Colberg?" — " Yes, your grace," was the 
answer, and the old man took off his hat in token of respect 
for our regiment. There were some moist eyes, I can as- 
sure you. With what a thrilling joy does not a sailor hear 
the name of his vessel; and where is the man in the whole 
navy, where is the American in the whole Union, who 
would not grieve to see the name of a vessel, which has be- 
come the nation's favorite, for instance, of a Constitution, 
changed for another not yet historical? Why are the names, 
at least, of famous ships, preserved in the various navies, 
when the vessel herself cannot be kept afloat any longer? 
Should we have war again. Congress might find a fit means 
for acknowledging the services of the most distinguished 
regiments, or rewarding those who suffered most, in bestow- 
ing upon them peculiar names, taken from the places of their 
hottest actions, or given in memory of our greatest men. 
Regiment Washington would not sound badly. 

Owing to my returning to the regiment before I was 
able to support its duties, I fell sick again. I underwent 
an attack of the worst kind of typhus fever, and was sent 
to the hospital at Aix-la-Chapelle. I was in a state of un- 
consciousness when I was brought into it, and remained so 
for several days. When I awoke, and for the first time re- 
turned to consciousness, I found myself in a long room, 
"the Fever Station," in which there were above sixty beds, 
ranged along both sides. Thus, again separated from my 
company, and from every human soul of my acquaintance, — 
for my brother who took me to the hospital could not re- 
main there, — the knowledge of my being in the worst of 
all the rooms of an hospital, and the atmosphere which car- 
ried with it to the senses the quick conviction that I was 
once more surrounded by sick and dying, made a deep im- 

L6 



( laa ) 

pression upon me. I saw an old man by the side of my 
bed, whom I immediately recognised for one of the nurses, 
and asked him where I was. He answered in French that 
he did not understand me. I repeated my question in 
French, and he told me, " In the hospital of Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle." " What day is it?" " Christmas morning." Sud- 
denly all the many thousand associations, connected in the 
mind of a German with Christmas, burst upon me, and, 
weakened by disease, I cried bitterly.* The old nurse, — 



' • Christmas is the most joyous festival in Germany, especially in the Pro- 
testant parts. In Italy, childicn, as is the custom in the U. States and in 
England, I think, hung up a stocking', into wliicli, during niglit, the Brffana, 
an imaginaiy \vomun answering to the American cryskingle, is said to put 
presents. The name Beffana is a corruption of Epiphanias, and the character is 
represented in the drollest ways, generally by men, in the streets of many Ita- 
lian places, in Rome, on the fifth of Januar\% and thereabout. But in Ger- 
many the making of presents is of a character quite different. Six weeks 
before Christmas, ciiildren, and grown people too, begin to "wish," i. c. to 
intimate or openly to tell what presents they particularly desire. They con- 
sist, with children, mostly of toys. The nearer the time di-aws, the more mys- 
tery is there among families; packages come in, whose size and form are 
scrutinized by the children; yet none dare to- open them, because every 
thing of the kind is considered taboo in this season. Sisters seek a hidden 
corner in the house, or go to some aunt to work secretly a piu-se, a handker- 
chief, or otlier articles for members of the famih' or friends; some have re- 
hearsals of farces, written among themselves, otliers of living pictures; con- 
spiracies are going on to find out what some person particularly wishes, or to 
steal a book to have otliers bound in the same way, &.c. At last, Christmas 
airives, when, either on Christmas eve or on the morning of the feast, all pre- 
sents arc " laid out," or " built up," as the German phrase is, on large tables, 
in the centre of which stands the Christmas tree, an evergreen, with many 
tapers, and under which often the birth of the Savior is represented by figures 
on moss. When the parents have arranged everj- present they have tiiem- 
selvea to give, or which has been handed to them by the different members 
of the family for others, all the tapei-s are lighted, and the doors flung 
open. If there are grandparents in a family, '* the building up " with 
them generally takes ])lace on Christmas eve; and what a noise there is 
when all the grandchildren are assembled and tr}' their toys! The pa- 
rents give their presents in such case on Clu'istmas morning. There is no 
bachelor, no young student, separate from his own family, tliat will not par- 
take m the Christmas joya in some family or other, ^\e fear it is necessary 



( 123 ) 

Frangois was his name, — kindly tried to comfort me, and 
you will imagine that the mere idea of being surrounded by 
soldiers, and being myself one, soon checked the sad cur- 
rent of my feelings. But I will not dismiss this subject 
without expressing my gratitude to good old Francois. He 
will never know it, and, were he to read this, what would 
this paper gratitude be to him? But it is to satisfy myself 
that I give vent to my feelings. How often hast thou tried 
to calm me, when, watching out of thy time at my bed, I 
asked what o'clock it was, and, irritated by fever and inter- 
rupted sleep, was angry with thee that it was not yet morn- 
ing! Kind old Frangois, how ready thou wert to do any 
service for me, though thy old age made walking a heavy 
task to thee. How often hast thou begged the physician 
to allow me a larger portion, when, in a convalescent state, 
my appetite went in its demands, far beyond what a judi- 
cious treatment could allow me ! The grave has probably 
closed by this time over thee. Be thy memory ever dear 
to me. 

It was not long befoie my sickness took a favorable turn, 
and I literally suffered, — as I have already hinted, — from a 
craving appetite. I was on half ration, and could not ob- 
tain more, though every morning and evening I would ask 
for a whole ration when the physician made his round. Re- 

to be a German, to feel with the author in the above passage. We will only 
say to those who cannot understand him, that they may believe us, when we 
assure them that there is on Christmas in Germany a universal stir of kind 
feeling among the people toward each other. Every one endeavors to learn 
the wishes of others and secretly to prepare a pleasure, for which the little 
ones will empty their saving boxes, the larger ones paste and paint lamps 
and other ornaments for the Christmas tree, and the sisters work busily 
at embroidery, &c., ■ so much so, that we know several instances when 
young ladies were occupied with fine work so late at night for many weeks, 
that their eyes and general health suffered in consequence. Every thing 
can be abused. Perhaps, our readei-s are not aware of the fact, that German 
ladies far surpass others in skill, taste, and ingenuity in all kinds of needle 
and other work fit for ladies, and that they are ever ready to give pleasure to 
those around them, by delicate attentions evinced ir making such kind of 
work. — Editor. 



( 124 ) 

duced in strength, and young as I was, I had not sufficient 
judgment and energy to resist the cravings of my appetite, 
and began to ask my fellow patients for pieces of bread 
which they had left. With greater anxiety have I seen 
there a piece of bread travel from bed to bed through all the 
sick hands before it reached me, than I now wait for the 
most savory canvass-back duck, I did not deviate with 
impunity from the physician's prescriptions; I suffered a 
relapse, which brought me so near to the grave that I was 
given over. But, — as I believe you know, — I survived, 
and still remain among the living. 

I might give you some good stories of high and low life 
in an hospital. The good table of the surgeons, — where I 
often dined, after I was somewhat restored to health, — the 
interest which grows up among those who have been long 
together in a room, — the childish disobedience of the soldier 
who will lay out his wits to obtain by stealth a herring from 
without, — the preaching of some to their brethren, the fan- 
tastic processions of others, — but this is not the place for it. 

I was carried, before my restoration, to the hospital of 
Cologne, and found again there an apothecary, who had al- 
ready in Aix-la-Chapelle evinced the warmest interest for 
me, and without whose kind care, I think it probable I 
should not write these lines to you. 

It was here in the hospital of Cologne that I, for the first 
time in my life, drew from my own experience a conclu- 
sion, which at every subsequent period has been confirmed; 
namely, that ignorance creates distrust, and, if you extend 
it, want of knowledge makes us incapable of acting. As 
in the physical world we must know, before every thing 
else, time and place — the importance of which is impressed 
so deeply on our mind, that a traveller, awakened from sleep 
by the stopping of the stage-coach, starts up with the words, 
Where are we? What o'clock is it? — so is it impossible for 
us to make a safe step in any occupation or enterprise what- 
ever, if we have not a just knowledge of our situation. 



( 125 ) 

Thus, many acts of genius are considered as demonstrations 
of great boldness or moral courage, while, in fact, it is to 
the sagacity of genius which enables its owner to see far- 
ther than others into the means of safety, as into all other 
things, that the attempt is due. — But, to give the instance 
which taught me the above truth in an hospital. 

Soon after I was so far restored as to be able to sit in 
my bed, soldiers would request me to write for them to 
their families, which I did with much pleasure, because, 
besides the service I thus rendered them and their friends, 
I became the father confessor of my older comrades, and 
the agreeable surprise which they generally manifested, 
when I read the letter to them, at my having so well ex- 
pressed what they wished to say, but had not been able 
to communicate to me, was ample reward for my trou- 
ble. All went on well, until one day, after having read one 
of these letters to a most stupid fellow, who had not yet 
sent home the least information of his having escaped with 
a wound from all the murderous battles, I jocosely said, 
" You don't believe I wrote all this? I gave quite a different 
account of you." Enraged he tore the letter, and I never 
succeeded in convincing him, that what I said was meant as 
a joke; and that I could have no interest in giving a bad ac- 
count of him, even should I dare to do it. Distrust was 
raised in him, and his powers were too limited to obtain a 
proper view of the case. The fool's wit is incredulity, as 
Raleigh says. The same happens every day between go- 
vernments and nations to whom the former neglect to afford 
the means of gaining knowledge. 

It was not until long after peace had been concluded, that 
I was so far restored to health as to be able to travel home. 
My family had given me up; letters had miscarried, and the 
last news they had heard of me, was of a kind to encourage 
them but little; so I truly gave them a surprise. Having ar- 
rived in Berlin, I went home on foot from the post-office; the 
streets, the houses, the shops, every thing the same, and yet 
looking so differently to me. In one year I had gi'own older 



( 126 ) 

many years. I stepped into the house and looked around; 
it was all as before; the scenes of my childhood, the walls 
which enclosed the persons dearest to me; I went slowly 

up stairs;* I opened the door; "Ah! ," cried my sister, 

and fell into my arms. — Now, I had a dog with me, which 
a dragoon, who died in the bed next to mine, in Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle, had bequeathed to me with the broken accents of a 
man who is fast going. The animal had been at Waterloo, 
where it lost the end of its tail by a ball; I loved the beast, 
so did he me, and when he saw my sister hanging at my 
neck and sobbing, he thought it was high time to defend his 
master; so he flew at her, most mercilessly tearing her gown, 
until I saw it and, fortunately, before he did injury to her- 
self. The exclarhations of my dear sister, the howling of 
the dog, perhaps my own words, soon attracted all the other 

members of my family, and almost but where am I? 

Am I writing my biography? Come, come, let's leap from 
Waterloo and Berlin to New York again. 

A scene which strikingly proves the brisk and constant 
communication between New York and foreign countries, 
is exhibited on board the steamboat, w hich, on packet days, 
takes the passengers to their various vessels, waiting at an- 
chor in the stream. Some years ago, I made the round in 
one of these steamboats, as more packets than usual hap- 
pened to start on the same day. I remember, among others, 
the Liverpool London, Havre, Hamburg, and New Orleans 
packets, besides, there were vessels going for Mexico, Ha- 
vana, Rio de Janeiro, and Calcutta Contrary winds had 
bound them, and other vessels, for a long time It was in- 
teresting to see how differently the prospect of the voyage 

• Houses on the continent of FAirope arc often inhabited by several fami- 
lies, and generally open. The ringing of the bell, therefore, is not necessa- 
ry to obtain admission, which, by the way, has some influence upon social 
intercourse, in our opinion. Intrigues could not possibly be so frequent 
in France and Italy, among many classes, had the visitor always to ring the 
bell, and thus to attract the attention of the servants, before he could enter. 
— Editor. 



( 127 ) 

affected the passengers. Some young travellers looked beam- 
ing with joy at the pleasures they expected from a journey 
in Europe; others, agents who had crossed the Atlantic many 
a time, looked perfectly indifferent, whilst the eyes of some 
ladies showed that they had taken leave from those for whom 
their hearts yearned. A French agent was still engaged in 
folding up his samples, neatly pasted on morocco, and re- 
capitulating, with a friend, his last instructions. I heard, 
close to me, four languages at once — English, German, 
French, and Spanish, which, with the addition of Italian, 
you may hear almost any day, in Broadway, at the hours 
when it is most frequented. 

When walking in that long street, which gives to New 
York the character of a crocodile, all the limbs of which 
seem but created as secondary appendages to its im- 
mense spine, I have often been reminded of the question 
which Mr. Niebuhr's little daughter asked me, as I was 
strolling with her in the streets of Naples, then occupied by 
the Austrian army, composed of Hungarian grenadiers, Bo- 
hemian artillery, German musqueteers, Illyrians, and I don't 
know of what others, of whom that military olla potrida con- 
sisted. Besides, there were some Italian and Swiss troops 
in town. The little girl saw a soldier in a uniform she had 
never seen before, and, in an Oriental style she asked me, 
^^ Di che lingua e giieslo soldaio?^'* 

* Of what tongxie is tliis soldier? — Editoh. 



( 12S ) 



LETTER VIII. 



I LOVE to see large cities rise out of bed ; we see a num 
ber of curious things when the still morning makes his pre- 
parations for the noisy day, and a populous place rubs her 
eyes. A small window is opened, and an old woman peeps 
out; an aged man goes to the pump to fetch water; the little 
chimney sweeper — a forsaken being all over the globe — 
sings his shrill tune; the gardeners come in with their vege- 
tables; the wagonner gets ready to start; some stalls are 
opened, of course, such as sell things to eat, because to sa- 
tisfy the stomach is always and every where the first wish of 
man. Then the hucksters appear; at last, a grisette of a fa- 
shionable house looks out of the window, with the duster in 
her hand, sees what weather it is going to be, and satisfies her 
curiosity by looking into the street. The iceman comes; the 
baker rings the house bell; the carrier trots along with the 
morning paper, and gradually one profession appears after 
the other on the stage of the day, until every thing is once 
more in the fair road of toil and bustle, and, at length, the 
boisterous letter carrier raps at the door, as if he were the 
lictor of a 'Roman consul. The transition of one day into 
the other is not less interesting. At one and two o'clock 
the seranaders retire, and the bill-sticker appears with his 
burden of large papers and the paste pot Love keeps man 
the longest awake, gain drives him the earliest out of bed. 

It is curious to observe the difference in this respect be- 



( 129 ) 

tween different cities. In Naples, as soon as the doors of 
the small houses are opened, the whole family is out in the 
street; there the little urchins wait with bowls, in vvhich 
they have crumbs of bread, for the man to bring their break- 
fast in his buckets, or all start together to some woman at 
the comer, to take it there; in Rome, the man with horse's 
and ass's meat, on a pole over his shoulder, whistles, and 
every cat appears before her door, patiently waiting with a 
high-arched back and tail erect, for her turn; she never in- 
trudes upon the territory of her neighbor. When the cats' 
are satisfied, the milkman comes, not with cans, but with the 
cows and goats themselves, to milk the liquid, which all 
mankind loves, into the servant's pitcher, somewhat re- 
minding you of Eldorado. I have seen, in other places, 
asses brought before the doors of the consumptive, that they 
might have the salutary milk fresh from the animal; but in 
Rome, I suspect, dislike of labor is the only reason. In 
London, you see breakfast tables, with tea and coffee (mercy 
on the throats which have to swallow it) steaming and 
inviting the passers by; in Paris, the old gentleman, with 
small-clothes and striped stockings, takes his breakfast, also, 
in the open air and reads his paper, which the New York 
cartman peruses in driving down from the upper city to 
the busy part. But, generally speaking, the early morning 
in New York does not offer so many various sights as large 
European cities; people take their breakfast comfortably 
at home; no women or men cry, Potatoes! Mackerel! Old 
Clothes! Hair Skins! Maccheroni! Now and then, though 
seldom, a person may be found in that city who offers his 
articles thus screamingly. In Boston, you never meet with 
it, but in Rome there are so many of these peculiar cries 
and screams, that they have been set in music; and, in Na- 
ples, it seems, nothing can be sold, without crying and 
clamoring it about. I saw once, in the Toledo,* a man who 

• Chief street of Naples. The name comes from the times when Naples 
was governed by Spanish viceroys. — Editor. 

17 



( i;3o ) 

had to sell a broken iron mortar, and what a noise he made 
with his pestle and tongue together! 

I made my early tour through the streets of New York, 
not forgetting the harbor, and then proceeded to one of the 
most frequented markets. You know my pcjichant for mar- 
kets, prisons, steeples, by-ways, and old women. The mar- 
kets show you how the people live, the prisons how they 
punish, the high steeples teach you geography and topogra- 
phy from nature, by-ways tell you many things on which 
highways are silent, and old women tell you every thing 
you want to know. 

How many a long conversation have I had with some old 
" messenger woman," in Europe, and, in return, they always 
have considered me " a very nice young man." One day, 
I walked from Eisenach and Luther's Wartburg,* to Mark- 
suhl; I met the old Botenfrau of some place in the neigh- 
horhood, carrying, in the large basket on her back, pots, 
bread, clothes, brushes, blacking, hams, and I do not know 
what motley collection besides. She was all kindness to 
me, told me of her late husband, who had been a soldier, 
and whom she had accompanied as sutler, (all his battles 
were fought over again,) of her daughters' marriages, the 
rent she paid, the excellent cow she had; (for people who 
have a cow think her always the best, as a captain considers 
his vessel always the fleetest, be she slow as a fly in win- 
ter;) in short, I soon was enabled to write a complete bio- 
graphy of my eloquent companion, who invited me to take 
dinner with her. But when we came to a steep hill, and I 

• When Luther returned, in 1520, from the diet of the German empire at 
WoiTHS, the elector of Saxony, his prince, justly feared that the safe conduct, 
promised l)y the emperor, would not be kept toward the reformer. He or- 
dered, therefore, some pci-sons to waylay tlie latter, and carry him to Wart- 
burg, a castle in the Tiuiring-lan Forest. Luther himself did not know that 
he was carried there by his own protector. In tliis solitude of the forest, 
Luther worked at his vereion of the bible. Beautiful as tlie spot is, it is of 
great interest to all Germans, and visited by evciy pedestrian and otlier tra- 
veller in the centre of Germanv. — Editoh. 



- ( 131 ) 

asked whether I should not carry her burden up to the top, 
she flew into a passion, that I had not considered her equal to 
her profession. At an end was all our amiable intimacy; I 
had offended her in the vital point of her honor, distrusted 
her capacity of acting up to her calling; I had called Alex- 
ander a coward. 

You mentioned, in one of your letters, that 1 should never 
allow a striking instance of moral or intellectual power to 
pass by without communicating it to you. The old woman 
above reminds me of such an instance, and here it is. A 
friend of mine had a colored cook, with whom she was sa- 
tisfied in every respect; she believed, in turn, that the cook 
was satisfied on her part, since she had to provide but for a 
small family. Nevertheless, one day, the cook told her that 
she wished to leave her house. "And why?" asked the 
lady, with surprise, knowing that she had given no cause for 
complaint. " Because," answered the superintend ant of the 
kitchen, " there are no large dinners or suppers given in 
your house." The fact was, the active mind of the cook, con- 
scious of thoroughly understanding her art, felt uneasy that 
she could not bring its powers into action. If you consider 
that the cook has no gain or profit whatever in large dinners, 
but only more labor, you will allow that it would not be 
bad for the world, were every one, in his sphere, propelled 
by that zeal and activity which gave impetus to the mind of 
this humble individual. 

Never omit, my friend, to go, in the course of your jour- 
neys, and even, from time to time, at home, to the market. 
It is an index, not to be neglected, of the state of a great 
many things, important in national economy, and, besides, 
you see an assemblage of farmers and laboring men, whose 
behavior and customs you have thus an opportunity to ob- 
serve. What an advanced state of the whole art of farm- 
ing does not a single, huge cheese, well made and carefully 
prepared, such as you see here or in England, indicate! If 
you see fresh and clean butter laid out on white, neat boards, 
and vessels near it, with bright, polished brass hoops, and 



( 132 ) 

hear not a single rude word, or see a single coarse gesture, 
from the persons who brought all this to the market, you 
may safely conclude that their farms and homes are under 
good management. If you see poultry or calves' feet neatly 
prepared, or the fresh vegetables piled up in good order, 
displaying, perhaps, even some taste in the arrangement, 
you may safely conclude that the venders cannot be a lazy, 
good for nothing set of people. If you see mountains of 
turkeys, or of beef, sold by butchers, in clean, white linen 
frocks, you may set it down, for certain, that the people, on 
the whole, must live well, especially when you see, at the 
same time, an abundance of produce, which comes hundreds 
of miles distant, or fish brought up from sea, at considerable 
expense.* If you hardly meet with a single constable, and he 
but in common dress, without arms, leisurely walking about, 
you may believe that the people are pretty well-behaved. 
But, when you see many police officers and gend'armes 
walking about with attentive mein; when you see half-na- 
ked beggars picking up here a cabbage-leaf, there a brown 
piece of stringy meat, or when, pcrhajjs, you meet with a poor 
insane wretch amusing the sellers and buyers by her frantic 
movements, when you hear screaming, and scolding, and 
coarse language, and can discover no neatness, or no great 
variety of produce, no fruit beyond its most common size, 
no vegetable out of season — set down the people as one with 
whom the farmer is yet but in the first stages of agriculture, 
and the lower classes have little education. 

Savarin, in his inestimable Physiologie du Gout, in my 
opinion one of the finest recent productions, gives, as his 
fourth aphorism, " Dis-moi ce que iu manges, je te dirai 
ce que tu es.^'\ This is truer still of nations or communi- 

• To come to this conclusion, it is not necessary that salmon should be 
sold at two dollars and a half a pound, and its owner refuse fifty dollara for 
the whole fish, as was the case in the Boston market, on April 23d, 1833. — 
— EuiTou. 

\ Tell me what thou catest, and I'll tell thee what thou art. The whole 
title of this work, whicli we, too, liavc perused, to our infinite pleasure and 



( 133 ) 

ties than of individuals. I have always liked to observe on 
what people live, and how they live, and had all those who 
have declared the Italian a lazy farmer, — while it can be 
proved that he is one of the very first farmers in the world, 
— visited, with me, the Roman pizzicagnolo and seen the 
great variety of excellent articles, which require labor and 
nicety, they would not have sweepingly charged the Italian 
farmer with sloth. There are some parts of Italy utterly 
neglected I admit, but even the Neapolitan — that being, 
whose sole desire is to enjoy himself, see him in the field, 
walk through the Campagna Felice, and then say whether 
he is a farmer or not. But the best farmer is found near 
Turin. I advise you to read a work by Mr. Chateauvieu, 
a gentleman sent by Napoleon to report on the state of agri- 
culture in Italy and Germany, He was acquainted with 
English husbandry, too; and he declares the farmer of the 
fertile parts of Piedmont, the first in the world, as to the cul- 
tivation of the ground, not the breeding of live stock. Often 
has Mr. Niebuhr said to me, when travelling through Italy, 
" There see; the Italians always were pre-eminently an agri- 
cultural people. The Romans are often represented as mere 
soldiers; this is essentially wrong; they were farmers and 
loved farming; we find the proof in many of their first men 
and best writings." 

You may think that if I like so well to view markets, 
it must have been easy for me to fall in with the Ameri- 
can custom, according to which, gentlemen often go to the 
market to designate what shall be sent home. I cannot say 
I relish the custom. I rather leave this to some one else, 
though, at the same time, you ought to remember that going 
to the market here is very different from what it would be 

gieat profit, is, " Physiohgie du Gout ou Meditations de Gastronomic 
Transcendante; Outrage thcorique, historique et a I'ordre du Jour. D4die 
aux Gastronomes parisiens. Far un Professeur, Membre deplusieurs So- 
cieties Savantes. Paris. The author is Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, late judge 
of the Court of Cassation, member of the Legion of Honor, &c. &.c. — Edi- 
tor, 



I 134 ) 

on the continent of Europe, and though, I may add, I am 
far from considering a proper attention to our viands be- 
neath a thinking man, as you in Germany are but too apt 
to do, and the consequence of which is, that cookery is no 
where in a less favorable state than in the interior of Ger- 
many. It has always appeared to me very curious that a 
man is called a benefactor of his country who improves 
agriculture; that we take the greatest trouble to improve the 
breed of our cattle, hogs, &c., by agricultural societies, — 
that we consider horticulture worthy of the patronage of 
the most elevated men, that we are at great pains to im- 
prove fruits, wine, flour, &c., that we speak with pleasure in 
all public prints of the introduction of a new vegetable, that 
we glorify in comparing the variety of garden and field 
fruits, now at our disposal, with the scanty supply of a cen- 
tury ago; — and that only when the moment at length arrives 
for which all the pains have been taken, and all the atten- 
tion has been bestowed — the actual consumption of the va- 
rious articles — that then only should it be considered be- 
neath an elevated mind to attend to the matter with any 
degree of judgment or relish. Is that not important, which 
returns at least three times every day with every human 
being? Why is it not unworthy of a man of superior mind 
to pay proper care to his razors that they may shave smooth- 
ly? The ancients did not think as we do: Cato bestowed 
attention on cookery, and many families had names indi- 
cating the care some one of their forefathers had taken to 
introduce a new vegetable, and the people's gratitude in 
consequence. 

It is likewise altogether erroneous to suppose gourmets 
and friands to exist only in the higher classes, whose pa- 
lates arc sj)oilcd. On the contrary, the lower classes are 
greater lovers of good dishes than the higher. Listen to 
a farmer when he talks of a peculiarly good kind of corn, 
" How sweet it tastes;" of a liog, he raised and ate last 
Sunday, smacking his lips and assuring you " he never ate 
a finer pig in all his life." Look at the brightness of his 



( 135 ) 

eye when he tells you of excellent ale, or fine wine, and 
then tell me, whether he loves good things or not. If I , 
hear a man boasting that he cannot find any difference be- 
tween a good and poor dinner, and that he engulfs it in 
five minutes, I pity him, that nature left his tongue and 
throat unprovided with those fine nerves of taste, to feel the 
great variety of salts, by which the different nutriments af- 
fect us, with pleasurable or unpleasant sensations; and be- 
lieve that she intended him for a shark, which swallows, 
pell-mell, every thing whole and entire, rather than for a 
human being. Who boasts of having received from nature 
dull ears which are unable to discriminate good music from 
bad? It is these nerves of the tongue and palate which en- 
able man to distinguish and relish so many different tastes, 
that mainly impelled him to master nature and maintain 
himself the lord of the creation, for, without them there 
would be no cultivation, industry, or commerce. 

Of what use is it to try to depreciate the value of a culti- 
vated taste, when every thing around us, and eveiy language, 
proves the great importance attached to it by all nations ^ 
and how powerful the sensation is, which is received by 
means of this delicate sense? The word taste itself is ap- 
plied to the most refined objects of a moral and intellectual 
character. We hardly can speak of the commonest affair, 
of the most abstract, of poetry, or of religion herself, with ■■ 
out constantly borrowing words which originally refer to 
impressions, received by means of that wronged instrument 
of sensation. " Sweet boy," " dear, sweet mother," does 
it not sound sweetl Is not this word even applied to the 
highest being whom our religion reveals? Does not the hitter 
cup of sorrow, when mentioned, convey a meaning which 
we cannot express by any other words? Who does not feel, 
at the expression Attic salt, all the acuteness of wit of the 
gifted people to whom it refers? You can not only use with 
great success all ideas, supplied by the sense of taste, in a 
metaphorical meaning, such as "bread of life," "well of 



( 136 ) 

life," but we use every day words, with which we cannot 
dispense, and yet they are derived from the sensations we 
owe to the nerves of taste and those nearly related to it: — 
satisfied, disgusting, pungent, insipid, sour and sweet (tem- 
per,) tasteless, surfeited, to relish an author, &c. ; while many 
expressions are hardly any longer metaphorical, so much has 
constant use effaced their original meaning: as, for instance, 
many of the above, and besides, among others, thirsting, 
food of mind, craving for novelty, &c. Nor has religion 
refused to imbody the act of taking nourishment into her 
rites, as the paschal lamb, agapes, &c., and the founder of 
our religion calls his disciples the salt of the earth. Let us 
not, therefore, treat the sense of taste with superciliousness, 
but rather give it its proper rank as we would to any thing 
else. 

What keeps not only body and soul together, but the dif- 
ferent classes in a nation, and connects nations with one 
another? Throw a glance at the industry of a people; how 
many are employed in providing for — the stomach, and how 
many, not directly employed in this way, make instruments 
for the use of the farmer? Commerce exists mainly by the 
wants of the mouth; property receives value from these 
wants; and, in short, civilization, as well as our preservation, 
is intimately connected with — our appetite. 

Of no place in the world, perhaps, have we more accurate 
statistics than of Paris. They are obtained at a price at 
which we should not like to collect them, though much more 
attention ought to, and will be, in course of time, directed 
to statistics with us, without which a great part of all legis- 
lating remains but a groping in the dark. But let us make 
use, at least, of the valuable materials obtained in this line 
by others. G-alignani's New Paris Guide communicates, 
from official reports, a mass of interesting statistical details, 
of which I will only give you a few; you may draw the 
conclusions yourself. They relate to the year 1826. 



( 137 ) 

For rent, was paid 3,166,G66£ st, J°^ ^2 shillings for 

^ i each inhabitant. 

Annual maintenance ( _„, ^^^ n ^ -, r. ^ ■^^^ 

A • cu 791,666£st., or ISshillines. " 

and repairol houses ( ° 

Food ----- 12,221,150^ St., or 13^6 " « 

The various items under this principal head are enume- 
rated in the official paper, and you may imagine how inte- 
resting they are. The expenditure on clothing amounts to 
one-fifth of that on food, namely, to 2,444,2 30£, or 55 shil- 
lings 4 pence for each inhabitant. Fuel, 1,674,375^6, or 38 
shillings 3 pence each. Washing, 1,246,S75£, being 28 shil- 
lings 6 pence for each person. Lighting, Furniture, Salaries 
for servants, &c., form other items of these documents. If 
you now consider how much of the fuel is used for cook- 
ery, and that the expense for clothing, in a city like Paris, 
is much greater in proportion to the expense for food than 
in the whole country of France besides, you will find what 
part all gastric concerns play in the social life of our spe- 
cies.* 

If people in general would pay more attention to the sub- 
ject of cookery, the true principle of which is, as in all si- 
milar cases, to develop by art the peculiar character of each 
given subject, imprinted upon it by nature, we should not 
be tormented with so many senseless dishes, nor ruin our 
health, as is the case in Germany, with meat boiled until no 
juice is left in the white strings, or roasted until it looks like 
bread found under the ashes of Pompeii, nor in the United 
States with dishes swimming in fat; but we would endeavor 
to have on our tables juicy dishes vi^ith the flavor and aro- 
ma, which nature, in her wisdom, has given to each. 

In general, it may be said that American cookery has 
somewhat engrafted the French upon the English, the capi- 
tal dish of which is roast beef, all others being secondary; 
in the same way as the English call hanging, capital punish- 
ment, and all the rest of punishments secondary. However, 

* The reader will find ample exti-acts of tliese veiy interesting' statements 
in Part XXVII. of the London Penny Magazine. — Editoh, 

IS 



( 1:^8 ) 

honor to English cookery! No other nation has found 
out how to treat meat in its proper style. The Americans 
have the finest materials for a plentiful and savory table, 
some of which do not grow at all, or not so plentifully in 
Europe; for example, tomato or the egg-plant: and much 
might be done, were not cookery allowed to go on in its old 
way, but received proper attention from reflecting people. 
I do not mean to say that they ought to imitate an acquain- 
tance of mine, who goes, when first the oysters appear, 
from shop to shop, and selects among bushels of them but 
one, and the only perfect one among the bushels, in each 
shop; but I do mean to say, that health and many other 
considerations require that proper attention be given to the 
subject.* 

• Tliat reade:"s in Europe may not suppose we are altog-etlier starving in 
this country, in good things, as they might be led to do from the accounts of 
some travellei-s, we here insert tlie following, cut at random out of a Phila- 
delphia newspaper. It is the bill of fare of tlie American coffee house, of 
December 2oth, 1833. 

"2 saddles Bears' Meat; 2 saddles Fine Mountain Venison; 2 saddles Alba- 
ny Mutton; 500 Terrapins — large size, very fine; 40 pair Canvass Back 
Ducks; Pheasants, Snipe, Woodcock, Red Necks, Black Duck, Broad Bills, 
Mallard, Dried Salmon, Young Ducks, Vennicclli Soup; Chickens — Barba- 
cued and Fricasseed; Squabs — Stewed and Barbacued; Sweetbreads; Sweet- 
breads Larded, Rabbits; Potatoes — Boiled or Rousted; Spanish Olives; French 
Olives; Pickles of various kinds; Sardines, Dutch Herring; Tripe and Oys- 
ters; Oysters — plain, stewed, roasted, broiled and fried; Mutton Ciiops, with 
shallots; Lamb Chops — French and English style; Anchovy Toast; Welch 
Rabbit; Pork Steaks, Beef Steaks, with tomato sauce or onions; Veal Cut- 
lets; Ham and Eggs; Omelet; Chocolate; Cocoa; Coffee; Tea. 

"A regular supply of Sauces, received direct from London. 

" In addition to the above list of dislies, such arrangements have been 
made, as will render it possible to serve up all descriptions of Game in tlieir 
proper seasons, together with every luxury the epicure can desire. 

"N. B. Relishes always ready." 

The following advertisement may find a place here, as it shows how epi- 
curism tries to mingle with politics in a large city: — 

" Green turtle-soup on Election Day. 

"A fine fat turtle, weighing 250 lbs., will be cooked and sen'ed up in 
soup, steaks, calipash and calipee, on Tuesday next, the 14th instant, the 
day of the election, &.c." — Editor. 



( 139 ) 

It is a fact, that the Americans have very small churches 
and exceedingly large markets. The reason is, that food 
is the only thing upon which poor mankind can agree. 
The Presbyterian, the Quaker, the Roman Catholic, the 
Baptist, the Methodist, the Jackson-man, the Calhoun, the 
Clay, the M'Lean, the Van Buren men, the federalist, the 
democrat, the anti-mason, the abolitionist and coloniza- 
tion-man, the nullifier and the union-man — all meet peace- 
ably at the same butcher's stall and take meat of the same 
ox. What neither religious forbearance, nor the love of 
country can effect, is effected by the palate. Thank heaven, 
that there is at least one thing on this earth on which people 
agree. Don't smile at me, I am in earnest. What would 
become of mankind were not this cement in existence, to 
hold families, nations, mankind together? 

I will conclude my dissertation on cookery with one more 
remark, namely, that the dinner, when well prepared, neat- 
ly arranged, and of savory taste, is of very great moral im- 
portance with all the industrial classes. There is hardly 
an hour during which a hard laboring man enjoys his family 
more, and when his wife has a better opportunity to show 
that her attention to his comfort is deserving of his industry, 
than the dinner hour. I have seen man in many situations, 
but 1 know of no finer sight than a table, with a clean cloth 
and a fine piece of meat, and some good vegetables, — all 
showing the care of the housewife, — when presently the 
husband comes in, and sitting down with a nice set of 
children, and thanking the Lord for all his bounty, eats with 
a hearty appetite, while the wife, with her eyes directed 
toward him, enjoys the silent praise which his partaking 
twice and three times of the dish bestows upon her work. 

After breakfast, I went with my brother-in-law, who was 
to proceed to the West Indies, to see him " out to sea." A 
pilot-boat followed our vessel, like a dancing and nimble 
horse led behind a carriage, to take the rider at the spot of 
separation. Slowly we sailed, Avith a sluggish breeze, along 



( 140 ) 

that beautiful bay, wliich people have compared to the bay 
of Naples — why, I cannot say, probably, because every item 
in its appearance is different. Out of Sand)-hook, I enjoyed 
once more the sea, its vivifying breeze and its expanding 
sight, the heaving of the billows and the sharp line of the 
horizon. Did I believe in the migration of souls, I should 
be sure that I was once a gull, or some sea-bird, enjoying 
the mighty view from his soaring sails above; or was I a cod, 
or, perchance, an oyster? I hope not; but, certain it is, that 
there must be some peculiarity in my nerves which pro- 
duces a decided sensation of affinity, as soon as I perceive 
the sea. I remember when I beheld, for the first time, the 
mighty element, for which I longed in all the dreams of my 
boyhood; it was from the spire of the city-church of Greifs- 
walde — I was deeply affected; I sat and gazed, overcome, as 
when I saw, for the first time, Raphael's Madonna di Sisto. 
Lost in the pleasure of gazing, I then stood before the hea- 
venly picture for two hours, when the keeper gently tapped 
me on the shoulder and told me that the doors of the gal- 
lery were to be closed. 

The sea is beautiful in itself, yet still more so from the 
ideas we connect with it. The knowledge that it is not 
bounded by our horizon, that this same swelling and heaving 
mass extends from here to China, that billow follows on 
billow, without end, that it has rolled and roared for years 
without number, that it connects the most distant nations, 
and on its back rides history — it is this, it is its glory and 
its danger, that inspire us with awe or delight. It is the 
sea we do not behold, as much as that which we espy, 
which creates this state of our soul, — half feeling, half 
thought. Otherwise our sensations would be the same on 
beholding a lake of moderate size, whose opposite shores 
we cannot discern; and there can be little doubt but that 
Casper Hauser would have felt as little pleasure, or any 
other sensation, had he seen the sea, as when he observed, 
for the first time, gardens and fields; while he wept on be- 



( 141 ) 

holding the starlight sky.* This is a much grander sight 
in itself, but we are accustomed to it, and it does not 
threaten with destruction; the idea of the unknown deep is 
not connected with it. 

• Casper Hauser was an individual who had been kept, by some atrocious 
hand, in a narrow dungeon in Bavaria, from his earliest infancy to about his 
sixteenth year, shut out from all communication with the world. The ac- 
quirement of knowledge of this youth when he entered the world is accu- 
rately described in a small work by Mr. Von Feuerbach, a gentleman of the 
highest distinction, now deceased. It has been translated and published in 
Boston, 2d edition, 1833. Since the publication of this work, the poor 
youth has been murdered, probably by the same hand that had murdered 
already his childhood. The Earl of Stanhope, who took a great and active 
interest in Hauser, has published, for private distribution, some additional in- 
formation on this interesting individual, a copy of which is on its way to us, 
and we may communicate parts of it to the public. — Casper had, as to the 
acquisition of notions and knowledge through the sense of sight, to go, of 
course, through the same processes and gradual acquaintance with the effects 
of colors on his eyes, as a person, born blind, when restored to sight in riper 
years. A view of a gai-den or a landscape, which appears beautiful to us, would 
at first displease him much, until he had learnt to judge of distances, or experi- 
ence had taught him perspective. A white-washed wall, a red shawl would 
please him far more. At the same time he never complained of " the man " 
who had kept him in the dungeon i on the contrary, he was anxious to return 
to him, when the world burst upon him with its thousand new impressions, 
and produced that uneasiness of mind and melancholy which are the cause of 
the consuming home-sickness of a Swiss when he descends from his high Alps, 
where he lives in the greatest simplicity. The first time that Casper felt the 
great wrong committed against him by his barbarous keeper, was when he 
beheld the starlight sky. It is the passage in the above-mentioned book re- 
lating to this fact, to which our author, probably, alludes in the words to which 
we have appended tiiis note. We will extract it, for it seems to us of un- 
common interest: "It was in the month of August, 1829, when, on a fine 
summer evening, his instructer showed him for the first time the starry hea- 
vens. His astonishment and transport surpassed all description. He could 
not be satiated with its sight, and was ever returning to gaze upon it; at the 
same time fixing accurately with his eye the different groups that were point- 
ed out to him, remarking the stars most distinguished for their brightness, and 
observing the differences of their respective colors. •That,' he exclaimed, 
* is indeed the most beautiful sight that I have ever yet seen in the world. 
But who has placed all these numerous beautiful candles there r' who lights 
them' who puts them out'" When he was told that, like the sun with 



( 142 ) 

We had Champagne with us, some fowl and a pdte de 
foies gras, which tasted excellent on the ocean. In the af- 
ternoon, we made signal to our pilot-boat and wished the tra- 
veller a happy passage. Two vessels came in with us, both 
laden with Irish emigrants. They seemed to be in great 
number, and some in a deplorable state 

They are strange people, these Irish. Hobbes is right, 
with regard to them at least, that warring is man's natural 
state. I have seen them here dispute at a game in the streets 
of the suburbs; as if but a slight occasion had been wanting, 
and all the coats were ready pulled off, and both parties gird- 
ed for the fight. The former inhabitants of two Irish coun- 
ties, I forget their names, had a hard fight in the streets of 
Philadelphia! A similar occurrence took place while I re- 
sided in Boston. If I were mayor, on such an occasion, I 
would let the fire-engines play upon them, and, a hundred 
to one, they would be cooled down and, perhaps, be ashamed 
of their brutal folly. But the worst affray I ever heard of is 
the following I must send you the whole account, as I cut 
it but of the paper, because it shows man in alight in which 
neither you nor I had ever dreamt to see him 

which he was already acquainted, they always continue to give light, he 
asked again: 'Who placed them there above, that they may always conti- 
nue to give light?' At length, standing motionless, with his head bowed 
down, and his eyes staring, he fell into a train of deep and serious meditation. 
When he again recovered his recollection, his transport had been succeeded 
by deep sadness. He sank trembling upon a chair, and asked, why that 
wicked man had kept him always locked up, and had never shown him any 
of these beautiful things. He (Casper) had never done any harm. He then 
broke out into a fit of crying, which lasted for a long time, and which coidd 
with difficulty be soothed; and said, that the man with whom he had always 
been, may now also be locked up for a few days, that he may learn to know 
how hard it is to be treated so. Before seeing this beautiful celestial display, 
Casper had never shown any thing like indignation against that man; and 
much less had he ever been willing to hear that he ought to be punished. 
Only weai-iness and slumber were able to quiet his sensations; and be did not 
fall asleep — a thing that had never happened to him before — until was 
about 11 o'clock." — Editor. 



( 143 ) 

" Dublin, June 27. — One of the most sanguinary faction- 
fights that ever disgraced this unhappy country took place 
on Tuesday, at the races of Ballyheag, thirteen miles from 
Tralee, between two clans, the Cooleens and the Lawlors, 
who have been at feud above half a century, and still defy 
both the law and the gospel, in taking vengeance of each 
other, whenever opportunity offers, from generation to ge- 
neration. Rumors of the intended fight having been in cir- 
culation for some days previous, and information having 
been given to the country magistrates, they applied to the 
officer commanding at Tralee, for a force sufficient to keep 
the peace at the races. Accordingly, on the day previous, 
(Monday,) a strong detachment of the 69th regiment, with 
three officers, marched from Tralee barracks to Ballyheag, 
and on Tuesday took up a position on the race-ground, on the 
bank of the river Cashen, to be ready to interfere on the first 
symptoms of the expected riot. The two factions soon ap- 
peared on the ground, in great numbers, but remained quiet 
till the races were over, at three o'clock. Then the appointed 
battle began, in earnest, on the river strand, with sticks and 
stones. A gentleman who witnessed the combat, describes 
it as one of the most savage and merciless scenes he ever 
witnessed or could imagine to have taken place in a Chris- 
tian country. The soldiers could do nothing to stem the 
torrent of fury and blows that raged on every side. At 
least, one thousand men were engaged, for, in addition to 
the resident parties, numbers came from miles around, to 
take part in the conflict, against men whom they had never 
seen before, all for the pleasure of a fight. 

"The Cooleens, it appears, received aid from the mountains 
of Ballylongford, and even some came to join them from the 
county of Limerick. Captain Hawson, of Ennismore, and 
other magistrates, present with the troops, caused the Riot 
Act to be read, but no body would listen to it. The very 
women were occupied, supplying their fi^ends, on both sides, 
with stones, which they carried in their aprons! The bat- 
tle soon spread to such an extent, that neither the soldiers 



( 144 ) 

nor police could possibly interfere effectually to separate the 
parties. By the magistrate's orders, they endeavored to 
make individual prisoners, and, it appears, that about twen- 
ty were lodged in Listswell Bridcvvcli, but were not per- 
mitted to fire a shot, — Indeed, the work of destruction was 
going on fast enough; no quarter was given, and ghastly 
wounds were given both to those who fell and to those who 
stood up. At length, the Cooleens retreated to the river's 
brink, where many were driven in and drowned. Several 
attempted to escape by swimming, but were still barbarously 
pelted by the victorious Lawlors. It was full tide, and two 
sand-boats on the shore w-ere afloat, into which numbers of 
the defeated party crowded, and pushed off across the ferry, 
but, being overladen, they sank, and all on board perished. 
Four bodies were found next morning at the ferry, and 
twelve others, men and women, have since been taken up in 
other parts of the river. It is not yet accurately known how 
many have been sacrificed, either on shore or in the melan- 
choly noyades that followed, but eight or ten lay dead on 
the strand of battle, at the northern side of the river, and 
their friends on the southern dared not venture across to re- 
move them. It was expected that another savage conflict 
(of retaliation) would take place on Wednesday, when the 
last accounts came from Tralee." 

Oh for the civilized Christians'. A stag which fights with 
a stag, follows the impetus of nature; a knight who "ran 
sharp," did it to show his skill and gallantry; a robber may 
be driven by want, or, at least, by the passion of gain, bad 
and degenerated, yet originally natural j but here — it is too 
disgusting. 

When I arrived in town, as I had nothing else to do, I went 
to a bookseller's. Books interest me either by their intrin- 
sic merit, or as pathological symptoms of the time. There 
is always something to be learned from them. If I am de- 
tained in a small place where I have no acquaintance, I in- 
variably go to the bookseller's, if there is one to be found. 
Booksellers, generally speaking, are, by their very trade, 



( 145 ) 

liberal minded men of a certain range of knowledge; and 
from them you may often learn facts which may give you 
an insight into the disposition or state of society. 

I found with the bibliopolist, a new number of the Pen- 
ny Magazine; what a clever publication it is! How my boy 
will rejoice at receiving this new number! it is his best pic- 
ture-book. If the editors would only be a little less insa- 
tiate of Gothic churches! However, I am grateful to them, 
and many others with me. So is the Penny Cyclopaedia a 
clever book. What mighty engines all these publications 
are! Some people deride the propagation of knowledge, 
and the idea of its want being felt by the laboring portion 
of the community. Let them smile, the world goes on in 
spite of them; and, though a turn out of London tailors, to 
enforce a claim for leisure to improve their minds, be fool- 
ish and a caricature, yet it is a sign of the time, as the cari- 
catures of the time, properly taken, always are; and Pd ra- 
ther have a tailor who wants to improve his mind, than Pa- 
risian women, so ignorant that, in the time of the cholera, 
they believed in a universal poisoning, and brutally killed 
suspected persons with their own bands. 

I have sometimes thought a very brief encyclopedia 
might be written — A Pocket Cyclopaedia on a Hieroglyphic 
Plan. You have seen the Dictionnaire des Gii-oueltes,^ in 
which the name of every French politician is given with as 
many vanes represented as he has undergone political me- 
tamorphoses. This plan can be expanded. Is it not signi- 
ficant enough if we say, A. B , a parson of three kettle- 
drums; C. D., an orator of five whale-heads or jets d'eau; 
E. F., a patriot of four sjpecures; G. H., an author of a 
single hand-organ, grinding the same tune over and over; 
J. K., a publisher of six cider-presses; L. M., a printer of 
a hundred blunderbusses; or Talleyrand, a politician of ten 
fox-tails, as there are pachas of three horse-tails? For some 

• Dictionary of Vanes. — This work contains besides the vanes or weather- 
cocks, indicative of the number of pohtical changes of each individual, ex- 
tracts of his speeches, manifestos, &c., as proofs that the number of vanes is 
correct. — Editor . 

19 



( 14« ) 

politicians the hieroglyphic representation of their instabi- 
lity by means of vanes, will not answer, were we to allow 
them a dozen. A top will express it more exactly, for it 
keeps constantl}^ whirling. I mean politicians, whose model 
is a Cobbett, except that very few elevate themselves to his 
height, and show their arts without disguise; whose con- 
science is like the moveable disk in a game oi ruu/elie, and 
whose politics are like a round-robbin, turning to every side 
but nowhere tangible. Nothing is stable in them, except 
their princij)le, which is, to have none. 

They change their politics as Lipsius did his religion, al- 
most as often as their shirt. They seem to have something 
of the nature of certain infusory animals — a rotary motion, 
and are yet, in other respects, similar to these animalcules. 
Throw the water of power upon the dregs of honesty and 
honor, and let them ferment in the sunshine of patronage, 
and you will call these vile creatures by thousands into ex- 
istence — the viler the more closely you observe them. 

I also found, at the bookseller's a number of the Chinese 
Register, published in Canton. In this number was a re- 
view of an article on Canton, in the Encyclopedia Ameri- 
cana, which is founded on the German Conversations-Lexi- 
con. What an intercourse, at present, exists between the 
different parts of the world! 

I spoke of bad books as pathological symptoms of the 
time. I must send you the title of one, which, if it is no 
peculiar sign of " bad times," is, at all events, a pathologi- 
cal symptom of mankind. People love the horrid; the 
poorer classes will flock to executions, and to meet the ap- 
petite of the wealthier, the follo\^'ing advertisement was in- 
serted in the London papers, at the time of the siege of Ant- 
werp, in 1S32: — "The public are informed that places may 
be had at the TMdtre des Varicth, at Antwerp, for seeing 
the siege." The title of the book which I mentioned is 
this:— 



( 147 ) 

'' Cheapest and most popular IVork ever 
published. 

THE 

TEKMIFIC REGJ-ISTEM 

OR, 

RECORD OF CRI.1IES, JUDGI^IEIVTS, 
PROVIDENCES, AND CALAMITIES. 



FROM THE LONDON EDITION. 

FIRST AMERICAN EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. 

Published in Numbers of SIXTEEN larg-e octavo Pages. 

Price only 6 1-4 cents each. 

One or more numbers will appear every week. 



EACH NUMBER EMBELLISHED WITH 

AN ENGRAVING ON WOOD, BY HO ETON, 

FROM THE ORIGINAL DESIGN. 

The Plan of the IVork embraces : 

Accounts of BARBARITIES inflicted by savage Hordea; 

CRUEL PUNISHMENTS with which crime has been visited; 

BARBAROUS MURDERS; 

ATROCIOUS ASSASSINATIONS; 

DIABOLICAL CRUELTIES; 

BLOODY DUELS and SANGUINARY CONFLICTS; 

DARING VILLANIES; 

FRAUDS, PLOTS, CONSPIRACIES, and REBELLIONS; 

REMARKABLE ROBBERIKS, PIRACIES, 

EXECUTIONS, and PERSECUTIONS, for CONSCIENCE' SAKE; 

WELL AUTHENTICATED 

STORIES of APPARITIONS, and stran-re and fearful 

SUPERSTITIONS, DISASTROUS ACCIDENTS; 

PERILOUS ENTERPRISES and MIRACULOUS ESCAPES, 

by Sea and Land ; 

AWFUL VISITATIONS, and SINGULAR INTERPOSITIONS; 

Accounts of PLAGUE, FAMINE, FIRE, EARTHQUAKE, 

AND OTHER SPECIAL CHASTISEMENTS OF PROVIDENCE. 



ALREADY IN HAND, FOR THIS WORK, 

UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED ENGRJlVINGS,fye:' 



( 148 ) 

Horrid as this catalogue may be, who does not shvidder 
more at the reader who enjoys all these horrors? And yet, 
in spite of its appealing to the worst cravings of a gross mind, 
I think, still worse is the " Chrnniqxie d\i Crime et de f In- 
nocence, Becueil des Evenernents lesplus tragiques, Empoi- 
sonnements, JMt/ssacres, ^^ssiisshnils. Parricides el aulres 
Forfaits; conitnis en France depuis Ic Coinmenceinent de la 
Monarchic jusqu a nosjours;''^ by Baron Lamothe Langon, 
reputed fatherof Memoirs of Madame du Barri,LouisXVIII., 
Femme de Qualite. Langdon does not write for an entirely 
illiterate public. He knowingly and willingly strives to ex- 
cite, in the very worst way, surfeited minds, while the Regis- 
ter is chiefly calculated for the uneducated, who, like children, 
have always a peculiar relish for the grotesque, wild, awful, 
overpowering, or gigantic. t But the most disgusting in- 
stance of the kind was afforded by the managers of a Lon- 
don theatre, when they informed the public that the murder 
of Thornton would be represented, and the very vehicle in 
which the murder was committed, exhibited. And we pre- 
tend to be surprised at the pleasure the Romans took in the 
fights of y;ladiators! 

The heat, when I returned home, was suffocating; the con- 
trast between the fresh sea-breeze and the dead heat of the 



• Chron'cle of Crirric unci Innocence; or Collection of tlic most tragic 
Kveiits, Poisoninjjs, Massacres, Assassinations, Fan'ic'des, and other foul 
Deeds, from the Beginning' of the Monarchy down to the present Time. — 
EniTOU. 

■j- The foUowin;^ notice, of the papers of 1833, may find a place here: 

" New Publcation^. — The following works are announced as being for 
sale at Lemoine's, a Paris bookseller in the Place Vendome: — 

" Crimes of the Popes, fron S/. Peler to Pius VL, inclusive. 

♦' Crifi.es of the Kings of France, from the commencement of the monar- 
chy to Charles A'., inclusive. 

♦' Crimes of the Qwcns o/ France, from the commencement of the mo- 
narchy to Marie Antoinette, inclusive. 

"The announcement is followed by the attractive pufT, that these works 
were prohibiled by the eijjovtrument— luuixou. 



( 149 ) 

city was immense. No stir in the heavy atmosphere, 
which made me feel as if lead had been cast upon me. 

If we mention, in a letter, the time when we write it, I 
think we ought, likewise, to inform the person who is fa- 
vored with our communication, in what temperature it was 
written. If a friend write me amiably at 10° below, or 
write me at all at 95° above zero, I set him down as a friend 
I can depend upon. His friendship must be deeply seated, 
not to have frozen in the former case, and be firm as Anto- 
nio's, not to have melted away in the latter. If a man is 
kindly disposed on a day which makes bold to call itself a 
May day, but which must belong to some stray week, lost 
during winter, when the red nose gives the lie to the white 
pantaloons, as a friend of mine once said,, and a longing for 
flannel seems to pervade all nature — if a man is good-natured 
on such a day, you may set him down for a saint, or some- 
thing very near it. Dryness and moisture, cold and heat, 
are, at least, of as much importance to be known as the time, 
and the wearing of a watch forms altogether a very imperfect 
accomplishment. A pocket steel thermometer ought never 
to be wanting. Does not heat change every thing? dissolve all 
formality? Have I not met with a buck, this evening, who 
— all the year round, a dandy a qiiatre. tpingles — had left 
off his cravat? "A bare neck!" I exclaimed; " Oh!" was 
all he uttered, with eyes half closed and a mouth half open, 
fanning all the time with a languid motion of his hand. 

From the great effect which I found that this unusual heat 
exercises upon individuals, I have learned to understand, 
with greater clearness, the causes of several phenomena in 
the private life as well as in the history of Asiatic nations, 
nor has it passed without giving me a lesson, important to 
me, with regard to litei'ature. It proved to me once more the 
great excellence of Shakspeare. He stood the fire. When, in 
the evening, I was nearly exhausted and had tried one book 
after another, grave, satirical, or humorous; La Secchia ra- 
pita, or Camoens, and nothing would do, when no book I 
opened would interest my mind, I resorted, at last, again to 



( 150 ) 

Shakspeare. I opened the volume at random: he never de- 
ceives me. In him is a life which communicates itself with 
electric rapidity to every thinking soul. He who has ac- 
companied me on land and sea, in camp and prison, who has 
often delighted me by the fire-side, became now also my 
comfort in this suflbcatin}!; heat. He who instructs, cheers, 
and saddens you, when you read him, is ever ready to 
your mind, in whatever situation you may be placed, what- 
ever event may occur to you, or with whatever character, 
high or low, exalted or sensual, you may meet. He is like 
the statue of ISIemnon, which sounded of itself at sunrise 
and at sunset; so he finds within you an echo, whether the 
star of your hope or the sun of your success rise or sink. 

Shakspeare, 1 think, may now certainly be called nearly 
as much a national poet with the Germans as he is with the 
English; nay, it would be a question whether he be not ac- 
tuallv held in higher esteem at present by the Germans. 
The English have not yet entirely got over their period 
of French notions in regard to taste. I cannot follow 
Schlegel in (ill his admiration of this most gifted of all sons 
of Apollo, nor Mrs. Jamieson. They find beauties and deep 
designs where there are to me none. Shakspeare's beau- 
ties — like some designs of Raphael — are sometimes the over- 
flowings of genius; but I believe him, nevertheless, as great 
as they do. The English seem very generally to have com- 
mitted the mistake of considering Shakspeare as a mere ge- 
nius, powerful and gigantic indeed, but without much reflec- 
tion on his own works, or any wise arrangements of his own 
dramatic plans. This mistake has produced a great effect upon 
their literature: they allowed, for a long time, Shakspeare to 
stand alone, and followed French correctness, so called. 
The Germans, on the other hand, now often strive to find 
plan and well-devised beauty in every part; even in those 
places where sober reflection would consider admiration too 
great a stretch of our love for the poet. I cannot find any 
thing so enormously elevated in Isabella, or such peculiar 
wisdom in the devising of her character, as Schlegel does; 



( 151 ) 

nor would, in all probability, Shakspeare himself, were he 
alive, tell us that he did. So there are, undoubtedly, defi- 
ciencies in him. But was he a ^od, and could he be per- 
fect? His deficiencies, however, are but like the momenta- 
ry derangement of his di'apery, when his steed carries him 
rapidly through the highest regions. But never would I 
call him incorrect in his plans, as Blair wrote — " Shak- 
speare, a great, but incorrect genius." Some of his pieces 
may not be well suited to our imagination in every detail, 
if they come to be represented, but this has nothing to do 
with the poet, or the true merit of his works. His pieces 
were to be represented in his time; and whatever is called 
into existence in this world, must assume a form, which 
form is subject to changes. My opinion is not influenced 
by the rule which the French believe to have found in 
Aristotle, and which has forced their dramatic poets into 
absurdities, such as you find none in Shakspeare. 

Shakspeare, to use an unpoetic comparison of a poet, takes 
the whole human life like a lemon, presses out the juice and 
essence, and throws away the pulp. In him all is truth — 
deep, great, essential truth; but, if you wish for reality, why, 
you must go to the market, or to the courts, and patiently 
wait five years for the denouement of an intricate affair. 
The French classical dramatists give you neither truth nor 
reality. Their greatest conspiracies, which change the fate 
of a whole dynasty, are begun and terminated within one 
day, during which time, the most designing statesmen are 
won over, the conspiracies going on all the time in public 
places — why? because it is much more natural, say they, 
that the authorities of the state should be stock-blind, than 
that the spectator should allow that there, where every thing 
is unnatural — from the lamp-daylight to the actor, who needs 
must turn to the audience in order to be understood — a 
change of the scenery is admissible, or that between the 
acts, which again are unnatural, a longer time than ten mi- 
nutes can be imagined to elapse. 

It must be owned, however, that the English are return- 



( 152 ) 

ing to a better judgment; and soon, it is to be hoped, will 
treat a Tate as persons, who mutilate statues and other works 
of art, are treated in all countries. That spirits cannot re- 
turn, is proved to me by nothing so much as by the fact, 
that Shakspeare and Mozart have never appeared to Tate 
and Bishop. 

The Germans approach the works of this great philoso- 
pher, lofty historian, and powerful poet, with a devotion 
which strives but to enter deeper and deeper into his vast 
designs and immortal beauties, while the English, as yet, 
allow the Pegasus, which he rode more masterly than all, 
to .ippear before them only after the noble animal has been 
maimed and hamstrung. May Mrs. Jamieson find many 
ardent followers. Shakspeare is as important to the English 
or ourselves as the greatest of our warriors or legislators. 



( 153 ) 



LETTER IX. 



I SEND you to-day some of Major Jack Downing's Let- 
ters, which will amuse you, though some of their allusions 
may be unintelligible to a foreigner. As soon as a collec- 
tion of them is published I will send you a copy. The in- 
terest of these letters lies partly in the simple and blunt, 
yet forcible, and not unfrequently convincing manner, with 
which certain intricate questions, of much importance to the 
nation, are treated in them, partly in the peculiar compound 
of the bluntness and shrewdness of a country Yankee, being 
personified in Major Jack Downing, the pretended author 
of the Letters, partly, also, in the impudence of the real 
author, who, sans fagoti, makes the major tell long stories 
of what happened between him and the president, the vice- 
president, Mr. Clay, Calhoun, Biddle, and other distin- 
guished citizens; and, again, in the singular mode which the 
author has chosen for bringing forth his views and argu- 
ments, as Jack Downing pretends to belong to the party of 
the president, while the real author is a member of that 
party which thinks that the president has wantonly disen- 
chanted the constitution, as Napoleon said of Dupont's de- 
feat at Baylen: — " // a dtsenchante VarmL''^ 

With you, on the other side of the water, people would 
have no doubt but that the whole vessel of the state must 
founder, if the highest magistrate and the most prominenJ; 

20 



( 154 ) 

men are handled with such bold familiarity. Here people 
think differently. The president signs himself in a letter to 
the butchers of New York, who had sent him a peculiarly 
fine piece of beef, or to a hat-maker, who presented him 
with some broad-brimmed beaver, " Your humble servant," 
and the law is yet observed. 

Downing's Letters cannot be compared to those of Junius, 
which are altogether of a higher cast. With Junius there 
was real danger; hence the necessity of secrecy, which lends 
no inconsiderable charm to his letters. Have you ever seen 
a work — "Letters on Junius, by Newhall, Boston, 1831?'* 
The author is a merchant in Salem, and curious enough it 
would be, if a " cute" Salem merchant should have pene- 
trated the secret. He ascribes their authorship to Lord 
Temple, and makes out his case pretty well. This is, how- 
ever, not the only American work on the authorship of 
these famous productions. The game of Junius is high; his 
venom is deadly; in the house of lords and commons his 
name has been uttered; his letters were written for the high- 
est in the nation. Downing's, on the other hand, are for 
all: they amuse some, instruct others. They will be a cu- 
riosity to the philologist some hundred years hence, when 
the true Yankee idiom will have given way, as all provincial 
languages in time do; and, in fact, they are now of interest 
to the student, unacquainted with the peculiar expressions 
of New England, — and a little glossary ought to be at- 
tached to them when they are collected together.* I have 
heard, however, some true blue Yankees assert, that Down- 
ing does not write classical Yankee; but where is the 
Toscan Yankee spoken? The Connecticut idiom is very 
different from that of Boston or New Hampshire. I once 
heard two Mecklinburghers earnestly dispute on the ques- 
tion whether a purer Low-German is spoken in Strelitz or 

• The Letters of both the Jack Downing's (the major is not the only my- 
thological person, of wiiom there are two editions; there are two Bacchuses, 
two Venuses, 8tc.,) have been separately pubhshed since the author wrote the 
above, yet no glossary has been appended to them. — Editor. 



( 155 ) 

Schwerin. However, this is not quite the same; because 
Low-German is a decided dialect, with a different grammar, 
&c., while Yankee consists much more in some peculiar 
words, or words used in a peculiar sense, and in the pecu- 
liar mode of expression, in strange metaphors, &c., — in fact, 
it consists as much in thought and pronunciation as in words; 
and is, therefore, in this respect, to be compared rather to 
the language of the common people in Berlin. But the lat- 
ter never failed to disgust me, while the former may be very 
amusing. 

Some of Downing's illustrations are capital, at which no- 
body, of whatever party he may be, can help smiling; and 
though he leans strongly to one side of the question, yet he 
now and then gives his own party some smart hits. Some- 
times he wanders in allegories — the most dangerous things to 
meddle with. But that many of the letters are well written is 
proved by their great popularity. I am surprised that no re- 
view has yet taken them up. They afford opportunity for an 
instructive and sprightly article on the various jargons, and 
at the same time, some single books which have exercised 
a great influence in politics, such as Junius, the Compte 
Rendu of Necker, &c. 

Did we live in ancient times, Jack Downing, being a mys- 
terious person, would, without question, gradually grow into 
a mythological personage — z.heros: gods may have sometimes 
become such by strange processes. I was reading, shortly 
ago, with what great fear the crew of Captain Kotzebue's 
vessel, when he circumnavigated the world a second time, 
made their first approach to Cape Horn, and how, when they 
had passed it, the poor Russian tars were so rejoiced, that, 
ex tempore creating a deity of this Cape, they represented 
god Horn, in the act of paying particular respect to the Mus- 
covite flag. It would do the captain and his crew good to 
know how entirely the terrors of this Cape are lost on our 
whalers, who think no more of weathering it than Cape Cod; 
and prefer it much to the tedious passage through the Straits 
of Magellan. 

Children, illiterate people, and nations in their earliest 



( 156 ) 

stages, are constantly impelled by a desire to personify, to 
make the abstract, or invisible, concrete and palpable. This 
celebration of the Russian sailors, though but in sport, af- 
fords, nevertheless, an exhibition of this natural desire. Had 
it happened in earlier ages, we should soon have had sacri- 
fices offered to win the good graces of the jealous god Horn, 
whose symbol might have been a large horn, out of which 
he blew the gales which harass the circumnavigators of the 
Cape, or who might have been represented with a huge horn 
on his forehead, to buffet the vessels; and a Creuzer, after 
two thousand years, might have tried his ingenuity on the 
" symbolics" of this niythos. The name Cape Horn itself is 
one of the many thousand instances of the facility with which 
the illiterate mould and change things to make them fitted to 
their capacity. The Cape was discovered by Lemaire and 
Schouten, and called Cape Hoorn, in honor of the city of 
Hoorn, not far from the Texel, whero their expedition had 
been fitted out. The English sailor changed the name into 
Horn, a good name for any cape, and for this par excel- 
lence. 

Imagine me now going on board a steamboat, plying be- 
tween New York and Albany, those refined floating ho- 
tels and swift couriers on the Hudson, which, in respect to 
arts, one might say, fine arts, are the most striking objects 
which this country presents to a foreigner. It is a fact, that 
the Americans, these enthusiastic utilitarians, to venture a 
bull, lavish an elegance upon these steamboats, which would 
be unaccountable, were we not acquainted with the power- 
ful effect of competition. 

"Sir, the Courier and Inquirer! Latest news from Eu- 
rope, sir," — says a little fellow, approaching you with a bun- 
dle of that paper, in some street not far from the steamboat- 
landing. " The Standard, sir! A Jackson paper; the latest 
news from Washington," calls another, concluding from 
your refusal of the Courier, that you are a friend of the ad- 
ministration. " Le Blanc's trial and conviction for murder, 
sir," calls another; " A revolution in Paris," says his oppo- 



( 157 ) 

nent; and the nearer you approach, the more these officious 
messengers of the events and gossip of two hemispheres 
thicken around you. — "The Daily Advertiser!" exclaims 
one; "The Gazette!" says another; "The Advocate!" a 
third; " There is a letter of Jack Downing in to-day," says 
again the spokesman of the Daily Advertiser. " A great 
fire in Charleston," says his competitor; " The total loss of 
the ship Raleigh," utters another news-pedler; " The Tem- 
perance Recorder!" and a quarto paper is held out to you; 

" The Anti-Masonic " what? " Oranges, sir," asks a 

man, pushing through the crowd of urchins and lads. " I 
want nothing but to be left alone." — " Very well, sir." — The 
steam begins to whistle with its sharp noise, an overmatch 
to every other sound, except the similar cutting tone of es- 
caping steam from the pipes of opposition boats. The vessel, 
yet fastened to the pier, moves forward and backward, like 
an impatient horse, dashing the water against the side of the 
wharf; the loud bell rings over your head; the opposition 
boats ring their bells, too; ladies and gentlemen, with their 
children, rush in over the narrow bridge, which connects 
the boat with the land, together with pushing porters and 
searching friends; trunks float over your head, veils fly by 
your face, canes threaten your eyes, carpet bags knock you 
right and left, wheelbarrows endanger your toes and shins. 
The single strokes are tolling; the opposition toll their sin- 
gle strokes, too; late comers hasten from the different streets, 
puffing and blowing; hackney coaches rattle from all direc- 
tions; — some people call from the wharves, some leap on 
board, and climb over the railing; the boat moves more 
unruly to and fro; — a bundle of tracts is thrown to you: 
" Please, sir, distribute them;" a baby, with a cap of sky-blue 
sarsinet, silver tassels, and yellow feathers, is yet handed 
over to a red-faced, panting Irish woman, with a bonnet of 
contrasting colors, and — some people remain disappointed 
on shore, looking, with an angry face, after the boat, be- 
cause a single second costs them twelve hours, perhaps, 
twenty-four. The shrill steam ceases — the boat moves on. 



( 1^-58 ) 

Some bundles and vallises are yet thrown from the wharf; 
one falls into the water — never mind, the boat cannot stop. 
Presently, a second boat darts from between two other piers 
the dangerous race begins, and now the American feels com- 
fortable. Another bell! "Passengers who have not 

paid their passage, please to step to the captain's office!" 
Another rush, another squeeze; oh, for the everlasting trou- 
bles in this life! 

Since I have been in this country, the size and general 
arrangement of these boats have been considerably improved, 
much as I admired them, when I first arrived. The same 
is the case with the packets to Liverpool and Havre. I lately- 
visited one of these stately vessels, and was struck with the 
improvements, in respect to the vessel itself, as well as the 
comfort and elegance of the accommodations for the passen- 
gers, though the vessel in which I came from England was 
then, and justly so, considered a model of a fine ship, and 
of a comfortable and elegant packet. These packets be- 
tween the two worlds belong to a branch of statistics, im- 
portant for the correct understanding of the history of our 
times. 

The large steamboats on the Hudson have a room exclu- 
sively devoted to the use of the ladies, where they may lie 
down or arrange their dress; adjoining is a parlor for ladies 
and gentlemen; so that the different members of a family may 
see each other below deck, and yet the ladies need not go into 
the common room for gentlemen, nor the latter need enter the 
lady's cabin proper. The next room is the long cabin, which 
serves as a dining saloon, and, during the time between 
the meals, is used by the gentlemen. There is, besides, at 
the fore end of the boat, a separate " bar-room," where re- 
freshments may be had, books may be borrowed, and maps, 
and guide-books may be bought. In all rooms, except the 
last, you find fine carpets and tasteful silk curtains. The 
deck is shaded by a wooden roof, on which itself you can 
walk, under an awning of sail-cloth. Smoking is permitted 
only on the fore-deck, and I was struck with the activity of 



( 159 ) 

two men, who were here engaged in removing the moist 
traces of smoking and chewing, as soon as a passenger had 
taken the liberty to make the fore-deck his spitting-box. 
Strange, that one half of mankind should be so cleanly as to 
require the services of two men to be constantly employed 
in removing an object of disgust, which the other half is, 
nevertheless, dirty enough to throw into their way, and not 
even sufficiently civil to take the very modest and practical 
hint thus given them. 

A number of ladies in mourning were, as usual, on board. 
In England and here, mourning dress is carried to ex- 
cess. A traveller, from the European continent, is sur- 
prised at seeing so many people dressed in black in 
both these countries. I met, one day, a lady of my ac- 
quaintance, in Rockaway, a village on the sea-shore, not 
far from New York. She was in mourning; she told me 
the reason of her sombre dress; some distant relation had 
died. " But," said I, " I saw you in mourning half a year 
ago: for whom was that?" "We were then in mourning 
for — Mary, my dear," turning to her sister, " for whom were 
we in mourning, then?" You may easily imagine that the 
effect of this na'iveiS upon the whole circle was the opposite 
to the lugubrious. 

A proper regard for our departed friends, shown by ex- 
ternal signs, is, undoubtedly, becoming for a civilized man, 
and agrees with our feelings. But if mourning is carried 
to such an extent as in England and the United States, it 
has no more meaning than the going into mourning of a 
court, ordered by the high-chamberlain, for some prince or 
princess of a distant dynasty, to which the mourners are not 
farther related than by the use of the word cousin between 
ruling heads. Besides, it causes a state of things which may 
seriously interfere with the whole life of an individual. A 
female is born to be married, marriage requires previous ac- 
quaintance, and, as things now stand, acquaintance cannot, 
generally, take place without social intercourse; mourning, 
however, throws a young lady out of society. I have known 



( 160 ) 

families in which young ladies continued to wear mourn- 
ing for some very distant cousins, from their seventeenth 
year to their twenty-first: a very serious affair in a country 
where ladies cease much earlier to be considered as floating 
on the full tide of marriageableness than in other parts of the 
world. Some avoid this inconvenience by going to balls in 
semi-mourning, which never fails to make on me a very un- 
pleasant impression. There is a mockery in such a contrast, 
which shows too plainly — I mourn, but I grieve not. I think 
the Germans and French are more rational in regard to the 
wearing of mourning. 

On board of these steamboats, between New York and Alba- 
ny, and New York and Philadelphia, there is generally a man 
with a case of types, offering them for sale to passengers, who 
are desirous of printing their names, with indelible ink, on 
their wearing apparel. I remember, when I saw, a number of 
years ago, the first man who carried on this novel branch of in- 
dustry. It is clear that these types cannot be of use to any one; 
yet, standing not far from the man with his box, I observed 
how the principle, so universally spread, of self-love or self- 
consideration, united with the leisure of every passenger on 
board a steamboat, and his eagerness to seize upon any thing 
which will give some occupation to his mind, induced a 
number of people to buy what at first they universally took 
into their hands with the expression of, " Well, what non- 
sense is this?" A farmer would approach, and, as an Ame- 
rican takes every thing in his hand, and views it on all 
sides, whether it belong to him or not, he would take up 
one of the names already composed, and placed in a little tin 
case, in which the letters were kept together by a screw. 
Presently, the vender of the types would come and explain 
the great advantages of being able to print one's own name 
on linen, in books, &c. Great doubt is, mean while, ex- 
pressed on the visage of him who handles the types. 
" What's your name, sir? you need not buy it, just tell me 
your name." The goddess Suada, the protectress of all 
shopkeepers, assists, and the name of the hesitating farmer 



( lel ) 

is given. With the swiftness of the best compositor, it is put 
in type — it is printed — " There, sir, your whole name, and 
I add the surnames for nothing, sir, however long they may 
be; don't it look fine? You'd better take it." It is, perhaps, 
the first time our farmer has seen his name in print, and all 
over the world there is something flattering in this. I know 
that criminals, sentenced to die, will often find some satis- 
faction in the assurance that their whole process will be 
printed. The love of authorship is universal; it is as active 
in kings as in the secretary of the smallest town-meeting, 
who sends his report to the county-paper. 

By degrees, the farmer pulls out his quarter of a dollar, 
receives his name, puts it in his pocket, and — half ashamed 
— retires. Another has already begun to handle other 
types, to go through the same psychological process, found- 
ed upon some of the original principles of the human soul, 
and, therefore, is sure to produce the same result. After 
about half a dozen persons had thus been rendered happy 
by the contemplation of their own names, I stepped up 
to the seller of types, and, perceiving that his dialect was 
foreign, addressed him in French. In French, still worse 
than his English, this peddling disciple of Guttenberg 
told me, that he was a Dutchman; he was actually a Jew of 
Holland. I tried German; he spoke it. I now expressed 
my surprise at his success; but he assured me, that he had 
carried on this lucrative trade in battered types, for several 
years, every day going up the I'iver, half the way to Alba- 
ny, and returning, by another boat, the same day to New 
York. I freely acquainted him with my disbelief in the uti- 
lity of these types to any one who had bought them. " They 
can't do any thing with them," he said. " But how is it," 
I replied, " that people, notwithstanding, continue to buy, 
since you tell me that you have been in this line for several 
years?" — Shrugging his shoulders, he answered, "Why, sir, 
fools there are going, and fools there are coming, and there 
will always be fools enough to buy." — " If it is so," said I, 
" no baker's business is founded upon surer principles." 

21 



( 162 ) 

These, as I have given them, are the ipsissifna verba of the 
type-seller, and it is, perhaps, not quite fair in me, that I 
thus expose the secret of his trade; but considering that, so 
far from declining, a great competition exists already in 
this sure-footed commerce, my revealing of its secret will, 
probably, produce little harm. That the boxes of these phi- 
losophical tradesmen should be decorated with great em- 
blems and mottos, such as " The Free Press, the Palladium 
of Liberty," or "Every Man's Own Press," is a matter of 
course. Go through the world, and you will find that every 
trade, which is founded upon some simple principle of the 
body or mind, such as appetite, vanity, hatred, or laziness, 
is sure to flourish. All the world over, much money is made 
by menageries, chiefly because, as Goethe says, it is so 
swppt to read, in the weekly paper, on Sunday morning, in 
all comfort and ease, of some bloody battles against the 
Turks, afar off. It is so nice to see a grim tiger behind a 
safe grate. 

" Do you thmk it as fine as the Rhine?" — " What, sir?"— 
" The Hudson." — I am unable to compare two things totally 
different, and besides I am a great enemy to odious com- 
parisons — the ingenuity of little minds. Dante has never 
gained by being compared to Homer, or Vondel to Shak- 
speare. What is great stands by itself, and has its character 
within itself, or it is not great, and on the other hand, when 
the small is to be compared to the great, it is not difficult to 
say which will be the loser by the comparison. When you 
enjoy on a hot day a glass of cool sparkling cider of the 
best kind, and an officious acquaintance of yours, seeing the 
praise of the liquid in the expression of your face, asks you: 
" Now, tell me, is not it equal to any Champagne?" the taste 
is gone at once. 

The Rhine descends from the lofty Alps, where he takes 
leave from his twin-brother, the Rhone, and after a course of 
nine hundred miles through many most romantic countries, 
loses in beauty on a nearer approach to the sea, until at 
length, his way lies through flat })rose (as some illustrious 



( 163 ) 

dynasties end) and he empties his volumes into the ocean. 
The Hudson, coming from an uninteresting country, in- 
creases in beauty in its comparatively short course, the 
nearer it rolls toward the Atlantic, until the last sixty miles 
of its course equal in grandeur any object of nature. Its 
peaks and basaltic walls, its precipices and lofty crags, and 
its vast sheet of water, as seen from the height of Singsing, 
are perhaps unequalled by any thing the Rhine can offer to 
the beholder. Where the Hudson is beautiful, nature has 
done more for it than for the Rhine, which history and art 
have ennobled beyond any other river in the world. If 
Flanders be (according to Sterne,) the great prize-fighting 
stage of Europe — Saxony is then at least the first cock-pit — 
it is the Rhine, on whose bosom sails the History of the 
European Continent. From the wars of Cesar, and the first 
vine which the Roman colonist planted on its bank, down 
to Bliicher's bold passage of the river at Caub, on new- 
year's night, of 1814, and the pictures sent forth from Diis- 
seldorf * — what battles, conflicts, councils, what activity in 
distraction and civilization, in science, in war, in commerce, 
and the arts, elections and coronations, what changes of 
governments are we not reminded of, in passing along the 
Rhine? How many legends are told of the bold castles 
perched on its high peaks! How lovely are the green vine- 
yards between its shaggy rocks, and how noble the minsters 
of Cologne, and Strasburg, and Worms! The ancient 
cities on its banks and in its neighborhood, the strong 
fastnesses raised by human hands, and the striking proofs of 
man's perseverance, which effects its results on a spot, sus- 
ceptible of any cultivation only by dint of the most laborious 
exertion, are objects of continual and ever-varying interest 

* In many parts of Germany, prevails, at present, the greatest activity in 
the fine arts, extending' through all classes of society. While in Munich 
palaces are raised to gain room for fresco paintings, the effect of a high ele- 
vation of taste is seen in many manufactured articles or trifles, calculated 
for common comfort or domestic ornament. In Prussia, It would seem, 
that sculpture has attained a far higher degree in Berlin, than painting, 
while the academy at Diisseldorf, lately re-established, excels in the latter 
art. — Editoh. 



( 164 ) 

to the traveller, who no where in the world finds more to 
delight him in going on foot and passing from village to 
village, than along and near the hanks of the Rhine. 

If the Hudson is grander in those parts where it is grand 
at all, — the neighborhood of the Taunus, the Vosges, the 
heights at Heidelberg, from whence you look into the valley 
of the Rhine, as Moses must have gazed from his height 
into the promised land, and many other spots and places, are 
much more interesting. Frankfort, so near to the Rhine, is 
important to many with regard to history, but interesting to 
all, on account of its forming the crossing point of the travel- 
lers of all nations. Here the Russian passes through if he 
goes to Paris, the Parisian proceeding to Vienna, the En- 
glishman journeying to Italy, the Italian travelling to Lon- 
don. And then the many watering places, which collect 
people, making for a time enjoyment their business, from all 
quarters of the globe. I have expressed my admiration of 
the Rhine somewhere else, and I will copy the passage. 

" There are rivers, whose course is longer, and whose 
volume of water is greater, but none which unites almost 
every thing that can render an earthly object magnificent and 
charming, in the same degree as the Rhine. As it flows 
down from the distant ridges of the Alps, through fertile re- 
gions into the open sea, so it comes down from remote an- 
titpiity, associated in every age with momentous events in 
the history of the neighboring nations. A river which 
presents so many historical recollections of Roman con- 
quests and defeats, of the chivalric exploits in the feudal 
periods, of the wars and negotiations of modern times, of 
the coronations of emperors, whose bones repose by its side; 
on whose borders stand the two grandest monuments of the 
noble architecture of tlie middle ages; whose banks present 
every variety of wild and picturesque rocks, thick forests, 
fertile plains; vineyards, sometimes gently sloping, some- 
times perched among lofty crags, where industry has won a 
domain among the fortresses of nature; whose banks are orna- 
mented with populous cities, flourishing towns and villages, 



( 165 ) 

castles and ruins, with which a thousand legends are con- 
nected; with beautiful and romantic roads, and salutary mi- 
neral springs; a river, whose waters offer choice fish, as its 
banks offer the choicest wines; which, in its course of nine 
hundred miles, affords six hundred and thirty miles of unin- 
terrupted navigation, from Basle to the sea, and enables the 
inhabitants of its banks to exchange the rich and various pro- 
ducts of its shores; whose cities, famous for commerce, sci- 
ence, and works of strength, which furnish protection to 
Germany, are also famous as the seats of Roman colonies, 
and of ecclesiastical councils, and are associated with many 
of the most important events recorded in the history of man- 
kind; — such a river, it is not surprising that the Germans 
regard with a kind of reverence, and frequently call in 
poetry Father, or Khig Rhi?ie." 

The Hudson has more of a marine character; Tappan-Sea 
and Haverstraw-Bay, notwithstanding their inland situation, 
have really the character of bays; the many square-rigged 
vessels, may contribute to give it this appearance. I con- 
sider the view of the last fifteen miles of the river, to be 
more beautiful, when you sail down; but above, the view is, 
perhaps, more beautiful to the traveller who is sailing up. 
You can hardly imagine a nobler sight on earth, than 
that which you may enjoy, for twelve cents, by taking 
passage in the Manhattanville steamboat, and sailing down 
the river. Its eastern bank, whose scenery partakes of the 
gentle cast, is studded with neat and comfortable looking 
houses, peeping out of the thick and rich foliage; the western 
bank, bolder, grander, and more variegated in its form, is 
covered with equally rich foliage, though interrupted now 
and then by a rock, projecting over a picturesque winding 
path. As you approach nearer to the city, you can perceive 
vessels lying in the river, already widening like a land-locked 
bay; the eastern bank becomes more and more covered with 
houses, until at last you glide along a forest of masts, and 
presently are landed in the midst of noise and bustle. 

Hardly less imposing is the view up the river, on some 



( 166 ) 

parts of it There are points on shore from which most 
magnificent vistas open themselves. I lived one summer 
in Manhattanville near the river, and often enjoyed the su- 
perb view from the top of one of my cherry trees, of a 
height of which I have seen specimens here only, up the 
river toward Tappan Sea. Opposite was Fort Lea, where 
that singular and imposing wall of dark trap begins, which 
rising perpendicularly several hundred feet high, accompa- 
nies, for about twenty miles, the Hudson so closely, that 
sometimes the broken pieces which have tumbled from the 
steep heights have hardly found a resting place between 
the water and these rocks, — justly called the Palisadoes. 
They form a fine contrast to the opposite scenery, variegated 
by hill and dale, by cultivated fields and thick woods. At 
a distance, a great sheet of water might be seen extending 
far up to the border of the rising shores near Singsing. I 
have added this point to my list of beautiful or instructive 
-^nd impressive vistas, over which I have only to cast a glance 
in order to be brought back to many of the most interest- 
ing spots in the world. I have found a list of this kind to be 
a very useful complement to a journal; to me it has become 
indispensable. 

It has been often observed that Americans eat quickly, 
and devour instead of dining. I subscribe to this with re- 
spect to all the classes busily engaged in any occupation of 
industry, and in the case of nearly all public houses, steam- 
boats, &c. I do not wish to detain you with an inquiry into 
the probable causes of this rapidity in eating, the connexion 
of which, with other national traits, can, in my opinion, be 
satisfactorily traced; nor into its probable effects, such as a 
universal tendency to indigestion; which, however, stands 
undoubtedly in some connexion also with the many sudden 
and violent changes of weather which we have to endure. 
But I will mention one fact which, singular as it is, I have 
observed so often, that I think I can rely on its truth. It 
is well known how intimately all our senses are connect- 
ed with each other, and how much the sense of hearing af- 



( 167 ) 

fects that of taste. If a person be desirous of tasting some- 
thing very delicate, or to find out some ingredient of a mix- 
ture by taste, he either shuts his eyes or looks vaguely into 
the air; and, if there be much noise in the room, says, "Be 
quiet for a moment." It would require considerable time 
to accustom one's self to taste with fine discrimination, sur- 
rounded by a great noise. No chymist, in a situation of this 
kind, would trust his taste in a scientific and delicate in- 
quiry. Hence it is so absurd to have Turkish music during 
dinner, if the host gives something exquisite; if he give 
poor or common fare, the more noise the better. Soft and 
very harmonious music might, perhaps, not interfere with a 
connoisseur's silent meditation upon the delicate bouquet of 
prime Latour or Margaux, or the delights of a savory and 
juicy snipe. But the music ought not to be so good as to draw 
the attention from the primary object of a diner choisi; for 
it is impossible to have two ideas or the clear consciousness 
of two distinctly different sensations at once. You will not 
be surprised, then, if I tell you that I always have found 
the people on board a steamboat to eat faster, the faster the 
machine goes. If the boat stop during dinner, the rattling 
of knives and forks abates; not only because a few inquire 
at what landing-place the boat is, (for people who pay no at- 
tention to the place where the boat happens to be, but con- 
tinue to occupy themselves with the dinner, unconsciously 
relax in their exertions;) but also, and principally, because 
the engine slackens its pace. As soon as the piston re- 
sumes its activity, the clattering of plates and clanking of 
knives recommences in all its vigor. The engine produces 
the sensation of quickness and bustle upon the mind, which, 
with this general impression on the sensorium, cannot avoid 
imparting it to the nerves of the hands and the lower jaw. 
If, as I have no doubt, the velocity with which every 
thing around us proceeds, influences our whole disposition, 
I am sure the inhabitants of Mercury, which moves at the 
rate of three hundred and fifteen miles in a second, must 
dine so quickly, that a Yankee would be considered, with 



( 168 ) 

them, an old English country gentleman; and perhaps they 
restore the deposites, before tliey are removed: at all events, 
they would not have talked about it half a year, — while, on 
the other hand, a senator, haranguing against the bank of 
Uranus, would begin his speech in the year 1800, and on 
new-year's day of 1900, would be just saying, " One word 
more, Mr. President, and I have done." 

About twenty-five miles from New York, you jiass Tarry- 
town, where Mr. Irving has bought a house, to spend his 
summers. I am glad to see that Mr. Irving has become, one 
might say, a national writer, with the Germans. I believe 
his works are nearly as much known in Germany as here, 
and not only by translations. Why is it that the Ameri- 
cans have so few writers like Irving, so few who show an 
inventive talent and independent character of their own? 
There are numerous reasons, which it would take me more 
time to enumerate, than you would be willing to grant 
me. Some of the most important, in my opinion, are the 
vastness of the country, which gives indeed, to many, a field 
of laborious enterprise and occupation; but it necessarily in- 
duces also, the population to scatter over vast extents, which 
renders the whole book trade very difficult and different 
from what it is in central Europe, or England, France, and 
Germany. Our " enterprising publishers," have it not in 
their power, to " encourage" authors so " liberally" as a 
Paris, or London Murray can do. Then there is before 
them, a whole nation having a long start ahead, which speaks 
the same language, and in which a whole literature has al- 
ready gone through all the successive stages of its develop- 
ment. Originality, therefore, comes more difficult to Ame- 
ricans, than perhaps to any other people. None was ever 
before placed in the same situation with regard to this 
point. 

Besides, nations are like individuals; they cannot do 
every thing at the same time. The Germans did not at once 
figiit the pope, fathom the depths of philosophy, bid the sun 
stand still and the earth march, send Humboldt to South 



( 169 ) 

America, compose Don Juan, and produce Faust. The con- 
stitution of the United Stales is a charter which requires 
much and" a gradual development — enough to occupy whole 
generations. For the present, the two great objects which 
engage the main activity of the nation, are material and me- 
chanical improvement, (in which I include the obtaining of 
capital,) and the development of politics. It is a young 
country, placed in a very peculiar situation, by the side of 
the most civilized and oldest nations, and, therefore, has to 
direct at once its attention to a thousand things more directly 
connected with the well-being of society, than polite litera- 
ture, or the fine arts. The United States have, in some re- 
spects, to introduce, sow, plant, and raise what other nations 
gained slowly in the course of centuries. 

These are some of the reasons; the facts cannot be de- 
nied. Poland rose and sank, and not a chord of that lyre 
was touched, which before all others should have been ex- 
pected to sound, in praise or sympathy, with that struggle 
for independence. Nor can there be, at present, any disposi- 
tion for satire, which it would be supposed party virulence, 
if no other cause, would call forth; for how many scenes do 
not happen in Washington alone — what kicking and nose- 
pulling, without inducing a single rhymer to dress up the 
accounts, as given by the papers, in a few verses; and nothing 
more would be requisite to make them satires nearly as bit- 
ter as the lashing lays of Hipponax. 

How many songs of praise or of keen reproach, would 
not, with other nations, all the elections produce, were they 
carried on with the same universal interest as here. Though 
but few citizens can take a personal part in French elec- 
tions, none passes without bringing forth some smart poetry. 
But, again, it may be very well that it is so. Certainly it is 
connected with that soberness so important to the whole po- 
litical fabric of America. Had the Americans more readi- 
ness to enjoy a biting sarcasm, or plaisanlerie, and not to 



( no ) 

let them roll off like water from a duck's wing, they would 
also have to suffer from this agility of mind the same which 
the French have suffered, with whom a piercing remark 
has gone often much farther than plain truth, and who, not 
unfrcquently, have believed that a whole philosophical sys- 
tem or an institution might be proved to be false, and pros- 
trated by a single conceit. 

I think the English parliament keep, in this respect, a 
wise and agreeable mean between the French and the Ame- 
ricans. There is much more fun in their parliament than 
in the American congress, and, — which is, in fact, necessary 
to produce this state of things, — a member of parliament is 
much surer that something smart or witty will be relished, 
than a member of congress. For attacks in parliament, if 
of a humorous kind, are received with more good nature, 
or, at least, more as they ought to be, as the attacks of wit 
and humor, than in congress, where every thing is taken as 
mere downright, plodding politics. 

A few miles above Tarrytown, (where it will not require 
much persuasion by the inhabitants to make a stranger act 
as the name of the place requires, since the historian of Co- 
lumbus lives there,) lies the state prison, which, call it Sing- 
sing or Mount Pleasant, is in direct contradiction to its 
name. Instead of Singsing, it ought to be called Hush- 
Hush; or, we might borrow, for this place, the poetic name 
of the Turks for their church-yards, and call it the City of 
Silence. But, according to the exquisite American taste in 
making geographical names, Mumvillc, I dare say, would 
be preferred.* The inmates of this dumb abode, proba- 

• Some rcadci's may not understand the allusion of the author witliout 
being informed that there is at Singsing one of the state prisons of the state 
of New York. Tiicre are from ciglit hundred to a tliousand convicts in this 
penitentiary, founded upon the Auburn phm, the chief characteristics of 
which are, that tlie prisoner is bound to perpetual silence as long as he con- 
tinues to be an inmate of the pcnitentiiuy, and that he sleeps in a solitary 



( 171 ) 

bly, do not cherish it by the name of Mount Pleasant, 
though I must testify to the truth of this name, as to the 
view from the spot. Close to the prison, on the top of 
a hill opens a prospect of great beauty. The wide wa- 
ters of the Hudson, the high and steep bank of the op- 
posite shore, and the distant view along the river — the 
many objects of nature before you, all testifying to her 
power and greatness, contrast strangely with the prison 
beneath; with its straight walls and many uniform and 
narrow window holes, built for men who have forfeited 
their liberty. Here is a spot where, in olden times, a con- 
vent would have been built. The finest spots, and very 
properly so, were always selected for the erection of con- 
vents. 

Names often play cruel tricks upon men and things, 
and sometimes men upon their names. To meet a plain, 
cross, and unamiable Laura is very common. I saw lately 
a Porcia, ah, such a Porcia! But there are contrasts more 
striking than these. The arch-villain Gates was called 
Titus, as his crowned kinsman in disposition, Louis XI., was 
the first French monarch who called himself Most Christian 
Majesty; for the same reason, probably, that the inquisition, 
unholy if ever any thing was so, was called the Holy Office. 
Thus, the name of the assassin of Henry HL was Clement, 
and Tiberius's name was Gracchus; and there is Archbishop 
Laud, never to be sufficiently lauded. There have been 
many guilty Innocents; but we should find no end to the 
list of these beliers of their own names. The dirk by which 
the French knight gave the final coup, was called misericorde, 
(the coup itself, coup de grace,) and the drop in ancient cas- 
tles, by which people were "eliminated," as the phrase was 
in the French revolution, went by the neat little name of 
oubliette; as if the horrors of the living grave beneath were 

cell. The Pennsylvania Penitentiary system is fonnded on perpetual se- 
clusion. In both the prisoner is constantly engaged in labor. — Rditob. 



( 172 ) 

# but like a dram of Lethe. Cannons, formerly used in moun- 
tainous countries and drawn by men, were styled amuseltes — 
very pleasant toys! So is a brook, near the Trasimene lake, 
which drank human blood in such full and deep draughts, now 
called Sanguinetto* Blood-kin, to translate it literally, or Lit- 
tle Blood; while Ferdinand IV"., King of Naples, who fled 
three times from his capital and the main part of his king- 
dom, is called Invictiis, on the pedestal of his statue, in 
the Studj. There is in congress a Judge Cage, and I saw 
lately in the papers that a Mr. Lawless had been appointed 
judge; now suppose Judges Lawless and Cage form the 
bench, and I ask any honest man whether he would not feel 
inclined to challenge the bench instead of the jury. A Doc- 
tor Physick or Lieutenant Drummer, as there was one of this 
name in the Literary Convention in New York, from West 
Point, are correct, but sometimes names are cruelly true; 
for example, the brig which carried Napoleon from Elba 
was called The Inconstant. Seldom does the name happen 
to hit so well, as when Napoleon presented Marshal Keller- 
raannt with Johannisberg. That Mount Auburn, the rest- 
ing place of the Bostonians, is so called, is somewhat bit- 
ter; as the entombed are certainly subject to silence and 
solitary confinement, though the comparison with the 
Auburn system cannot be carried any farther. The most 
shocking contrast between name and person, of which I 
know, is offered in the case of the woman who poisoned 
more than thirty individuals, and whose name was Gott- 
fried.! 

When our boat approached Newburg, a town on the right 
bank of the Hudson, a farmer, with whom I had entered 
into conversation, told me that, the day before, he went 
from Albany down the river. His family lives in New- 
burg, and he came from the west to see them, after an ab- 

• Near Ossaja (Bone-field.) — Editob. 

+ Kdlermann would be translated Cellar-man, and Johannisberg' produces 
the best hock.— Kiutoh. 

i Pear.p in (wkI. Slie was exeruted in Bremen. — Editor. 



( 173 ) 

sence of five years. Shortly before the boat arrived at the 
place of his destination, he fell asleep, as is often the case 
with members of the industrial classes on board these boats, 
owing to the uniform motion and the want of physical oc- 
cupation. When he awoke, he found that the boat had 
passed the place. " I said nothing," he said to me with a 
shrewd look, " paid my passage on to New York, and shall 
say nothing to my folks here. Only they will wonder where 
I come from at this time of the day." But this is not quite 
so bad as the fate of the poor old quaker lady who was de- 
sirous of going to a place midway between London and 
Manchester. She took a seat in the mail-coach, in London; 
when she had arrived at the place of her destination, she 
began to collect her bag, handkerchief, parasol, shawl — 
" All right!" said the guard, dashing the door to, and on the 
poor woman was carried to Manchester. She was obliged 
to return, but before she could get out of the coach, though 
she tried this time to be much quicker, the mail-coach start- 
ed again for London, before she could manage to get out. 
It is said that she floated for three whole months, in this 
state of painful suspense, between the metropolis and Man- 
chester. 

On the wharf, in Albany, we were received by hackney- 
coachmen and porters offering their services, as you may 
imagine; but there are here not as many as in New York 
and Philadelphia, and, consequently, the bustle of their com- 
petition is not so great. In the two latter cities, they be- 
gan to importune passengers in such a degree, that the cap- 
tains of the steamboats saw themselves obliged to prohibit 
them from coming on board. They, therefore, now stand five 
or six deep on shore, stretching out their heads, with a pair 
of anxiously searching eyes, trying to catch those of some 
passenger, or to attract his attention by some interrogatory 
motion with their heads and hands. And if you happen to 
meet the look of one of these aurigse, his longing desire 
and imploring expression, second to none in the whole 
world, except, perhaps, to that of a half-desponding lover, 



( 174 ) 

it moves your very heart. That you may not disappoint any 
of these eager candidates for the carriage of your effects, it 
is necessary to stand before them with downcast eyes, as 
you must do in an auction, where a look is a bid, and you 
have carefully to avoid the greedy eye of the loquacious 
auctioneer, or a twinkling of the lid may cost you some- 
thing. 



( 175 ) 



LETTER X. 



There was this time no music on board the steamboat. 
I do not know whether the method of attracting passengers 
by the refined call of a band has been entirely abandoned 
or not. When I first came to this country, and strolled 
about in the streets of New York, I recollect very well the 
impression made upon me by the different bands on board the 
boats, whose colors were streaming in the air, and waving 
far over the wharf, near which they were lying. This good 
impression, however, was much enhanced by the tune which 
one of these bands played — the hunter's chorus of the Frei- 
schiitz. When Weber's popular opera first came out, I lived 
in Dresden. Every ear caught the tune of the hunter's cho- 
rus, which must certainly have been previously lying in 
every human breast, and only wanted to be called forth, and 
clearly pronounced by some one, in order to be known, felt, 
and loved by every hearer; as the best passages of a great 
poet, which pointedly and pithily pronounce something, the 
truth of which instantly strikes every one, and renders the 
sentence, in a moment, a common-place. It is the same with 
all arts, only the effect of the productions of the two just 
mentioned is more general, because they speak languages 
understood by all who think and feel. The artist is for us 
the greatest, and we love him most, when, with the wis- 
dom of a master, and the might of genius, he calls up before 



( 176 ) 

us that which we feel, in the moment we behold his work, 
was always in our inmost soul, but which we had neither the 
power of mind, nor elevation and energy enough to bring 
clearly to our consciousness. Hence the surprise, the un- 
speakable joy, the deep emotion, when we are suddenly 
placed before a shepherd boy of Thorwaldson. It is the 
image of grace we carried always with us, but we could not 
give it birth; hence our feelings when we see, at last, the 
Madonna di Sisto of Raphael; we recognise the true, full, 
entire conception of the heavenly mother and the babe she 
nurses to fulfil the greatest destiny; hence our feelings, when 
the waves of Palestrini's music roll on, and our soul says, 
" For that music I have always longed." No artist can 
carry any thing absolutely new into our soul, but his wand 
may call into life that of which the elements lay dormant 
within us. When the mathematician Lambert asks, after 
having heard Giuck's incomparable Alccste, " What shall be 
proved by all this?" St. Cecilia herself would not be able to 
touch a chord of his heart. 

From Dresden I went to the South of Germany, and the 
music of the Freischiitz had preceded me. I went to Mar- 
seilles, and heard the hunter's chorus again. I sailed to 
Greece, and a Greek, who had been in France and brought 
back a taste for our civilized music, whistled it. I went to 
Naples, and the band played the same tune on parade. I re- 
turned to Germany, and I found that every shoemaker's 
boy, fetching bread in the early morning for the journey- 
men of his master, sung it in the street, and already it had 
been stereotyped on the cylinder of hand-organs. I travelled 
to England, where I was greeted with Weber's tune; I 
crossed the Atlantic, and it welcomed me even here, in the 
western hemisphere. From what depths in the well of 
human feeling must this tune be drawn to become so hack- 
neyed all over the world, even to the disgust of lightly 
thinking minds ! I wish I could ever produce a work, which 
centuries after my death, would be hawked about for a six- 
pence, as Shakspeare's Romeo and Juliet was offered to me 



( 177 ) 

in the Strand, on bad paper and in bad print, or, as the 
poor editions of Don Quixote, are sold all over Spain.* 
What makes a " sickening common place," if not its striking 
truth or its great beauty which is felt by every one as soon 
as it is heard? 

Have you ever considered, how the two extremes meet in 
this case? Mathematics and music are universal; they defy 
the bars of nations and are understood through all zones 
alike. The one proceeding from the absolute understand- 
ing, and addressing it, the other the pure language of feel- 
ing — both as universal as the principles of the understand- 
ing and the elementary feelings of the soul. Lichtenstein 
found a native of the Cape of Good Hope, humming the 
tune of a German song,t and Euclid is as true to-day as he 
was thousands of years ago; as ten times ten can make no 
more or less, a thousand years hence than it makes now, 
but must make a hundred alike for the Esquimaux and the 
Chinese. And this is, also, the reason why music is the 
kindest of all arts, and the most faithful companion to man. 
There is no age or condition in the life of the individual, and 
no period in the history of a nation, from its rudest starting 
point to the last stages of refinement, that music is not wil- 
ling to grieve with the afflicted, and to laugh with the gay, 
and to offer comfort and joy from the infinite variety of her 
treasures. None of the fine arts aflfords so much pleasure in 
its simplest beginnings, as music, none can satisfy the human 
heart with so little materials. The lowest are not too low 
for her, and the highest owe her a thousand delights. When 
the poor slave, whom neither painting nor sculpture, nor 
knowledge ennobles, returns from the toilsome task of the 
day, and wipes the sweat from his heavy brow, he resorts 
yet to her for some comfort, before he rests his weary limbs; 

• In some of our auctions, we have heard the Vicar of Wakefield fami- 
liarly put up as the Vicar, and the auctioneer's tongue rattling- to the tune of 
" Well, how much's bid for the Vicar."" At the same time it is the Vicar, 
with which every foreigner begins English. — Epitor, 

f It was the tune of, Frcut euch des Lcberits. — Editor. 

23 



( 178 ) 

and the boiulsinan, who knows but little pleasure in the con- 
tracted circle in which he moves, owes to her the richest 
enjoyment he has, when he plays his rude instrument for 
the young ones to dance around him, and to forget who they 
are. How happy I have seen Bohemian peasants, with their 
violins! It seems, as if man, the more he is robbed of his 
rights, the more he calls for pleasure from music; and when 
a nation sinks into bondage, and all the monuments of for- 
mer glory, and liberty, and thought are lost, when by the 
fierceness of a tyrant or the cruelty of time, all the records 
of what its fathers were and did, are destroyed, even then, 
still it is she, the daughter of Heaven, who preserves the 
memory of happier ages, in plaintive songs to kindle at a 
future and better day, the pride of freemen and the love of 
country in the heayts of daring insurgents, and to change the 
song of grief into the bursting air of the warrior. Would 
Greece ever have risen from her sleep, had her degraded 
sons not sung the deeds of their fathers, and the memory of 
their early honor, in places where they were unwatchcd by 
their masters ? If you knew the whole history of this people 
as I do, you would answer with me, no. — What share had 
the inspiring Marseillaise in the late revolution of France? 
How much does England owe to her soldiers' and her 
sailors' songs? How many battles has Rule Britannia fought 
for her? It is recorded in no history, and yet the effect of 
all these songs has been immense. Hark! the trumpet, even 
firing the very horses that have to carry their bold riders 
into yonder square ; would they go without that martial leader, 
which sends its piercing sounds into the weakest heart? 
Hark! the simple, solemn beat of the drums; they sound 
from the centre of that column, which marches up, in mea- 
sured time, to the doubtful assault, and bridle the bounding 
courage of the brave and faithful band. — And when the vic- 
tory is won, the thankful peals of the conquerors, rise to the 
God of the Just, and a grateful country answers by the swell- 
ing anthem and the full Tc Dcum in the wide temples of the 
Most High! 



( 179 ) 

The herdsman trusts to her, to while away his time, and 
makes the cliffs of solitary Alps, raised high above the busy 
world, converse with him; she leads the vine dresser home 
from the hills, where by his labor, irksome and niggardly 
rewarded, pleasure grows for others, and she makes lighter 
the trying task on board the rolling vessel. She is with the 
wanderer, who sings a song of his home, or hums a tune of 
his early youth; and with her aid, passes quicker the time of 
a soldier in the camp. 

It is music with which a mother's untiring love, lulls the 
restless babe to sleep; music which calls the little ones to a 
merry show, and gives to toys the greatest charm; music, 
to which the youth resorts, to speak of love, in the late 
hour of others' rest, to her, whose eyes have wounded him; 
it is music which measures the merry steps of harmless joy, 
and gives utterance to forgetful mirth, stirred by the spark- 
ling contents of the slender glass; it is she who assembles 
fashion to hear the brilliant work of a glowing master; she 
who beguiles the slow hours of a prisoner, and transports 
an exile to his home and friends; and, it is she who brings 
the balm of comfort to the widow, pouring, with a feeble 
voice, her burning grief into a lonely hymn, and she who 
accompanies us to the grave.* 

When the rude Indian gives utterance to his joy, his 
drum accompanies the quickened steps and louder voice, 
which, obedient to the universal law, he pours forth in rhyt- 
mic measure; and the tibia sounded to the highest strains of 
Sophocles, and David played his harp, and cornets and cym 
bals sounded before the ark, to praise the King of Israel, and 
Christians go and bid their feelings, too strong for any Ian 
guage, rise to the Creator of our hearts on the saci-ed wings 
of Heaven-devoted music^of her whose power is so great 
and yet so mysterious, that man, to speak of all the plea- 
sure, comfort, and peace, which she can instil into his soul, 

• In many European countries, the dead are accompanied by song's to the 
grave; still more frequently is a hymn sung over the grave. — Eihtdii. 



( 180 ) 

has no words to name them, but must borrow all from taste, 
or touch, or sight 

Well is she called a daughter of Heaven: whoe'er has 
heard, in Michel Angelo's most noble chapel,* the sacred 
strains, which Palestrini has revealed to us, like the greeting 
from another world, has felt the breath of heavenly calm. 

Ay! not only doth music love man; even the brute to 
which the word of reason has been denied, gives utterance 
to its feeling of life, and health, and of enjoyment, in notes 
which make the wood resound of thanks to Heaven; and 
pious men do tell us, of the pure melodies in wiiich the 
blessed sing the praise of God. 

• Cappella Sistina,in the Vatican, in which the service of the passion week 
is performed. — Editor. 



( 181 ) • 



LETTER XI. 



From Albany to Schenectady, you travel by rail-road; 
and the least exciting of all travelling, it seems to me, is de- 
cidedly locomotion by steam on a rail-road. The traveller, 
whose train of ideas is always influenced by the manner in 
which he proceeds, thinks in a steam car of nothing else but 
the place of his destination, for the very reason that he is 
moving so quickly. Pent up in a narrow space, rolling along 
on an even plain which seldom offers any objects of curiosity, 
and which, when it does, you pass by with such rapidity, 
that your attention is never fixed; together with a number of 
people who have all the same object in view, and think like 
you of nothing else, but when they shall arrive at their jour- 
ney's end — thus situated, you find nothing to entertain or 
divert you, except now and then a spark flying into the win- 
dow of the car and burning a hole in a lady's veil, or other- 
wise exciting the interest of the travellers by a gentle smell 
of burning. There is no common conversation, no rondo- 
laugh, nothing but a dead calm, interrupted from time to 
time, only by some passenger pulling out his watch and ut- 
tering a sound of impatience, that a mile in four minutes is 
the rate of travelling on " this line." 

Strange, that the most rapid travelling should be the most 
wearisome, but so it is; les extremes se touchent, always and 
every where. The animal which comes nearest to the shape 
of man is the ugliest; gods and beggars go half naked, and 



• ( 182 ) 

kings and servants are called by their baptismal names; and 
Madame de Stael delighted in playing soubrettes, while 
sombre Shelley amused himself by letting little ships of 
paper float on the water. 

I have mentioned Madame de Stael, and, in a former letter, 
Madame de Recamier; and now I will tell you an anecdote 
which ought not to be lost. A gentleman (who sailed with 
Captain Kotzebue round the world) told me, that, when he 
lived in Copet, in the house of the former — a woman who 
could but rule or adore — he took, one day, a sail in company 
with these two ladies and some gentlemen, on the lake of 
Geneva. They were overtaken by a storm, which at times 
is a very dangerous occurrence on that superb water. The 
whole party had a narrow escape, and when, in the evening 
at tea, they talked over their perils, Madame de Stael ob- 
served, " Had we all been drowned, it would have afforded 
a fine newspaper article; both the most beautiful woman of 
the age, and the most gifted would have perished together." 

Rolling on in my swift car, I thought of all the different 
ways by which little earth-bound man contrives to move 
from one place to another. If a man has health in his limbs 
and money in his pocket, and time to spare, I agree with 
Rousseau, that there is but one way of travelling — that on 
foot, " provided always nevertheless " the country be inte- 
resting. It is impossible to learn half as much in any other 
way; and, as Seume says, it is easier to give a penny to a poor 
fellow when you arc on foot than to throw it out of the coach 
window. This, to be sure, would not make much difference 
in our country, since you may travel many hundred miles, or 
live for many years in a place without ever being asked for 
alms. I recollect very well, when I was addressed b}^ a lit- 
tle beggar girl, in Boston, for the first time after a long re- 
sidence. She belonged to emigrants who had lately ar- 
rived. 

There is a zest in all enjoyments, even the meanest, 
when you travel on foot. To rise before daybreak and 
march into the day in a thick lonely forest; to lie down, af- 



( 183 ) 

ter a long walk, under the rich foliage of a beach-tree, on 
the top of a mountain, from which you see into a valley va- 
riegated by nature and civilization; to take a refreshing bath 
after the journey, and go to a library or gallery, or into the 
opera of a large city — are enjoyments and contrasts, which 
I can compare to no others. 

To sit down in Switzerland, at ten o'clock in the morning, 
with a fine piece of cheese and a full tumbler of wine, after 
a march, begun just after sunrise, has given you a smart ap- 
petite, is a luxury of which but few who sit down to a dinner 
at a West End clubhouse know the keenness and pleasure. 
Next seems to come the travelling by way of swimming. 
Though I consider myself a pretty fair swimmer, I cannot 
say, that I should relish much the aquatic expeditions of the 
correos que nadan* Poor amphibious post-boys, how you 
must feel when you descend the Guancabamba and Amazon, 
floating with your bombax stick, and the mail tied round 
your head! Naturalists mention, as something very re- 
markable, of the animal homo, that he alone is able to live 
in all climes. It seems to me much more surprising, indeed, 
that he can vegetate in all situations, from these paddling 
couriers, or the sooty chimney-sweeper, to the refined 
banker in Paris or one of the richest countesses in England; 
from the beggar at the door of a palace to its inmate, or the 
starving copyist of music or galley-slave to the dispenser of 
sinecures or a governor-general of the East Indies. 

It is well that they have not in those countries, where the 
mail is carried along by swimmers, franked bushels of pam- 
phlets and papers to send, as we have here. There are cu- 
rious post-establishments in this Avorld! I knew an old wo- 
man who spent her life in walking from Berlin to Posen, 
and from Posen to Berlin, about a hundred and forty miles. 
She was called the Living Gazette. Have you ever heard 
of the celebrated post-office of the whalers at Essex Bay, on 
one of the Gallapagos Islands in the Pacific? There is a cave, 

* Couriers who swim, — Eurroii. 



( 184 ) 

well secured against the weather, in which whalers deposits 
letters sometimes for the information of other whalers, some- 
times to be taken home, when a returning fellow-hunter on 
the deep passes by. I had heard of it by whaling captains, 
and found it, afterwards, mentioned in Lieutenant Pauld- 
ing's Journal of a Cruise of the United States Schooner Dol- 
phin among the Islands of the Pacific,* — a little unassuming 
book, full of interesting items. Lieutenant Paulding found 
a letter there safely deposited. This insolated fact shows 
strikingly the existence of a common bond and trust among 
civilized nations; so does a letter deposited in a post-office 
of the farthest west of Missouri, which safely arrives in a 
village in the most eastern part of Germany, if it only has 
the two words " Via New York and Havre" on its direction. 
In the middle ages, there was a man who carried letters from 
Pomerania to the students of that country in the university 
of Paris, and when I lived in Rome the " courier " was yet 
existing, who regularly carried letters from Rome to Spain. 
And yet we are told the world goes back; or is it main- 
tained that improvements of this kind lielong to the indus- 
try of nations only, which is allowed on all hands to improve 
rapidly, while, morally, we degenerate? I would deny this; 
there is morality in an intercourse of this kind between na- 
tions; it requires a universal acknowledgment of certain 
broad principles of honor and morality. — It will yet hap- 
pen, within the next hundred years, that letters are directed 
from London to Canton, (perhaps, to Peking,) via New 
York and the city which will rise at the mouth of the Co- 
lumbia River. 

And now contrast the general post-office, as you may well 
call it, of the Gallapagos Islands with that in London. When 
I, for the first time, past through the old London post-office, 
an unpretending narrow building, and found, written on a 
little table, " JSiails due from Hamlnirg, Malta, Jamaica, Ca- 
nada," with a long list of other places and islands all over 

• New York, 1831. — Enrroit. 



( 185 ) 

the warld, I was forcibly reminded, by this small board, of 
Great Britain's vast dominion, and knew of nothing with 
which to compare it, except the many confessionals in the 
nave of Rome's St. Peter, over each of which the name of a 
particular language is written, inviting, the faithful of all na- 
tions to confess in their own to-ngue. Over one stands Lin- 
gua Germanica, over another Lfingua Gallica, Anglica, His- 
panica, Hungarica, Lusitana, Neogrseca, &c* 

But, to return to my swimming travellers. The peasants 
of a certain part of Bavaria sometimes journey in a manner 
not much different from the Indian in the Amazon. They 
take large logs of wood, dispose somehow or other of their 
little baggage, place themselves in a riding position on the 
hind end, and down they go, much in the beaver fashion, 
their feet dangling all the time in the water. 

Travelling on horseback is^in some countries, very agree- 
able. Man's thoughts are freer on the back of an animal, 
whose four legs are his awn, as Mephistopheles correctly 
suggests. But the care of a horse, his liability to indispo- 
sitions, the regular rests which he requires, and the slow- 
ness of this way of travelling, are serious drawbacks to em- 
ploying a horse's back for our seat. We cannot, besides, 
speed our journey by taking, now and then, a "lift" in the 
stage-coaches, as we may do when we go on foot; and it is 
very convenient to cross rapidly an uninteresting country, 
like skipping over an insipid passage af an otherwise good 
book. To ride on a mule with a caravan of muleteers is 
always interesting; for the muleteer has a thousand amusing 
and instructive things and anecdotes to tell you; provided 
nature has given you the skill of easily assimilating with 
people of this class. A peculiar gift of the kind is not, how- 
ever, required, at least in any uncommon degree, when you 
pass over the mountains from France to Spain; when the 
girl who takes care of the mule, rides with you on the same 
faithful animal; words are then found easily. 

To travel in a sedan must be abominable. When I 

went up Vesuvius I could not even endure the idea of see- 

24 



( 186 ) 

ing men laboring hard in the heat of the sun only to move 
my flesh and skeleton; and preferred paying something to 
the men who offered themselves, and going up alone. How- 
ever, in India it is often impossible to travel in any other 
way, and people soon accustom themselves to see the trot- 
ting bipeds under the litter on which they recline. To tra- 
vel poste-haste, either on an ostrich, as Mr. Moore has seen, 
or on a dolphin with Arion, or on a cannon ball, as Miinch- 
hausen tried, jumping from one twenty-four pounder, shot 
into the fortress, upon another, shot out of it — or navigating 
the air in ZambuUo's style, by holding fast to the mantle of 
the diable boiteux — or, which is the equal of any of these, 
sliding from the snowy mountain tops on a small sledge in 
the Swiss fashion, I do not believe will generally be consi- 
dered the ne phis ultra of comfort. A camel in the desert 
makes you 5ea-sick, during the first days, and I have never 
been rocked in a howdah on an elephant's back. Nor has it 
been my lot to try the Esquimaux dog or the reindeer. On 
an ass I have travelled, and its short, broken step is paradisia- 
cal comfort compared to a ride on a cow, to which I was once 
obliged to resort, in the army, when I had hurt myself by a 
fall. The toilsome journeying in our farthest west, when 
by turns the canoe carries you and you carry the canoe, and 
when the packages and provisions are taken over the por- 
tages by the trotting voyageurs in the way that cats carry a 
number of kittens from one place to another — by running 
to and fro, and tiius transporting the goods by instalments — 
is a style of travelling which cannot abound in pleasure. 

But now, we have all sorts of travelling in wagons, carts, 
and coaches; from the rickety one horse omnibus in the 
south of France, to the proud and flying mail-coach in Eng- 
land — from the wagon of the New England emigrant, to 
the vettorino from Florence to Rome — and from the snail- 
like, ancient post baggage-wagon, to the light Tartar in 
Turkey: and then there is all the travelling by water, from 
the raft on the Rhine, or the American rivers, to the refined 
packet of New York and Philadelphia — from the boat on 



( 187 ) 

the Nile, where you are devoured by insects, to our boat on 
the grand canal, where you must look out not to arrive in 
Buffalo without a head — from the slow market-boat between 
Mayence and Frankfort, to the darting steamboat in our 
west. — But, there would never be an end, were we to enu- 
merate all the ways of crawling and creeping, which it after 
all remains, of bustling man. Only of one more way of 
compound locomotion will I tell you. 

It is said that Frederic William I., King of Prussia, who 
liked a joke, though it might be a rude one, overheard a 
peasant saying to his companion, that if he were the king 
he would not move otherwise than in a sedan. "You shall 
try it," said the king, stepping forward; and soon after 
the wished-for conveyance was brought. The peasant 
stepped in, but the king had ordered the bottom to be taken 
out — and now the carriers began to run, and wind about, 
forward and backward, over stones and through mire, until 
the shins of the poor fellow within were deplorably sore. 
At length they halted — and when the king asked the pea- 
sant how he was pleased with the royal conveyance, he an- 
swered, "Uncommonly, sire, uncommonly; only, to say the 
truth, if it were not for the honor, it would be almost like 
walking." Don't you think there are many things in this 
life very much like this sedan? and, alas! kings themselves 
are but too often obliged to go through honorable but shin- 
breaking procedures of this kind. How often do they not 
look with envy upon a simple, healthful pedestrian, — whose 
whole power of self-locomotion still remains inviolate, — 
from their gilt and ornamented, but narrow and uncomfort- 
able incasement, in which, however splendid it may be, they 
remain men like all their fellow creatures — with the same 
pains and desires, and not an inch higher from the ground 
than those, who, in their turn, admire and envy them. 

I thought this would be " positively the last " anecdote, 
but I am bold enough to take the Russian ultimatums to the 
Porte, for my example. Were there not four of them? The 
train which my ideas took by the last anecdote, calls up 



( 188 ) 

another, which is of too generic and representative a cha- 
racter, to be omitted. You will thank me for communi- 
cating it to you, when I tell you, that I have it from a source, 
which allows no doubt of its truth; besides, the whole is 
but natural. 

The Empress Josephine, had sent some exquisite Parisian 
toys to her little and favorite grandson, Louis, the son of 
the King of Holland. When they were unpacked, and the 
Queen of Holland, who was a most tender mother, was an- 
ticipating the pleasure of her -child, the prince disappointed 
her entirely, by the little interest he seemed to take in all the 
beautiful toys and contrivances around him. He would look 
at them, but always return to the window from which he 
looked out, with a longing desire, into the street. " Louis, 
are you not charmed with these beautiful play-things?" — 
" Yes, but" — "What is your desire? look here with what 
tender care, the Empress has chosen these handsome play- 
things to give you pleasure?" — " Oh, they are very fine, 

but " " But what, my child; can you wish for any thing 

else? don't you feel grateful to grandmamma.^" — " Yes, cer- 
tainly I do." — ^" But they do not seem to amuse you much!" 
" They do; but, mamma, if I only could walk for a short time 
in the mud there, with that child in the square!" 

A friend of mine instructed Princess , in German, 

and for a long time, he could not bestow a more acceptable 
reward upon his royal pupil, than by telling her of the rus- 
tic and primitive life of some peasants on the continent; 
on the same principle that every tale for peasant girls must 
begin with, " There was a beautiful princess." 

Every great monarch has been glad to throw off, at times, 
the lacing of royalty and to appear like an equal of others. 
Harun Alreshid, Charlemagne, Henry IV., Frederic the 
Great, Napoleon, all have enjoyed this pleasure, though but 
for a moment. To say the truth, I should think, it must be 
a tedious way, di campare* to be born for a throne, without 

• Italian, for " gcUing along." We were one evening addressed in Na- 
ples by a man, who looked reduced in his circumstances indeed, but had 



( 189 ) 

uncommon capacity; to be above the law, to owe nothing to 
one's own exertions, and to be from birth at the ne plus ultra 
of life. This, undoubtedly, is one of the great reasons why 
so many monarchs have loved conquest. They want to be 
active; the meanest of their subjects can say, "This I have 
done;" they alone find every thing done to their hands. 
Lucian was not wrong when he pitied the gods for their 
Olympic ennui. Kings are always something of a Dalai 
Lama; honored and revered outlaws; — sacrifices to society, 
whose welfare often requires one visible being above the 
law, just to fill a place, that no continual quarrel for it shall 
disturb the peace. I am thankful for being under the law, 
a citizen, a whole man; for man was created to be a be- 
ing under the law. Or, must we presume, that for the 
very reason which elevates monarchs above the common in- 
terests, and cares, and pangs of ambition, they seek a higher 
sphere of activity, and strive to do good for its own sake? 
That, from their peculiar situation they have an immense 
start before other men, and can deliver, when three years 
old, a speech "with peculiar grace," as Croly says in his 
Life of George IV., the prince did, when receiving the society 
of Ancient Britons, on St. David's day? History records, 
as yet, no such necessary consequence, and every book of 
memoirs shows us, that kings have all the same petty troubles, 
jealousies, pains, and griefs, that we have; toothache, gout, 
and all the other elements of vexation of our mortal bodies; 
and as strong a disrelish of a minister's popularity, as the 
minister has of his first secretary. 

It has often appeared to me, that since the succession by 
primogeniture has been firmly established in Europe, which 
was the only way of securing those advantages which are 
peculiar to monarchies, there is no situation less enviable, 
than that of a brother to a king or crown-prince. With all 

nevertheless the clerical distinctions of dress. We expressed our amaze- 
ment at being asked for alms by a person in this dress, when we received 
the answer, "Ah! che vuol signore, cost si campa.'^ — (Ah sir, what use is it to 
talk? thus we must try to get along.) — Editor. 



( 190 ) 

the privations of the monarch, and they are numberless in- 
deed, they have not his power, and must see the same honor, 
due to their birth, paid to greatness risen by merit. There 
are but few princes who create their own sphere, as the noble 
Prince Henry the Navigator. Why? — have not many the 
power to promote, in a similar way, knowledge, or art, or 
the progress of discovery? — Simply, because they are 
princes by birth. 

Yet there are two sides to every subject, and a prince to 
whom has been given a noble soul, can do much good in 
certain ways, for the very reason that he is so fixedly ele- 
vated, and yet not the actual ruler. Only it requires a truly 
noble soul, to pass uninjured, through the ordeal of high ele- 
vation from earliest infanc)'. 

Esquirol, in his Lectures, states that the proportion of de- 
ranged monarchs to other people under an alienation of mind, 
is as sixty to one — a bitter comment upon the principle 
of legitimacy! — since Esquirol ascribes to the want of cross- 
breeding, this proportion, so enormous, even if we make all 
possible allowance for the fact, that not a single deranged 
ruler escapes public notice, while the lists of lunatic subjects 
will always be defective. If Esquirol be correct in assigning 
this cause for so startling a fact, we would have another rea- 
son against the philosophy of the principle, for the first time 
officially pronounced by the Congress of Vienna, that a le- 
gitimate heir to a throne can be only an individual descend- 
ing from two parents legitimately descending from sovereign 
families. Strange, some countries are peculiarly jealous of 
the birthright of their citizens, and will not allow a foreigner 
to hold as much as an inferior office; and, according to the 
principle of legitimacy, as now observed, the monarch, in 
whom all nationality ought to concentrate, must always be 
half a foreigner; and some dynasties never can become na- 
turalized by blood, e. g. the Hanoverian race on the English 
throne, which was, and ever has remained German in blood 
and bone. The same is the case with the Holstein race, on 
the throne of Russia, and, in other cases, it leads to the re- 



( 191 ) 

suit that a foreigner rules over a nation peculiarly proud of 
its nationality; of which we have an instance in the present 
government of Spain. The same was the case with the mo- 
ther of Louis XIV., with Mary of Medici, Catherine of 
Russia, and many other sovereigns. Monarchies will yet 
last for many nations a long time, owing to their state of po- 
litical as well as social development, or to their relations 
with other states; but even Chateaubriand said, in the cham- 
ber of peers, on the 19th of April, 1831, "I do not believe 
in the divine right of kings," and " monarchy is no longer a 
religion; it is a political form." Nay, even the Duke of 
Fitz-James waived the idea of divine right, and appealed to 
the people. Our time has seen so many thrones tumbling 
down and in the state of being raised, has seen so many 
crowns handed round like dishes of no peculiar attraction, 
and of which the " refusal " at most was asked, that the only 
safe authority for a crown, is reason and the interest of the 
people; but as to prolonging the belief that there is some- 
thing peculiar in an anointed race, an actual difference be- 
tween the blood of a ruling family and other blood, — why, 
people who have gone through our time and seen dozens of 
kings stripped of their purple, and appearing like any other 
mortal beings, and who have had, by memoirs and docu- 
ments, so many peeps behind the curtain, cannot, even if 
they wished it, force such a theory upon their belief. Plain 
naked facts would stand fight with it, even in the most 
loyal mind of a devout continental tory; he might as well 
force himself to believe three times three are ten; facts are 
facts, and must remain such to the world's end. The more 
times have advanced, the more has royalty been enabled to 
rest its power upon moral grounds. The kings of Prussia 
are never crowned, and if Ave compare a monarch of nor- 
thern Europe with an Asiatic ruler, surrounded by the trap- 
pings and pompous show of eastern despotism, and consider 
how much less of the forms and formalities of royalty is, in 
our times, found to be necessary for giving it stability and 
authority, than but a century ago, we shall come to the con- 



( 192 ) 

elusion, that the time may not be too far when it will not 
be considered any longer dangerous, that dynasties should 
continue their race without exposing themselves to the fright- 
ful consequences pointed out by Esquirol. 

However, I must confess to you, that some farther proof 
ought to be brought to support the assertion of that distin- 
guished man, that the " breeding in and in," as it is termed, of 
the European dynasties, is the only cause of the enormous fre- 
quency of derangement which dwells under crowns. In for- 
mer ages, not a few consorts of monarchs have, with the most 
maternal feeling for their people, taken care of a proper ad- 
mixture of renovating blood in their race. Beaux Rantzaus 
are not so exceedingly rare in European history; and, though 
I know it is asserted, and, I believe, pretty well tested, that 
Jews, Quakers, and Catholics, in England, produce more in- 
sane people than others, owing, as it seems, to their mar- 
rying generally among themselves, yet I do not remember 
having read that in' those villages in Europe, the inhabitants 
of which marry hardly ever a girl out of their place, and 
often have bi^ one family name, insanity is met with more 
often than in other villages. An inquiry of this kind would 
be interesting and very easy. There are many peasants who 
would have the bestclaim to high nobility, if belonging to an 
" old family " constitutes one of the chief ingredients of no- 
blesse. That cross-breeding improves the race I have little 
doubt, on the principle that the farmer, both in Europe and 
America, exchanges grain with his neighbor, to avoid de- 
terioration. As far as my observation goes, I must say, that 
I have generally found bright children in the families of pa- 
rents of two different nations, though I allow that this result 
can be accounted for in a different way. This, at first sight, 
would appear to be in favor of the ruling dynasties, but we 
must recollect, that they have thoroughly mixed so many 
years since, that they form, by this time, one general race, 
and, again, it has been found by many travellers, that, in 
large capitals, the situation of which invites people of many 
different nations to settle within them, those classes in which 



( 193 ) 

all nations mix for a long time, receive an addition in a 
breed, which is far from being desirable for a good popu- 
lation. 

Whatever is bom, constructed, or contrived in this nether 
world, carries with it the germ of dissolution. The very 
principle which gives it life or start becomes the cause of its 
decline. Monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, can give great 
elan to a nation; but the principle of legitimacy carries 
within it the germ of change, equally with the principle of 
universal suffrage. Nothing shall last for ever, except the 
plans of the great Ruler. 

How does, on the other hand, our system of politics af- 
fect the mind? Are the frequent excitements, which pene- 
trate into the smallest arteries of our whole social system, 
not productive of much evil in this very particular? Aris- 
totle, even in his time, observed the great prevalence of in- 
sanity among politicians, and Esquirol says, that a history 
of the French revolution might be written from the variety 
of cases, to be found in a French insane hospital, so much 
has each convulsive change of politics and government af- 
fected the hopes, desires, ambition, or happij^s of a num- 
ber of persons, strengthened as this effect was, by a very 
universal absence of that confidence which firmly relies on 
the guiding care of a kind and wise supreme Ruler. Do 
then our politics not lead, with many individuals, to an alien- 
ation of mind? Certainly many act in a way which would 
make the observer suppose that but the final disappointment 
in the result of an election is wanting in order to lead them 
one step farther — to the loss of reason? 

I have paid some attention to this subject, so worthy of 
inquiry, and from my visits to the insane hospitals in the 
United States, I am inclined to believe that political disap- 
pointment is very rarely the final cause of loss of reason. I 
say, from my visits to these hospitals; for it seemed to me that 
the view of the causes of insanity, now often adopted among 
English physicians, and which ascribes the origin of aliena- 

25 



( 194 ) 

tlon to physical causes alone, is very frequently to be found 
also among American physicians. That I caiinot subscribe 
to this opinion, appears from the remarks I have already 
made. The proofs to the contrary seem to me numerous 
and conclusive, if patient investigation, unbiassed by pre- 
conceived ideas, or a fondness for a system, or some general 
views, be given to the matter. However, I am not going 
to give you a medical treatise. 

IIow much the frequent recurrence of political excitement 
may gradually dispose many individuals in this country, final- 
ly to All] victims to a disturbance of the mental faculties, I have 
had, of course, no opportunity to observe. But, as I stated, 
I believe that the frequent changes in politics are not preg- 
nant with the same disastrous consequences here as they 
have been in other countries, for instance, in France. Seve- 
ral good reasons, it seems to me, may be given for this dif- 
ference. And first, the very frequency of elections neutra- 
lizes the injurious effect, which, otherwise, the disappoint- 
ment they necessarily must bring to one party, would have 
on the mind of many individuals. To-day a man is thrown 
out, a party ^B^quished, — to-morrow he goes to work again, 
and hopes for success the next time. Secondly, however 
great the excitement may appear, on pnpcr or in words, the 
people know very well that their lives and property are not 
in jeopardy; that whatever party may come in or go out, 
the broad principles of the whole system will be acted upon, 
the general laws will be observed. Should it ever come 
with us to that point, that the monstrous idea should pre- 
vail, that liberty exists there only where the majority can 
do what they please — while, on tlic contrar}', the degree of 
existing lii)erty can justly be measured only by the degree 
of undoubted protection which the minority enjoys, and the 
degree in which the sovereign, be he one or many, or re- 
presented by the majonty, is restricted, by fundamental laws, 
from acting on sudden impulses and impassioned caprices, 
to which a body of men is as subject as a single man — 
should it ever come with us to this absolutism, for absolu- 



( 195 ) 

tism is there where the representative of. sovereignty can 
act capriciously and uncontrolled; then, indeed, our insane 
hospitals would become as much the direful records of man's 
fickleness as, according to Esquirol, the French hospitals 
now are. Thirdly, there is in this country no dishonor what- 
ever connected either with being turned out of office or 
being vanquished at an election. It is no shame to be de- 
feated. One party must be victorious, and the other tries to 
be so the next time. An American, as the member of a 
party, may be defeated, he is never conquered. Persecu- 
tions do not take place; the successful party does not annihi- 
late its opponents — each party continues to have its meetings, 
papers, &c. And, as in those periods in which many per- 
sons are discharged from public places, it is most openly ac- 
knowledged that politics alone is the reason, all blemish 
which may be attached to the loss of an office in public 
service, in countries where no such changes occur, must va- 
nish; while, again, the country offers so many opportunities 
of gaining one's livelihood, that, also, in this respect, a loss 
of office is not so ruinous as in France, where a man often 
thinks his honor is gone, and his career for f||^r destroyed, 
as soon as he is thrown out of public employment. The fre- 
quency of changes, likewise, prevents the higher offices from 
becoming the objects of so ardent an ambition as to af- 
fect seriously the mental faculties of the disappointed candi- 
date. 

As I have touched upon this subject, I may mention here 
an interesting case of alienationj with which I met in the 
Manhattanville hospital, near New York. The individual 
to whom I refer, a man apparently of the lower classes, la- 
bored under the very common delusion of being a monarch. 
He called himself Henry I., I think, emperor of the United 
States. He was an ardent newspaper reader, and the inte- 
rest of the case lay in the readiness with which his disturbed 
mind assimilated whatever he read to his presumed state of 
royalty, and the rapidity with which it invented causes of 
which what he read appeared to him the consequences, pre- 



( 196 ) 

cisely in the same way as our mind, when we are asleep, 
and some pain affects us, often invents, in dreaming, va- 
rious causes of which, according to the dream, this pain is 
the final effect, though, in reality, it is the cause of the whole 
dream. The patient read in my presence the news relating 
to the election of the governor of his state, and immediate- 
ly showed me that and how he appointed him, turning, 
with great ingenuity, the various data of the election into 
items of his story, with a zeal and earnestness, as if all the 
cares of government had rested on his shoulders. So he 
showed me some cents, which, according to him, were me- 
dals coined on occasion of some victories which he had 
gained, pointing out to me a number of emblematic allu- 
sions, the images of which his diseased mind undoubtedly 
perceived in that moment. 

In speaking of derangement, I remember a circumstance, 
which will not be without interest to you, though it be irre- 
levant in this place. The physician of an establishment for 
the insane, introduced me to a gentleman under his care, 
who betrayed no symptoms whatever of a disturbed mind, 
yet his facultwwere deranged. He held a book in his hand, 
which, he informed me, he was perusing with great interest. 
It was Dr. Spurzheim's work on insanity. He praised it in 
some respects, in others he criticized it, and when I declared, 
on one occasion, my dissent from his opinion, he assured me 
that he knew what he maintained from his own experience, 
and never have I heard any one speak more rationally on 
insanity than this deranged man. The conversation became 
too painful to me, and I wished to break it off, but he per- 
ceived the cause of my desire, and tried very calmly to 
quiet my apprehensions. One of the most eminent phy- 
sicians in Philadelphia told me that he owns a copy of 
Dr. Rush's work on insanity, with notes throughout by a 
deranged man, who formerly was in the hospital of Phila- 
delphia. 

The appalling frequency of alienation of mind, in some 
parts of our country, is chiefly owing to other causes, at 



( 197 ) 

least final causes, than politics. It is religious excitement, I 
believe, together with a diseased anxiety to be equal to the 
wealthiest, the craving for wealth and consequent disap- 
pointment, which ruins the intellect of many. But of that 
more anon. 



( 198 ) 



LETTER XII. 



At Schenectady you may take passage in a canal boat; and 
I would advise every traveller, who has not yet seen the Grand 
Canal, to do so. The valley of the JNIohawk, along which the 
canal goes as far as Rome, is, in many parts, very beautiful, 
and seen to much greater advantage from the canal boat than 
from a stage-coach; and it is well worth the while to become 
acquainted with this great work — a clamp by which the west 
of this union is tightly fastened to the east and north; one of 
the great siphons which equalizes prices and wages in this 
vast country, and thus contributes not a little to the stability 
of our political existence. It is, indeed, as yet, the greatest 
monument which this part of the world affords, of man's 
conquering superiority over matter. Yet, perhaps, it will 
be outstripped by the noble communication wiiich Penn- 
sylvania is leading over mountains and through valleys west- 
w-ard to the Ohio, and which, if fuiished, will prove for ever 
the boldness of its projector. On the other hand, the New 
York canal was the first of these extensive works; — a fact 
which will remain a great testimony in the history of civi- 
lization, in favor of the state which gave it birth. It shows 
Gotlie's good sense, that the progress of this canal interest- 
ed him so much. I will send you, by the next opportunity, 
a copy of the Laws of the State of New York in Relation 



( 199 ) 

to the Erie and Champlain Canals, &c., Albany, 1825, where 
you will find, in detail, an ojfiicial history of these great 
works. The study of this undertaking has been a source 
of deep interest to me, and I doubt not it will be so to you. 
I shall add Darby's View of the United States, which will 
give you a much more accurate view of the geological cha- 
racter of these parts of the country, than an account of mine 
could afford you; and as the natural features of the United 
States do not change quite as rapidly as the statistics, the 
book will be still valuable when you receive it. As to the 
statistics, an author, I should almost think, would feel 
tempted to say nothing about them, and follow the ex- 
ample of the editors of the New Hampshire Laws, pub- 
lished by Authority in, 1830, who thought fit to put the 
following sagacious notice on the title page of their collec- 
tion, " This edition comprehends all the general and public 
statutes now in force, excej)ting an act passed the 3d day of 
January, 1829, entitled 'An act establishing a board of road 
commissioners for laying out and repairing highways,' 
ivhich is omitted under the expectation that it loill he re- 
pealed at the ensuing session of the Legislature. " For our 
statistics and every feature imprinted upon the country by 
civilization are continually undergoing so rapid changes, that 
what was true a year ago, may be antiquated to-day. 

These immense canals send branches into many directions, 
by which they are connected with navigable rivers, lakes 
and roads, nor is this system by any means completed. 
Branch canals and rail-roads are continually adding; nay, 
rail-roads are building along the canal, as if there were no 
end to American activity. Thus the building of a rail- 
road from Albany to Utica, will soon begin, the company 
being already incorporated. Could but a little of this quick- 
ness in practical perception, and boldness in embarking in 
the most daring enterprises, be engrafted upon German 
steadiness and thoroughness, it would produce fine fruits in- 
deed. But it must be remembered, how different an aspect 



( 200 ) 

all Germany would present, were she not chopped into pieces, 
and could enterprise, as freely work its way into all direc- 
tions as in this extensive and untrammelled country. 

When the canal was first opened, farmers, whose property 
lay close to this great blood-vessel of the state, had their own 
barges to carry their produce to advantageous markets; but 
the navigation of all kinds, for goods and passengers, who 
required good accommodations, became within a short time 
so brisk, that private navigation, if I can use this expression 
as contradistinguished to company navigation, soon ceased. 
There are yet many proprietors of single barges, but they 
make a business of canal navigation; no farmers, as I under- 
stated, have any longer boats for their own use. — You know- 
that the state derives a very great revenue from this source. 

It is interesting to see how this easy intercourse makes, we 
might almost say, one place out of many habitations, at dis- 
tances from one another, which would otherwise be consi- 
dered great. It is likewise worthy of attention, that, where- 
as, in the common course of things, the vender is usually sta- 
tionary and the buyer goes to him ; here, on the other hand; as 
in the primary stages of society, the seller moves from place 
to place — a way of trafficking which extends to the smallest 
details; it is, if you choose to call it so, an aquatic peddling. 

Even knowledge is brought in this way within the reach 
of the inhabitants of detached houses, by floating circu- 
lating libraries. On the Mississippi, this system of hawking 
has been extended, in some branches, still farther. There 
are on that river several floating companies of actors. They 
sail in their flat boats, fitted up for theatres, from plantation 
to plantation, perform, and break up when their receipts do 
not warrant a longer stay. The Chapman family were the 
first who conceived the clever idea of leading Thalia to the 
door of every spectator, instead of calling him to her tem- 
ple, and of teaching Melpomene to lead an amphibious life. 
Here, then, the scarcity of population produces a similar ef- 
fect to what results in some parts of China, from over-popu- 
lation. 



( 201 ) 

When I came down from Utica to Schenectady, on my 
way home, I believe that not two hours passed without our 
meeting one or several barges laden with Germans— ^excellent 
stock for Michigan, whither most proceeded, as they told me 
in passing. " As many of them as you can spare," said an 
American to me: " they are all useful men provided they will 
mix; their steadiness finds ample reward on those fertile plains 
in the west." Amen, said I, and thought of Pope Nicholas 
v., who, in 1451, charged the ambassador of the Teutonic Or- 
der to import for him a number of Germans, to be employed 
in the papal chancelleria, on account of their trustiness and 
industrious habits. 

How easily do these emigrants seem to sever themselves 
from their native country, if we compare their willingnesss 
to emigrate or contentment in foreign regions, with the ideas 
of an ancient colonist or exile! When a number of Greeks 
left their beloved country to colonise a spot, distant for the di- 
minutive dimensions of antiquity, they took with them a 
lamp lighted by the sacred fire of their temple. They took 
their gods with them, and yet would for many generations 
consider Greece their true home, toward which the most anx- 
ious wi&hes of their heart steadily pointed. When a man 
was banished from the narrow territory of his native city, 
he felt himself deprived of the customs of his people, of his 
legal rights, of his gods — he was henceforth but half a man. 
An Athenian in Sparta, was a stranger indeed. 

In the middle ages, the Christian religion was spread over 
all Europe, and with greater uniformity even than at present; 
yet the intercourse not only between nations, but also be- 
tween petty states and cities, was of a kind to deprive an in- 
dividual, thrown among strangers, of many of the rights 
most necessary for his well being. It was exceedingly diffi- 
cult for him to find a new home. Nor were, at that time, social 
intercourse and the common habits of men founded upon so 
universal and broad principles, as to allow the foreigner to 
feel himself at ease. The Florentine wept in Ferrara or 
Venice, for his home, \\\9patria, we cannot say kiscountri/. 



( 202 ) 

It, is far ditforenl tiow. An emigrant leaves the place of 
hi.s birth, travels many hundred miles through a foreign 
country, crosses the wide ocean, travels a thousand miles 
into the interior of another hemisphere, and builds his hut. 
He is among strangers, it is true, yet he finds there the same 
dress, the same manners, the same principles of morality, 
the same God. If the language which surrounds him in his 
new country, be not his native tongue, the sentiments, views, 
and customs of the people, whose neighbor he has become, 
arc mainly those with which he has grown up, and the friend- 
lessness of a foreign tongue, which must have weighed most 
heavily upon the mind of an exile in antiquity, loses much 
of its asperity. There is a Catholicism in modern morality, 
knowledge and civilization, which makes an individual be- 
longing to the European family, feel easier at home, wher- 
ever he may be within the pale of European civilization. 
This ease, I willingly allow, is greater still among the great 
families of nations, into which the European race is divided. 
A German will generally find himself sooner at home among 
English or Americans, than a Frenchman or Italian. A 
Pole, perhaps, less so than either; yet to whatever nation 
he may belong, if he be but of one of the most civilized 
nations, he will feel more at home with any of the others, 
than a man of Epirus did in Argolis. And an Egyptian 
could hardly have lived in Messenia. 

I have often tried to ascertain whether emigrants of the 
class, to which most of those belong who go to America, 
feel home-sick after they have resided for some time in 
this country. Italians and French never give up the hope 
of regaining their native shore. Germans, English, Scotch, 
and Irish assimilate much easier with the natives of this 
country and join in its whole national system. The natural 
talent of a German to acquire a foreign language may con- 
tribute much to his greater ease in assimilating. The ad- 
vantage which the emigrants of the three other countries 
have, in point of language, over all the rest, need not be 
mentioned. The French form, in the larger cities, where 



{ 203 ) 

there is a sufficient number of them, a circle much for 
themselves; and I have known a lady who came to this 
country when fifteen years old, from St. Domingo, at the 
time of the insurrection of the negroes in that island, and 
whose husband was a zealous admirer of American institu- 
tions; who, nevertheless, had not learned to speak, still less 
to read, English, when I became acquainted with her, but 
a year ago. In Berlin, I knew of a French silk weaver who 
did not know German after he had resided more than twen- 
ty-five years in that city, and must have been obliged by his 
station in society, to live in continual contact with the na- 
tives. 

I may, however, mention here a fact, which surprises a 
foreigner much, when he first arrives in this country; which 
is, that the Irish, — in spite of what I have said above of their 
facility in assimilating with the Americans, — clan more to- 
gether than the emigrants of any other nation. They, in 
fact, openly retain their name, and often, in the very mo- 
ment that they make use of the highest privileges of citi- 
zenship which any country can bestow, they do it under 
the banner of Irishmen. There is no election in any of the 
large cities without some previous calls upon the " true-born 
sons of Ireland," to vote so or so. On the election day it- 
self banners are seen floating from the windows of taverns,* 

• By the by, there is among' other laws of the canton Lausanne, in Swit- 
zerland, relating to the safe management of elections, one which prohibits 
the opening of winehouses or shops where liquors of any kind are sold, or 
the sale of liquors in any other waj'. If this be done in wine countries, what 
ought we to do in a grog-country? Reports of temperance societies have 
abeady designated election days as peculiarly mischievous with regard to in- 
temperance. If our whole political system finally rests upon the votes of the ci- 
tizens, it is certainly within the pale of state legislation to take such measures 
as to ensure the weakest and most decrepit old man a free passage to the bal- 
lot-box — that sacred covenant of oui' liberty; the safety of which has, as to 
our national existence, precisely tlie same importance as, in monarchies, the 
assurance of the leg'itimate birth of the monarch. Make the ballot-box un- 
safe, and we have the worst, the very worst times of Rome at once. On 
whatever principle a government may be founded, that principle must be 
sustained in its purity, or convi\lsions are the necessary consequence, more 



( 204 ) 

Bome of which, you may be certain, are ornamented with 
mottos having reference to the Irish alone. They go far- 
ther, sometimes; they will bring forward their own candi- 
date, if they feel strong enough. All this is, to speak guard- 
edly, at least, impolite towards the natives, who receive 
the foreigner with a degree of national hospitality unequalled 
by any other nation. Every career on the wide field of en- 
terprise which is open to the natural citizens of this repub- 
lic, is equally open to the naturalized. After the brief pe- 
riod of five years' residence, any alien may take the citi- 
zen's oath, and this done, he enjoys every privilege of which 
a free-born American can boast, an unstinted citizenship, 
with the single exception that he cannot become a president 
of the United States. The least that could be expected, in 
return for such a boon, it should be supposed, would be the 
frankest and most heartfelt union, in every thing, with the na- 
tion, which so hospitably makes no difference between its own 
sons and the new comers. But the Irish are desirous of be- 
coming Americans and yet remaining Irish; and this serving 
of two masters will not do. Whatever the inmost feelings 
of an emigrant toward his native country may be, and with 
every generous heart will be, as a citizen of America, he 
should be American and American only, or let him remain 
alien. As the latter, he is protected as much by the law of 
the land as is a citizen; there is no necessity whatever for 



or less vlolenl, according- to tlie previous dissolullon of the elements which 
compose the st:ite — and our principle is the ballot-box. He who disturbs 
with us free and calm votings, whether secretly or openly, commits the great- 
est hig-h treason which a citizen of the United States can commit, a much 
greater one, in our opinion, tiian Arnold committed. Infamy ougiit to be at- 
tached to this species of high-treason, and no more importiuit trutli can be im- 
pressed upon our childr^'n, at liomc and in school, tlian this, tliut if we make 
all our politics depend upon the will of the people, it is barbarity and crime, 
to throw obstacles in tlie legitimate way of expressing this will — an incon- 
gruity from which necessarily and directly the worst species of all despotism 
must result. It would be crime in an individual, three times acciu-sed crime, 
if government ever should attempt it — mucli worse than turning against tlie 
n.itjon the arms which it places in tlieir hands to defend it. — F.iuTnii. 



( 205 ) 

his becoming naturalized. It is, therefore, with great con- 
cern, that a good citizen must observe that disturbances at 
elections are not unfrequently caused by those who do not 
enjoy their citizenship by birthright, sometimes by those 
who do not enjoy it at all. 

What are the reasons that the Irish in this country clan 
more together than the emigrants of any other nation? I 
believe they are threefold. First, more Irish than people 
of other countries come to the United States, and, as I 
think, I have observed in a previous letter, they have a pre- 
dilection for large cities, so that they remain in greater num- 
bers together. Secondly, the Irish feel that they have been 
wronged in their country; they have, in a degree, been 
driven from it; the feelings with which they look back to it 
are, therefore, of a more intense character than they would 
otherwise be; or, if this be not the case, they feel among 
themselves the strong tie of bearing one common wrong. 
Thirdly, they are encouraged to this clanship by party men; 
their Irish feelings are flattered and excited, in order to win 
them; they are called upon as Irish, in order to gain their 
votes, which become, in some quarters of large cities, or, in- 
deed, in some whole counties, at times, very important, 
when, otherwise, the parties might be nearly balanced. 

Let me throw in, here, the remark, though it be not 
quite in its place, that the common language of the English, 
Scotch, Irish, and Americans, causes the last, unconsciously 
to themselves, to consider emigrants of the three first nations 
when settled among them, nearer akin than those of other 
countries. There are many Irish in congress, of whom it 
is hardly known that they are strangers by birth. I have 
been told a story, which I feel inclined to believe. A Ger- 
man ofiered himself for a professorship of one of the colleges 
in the middle states: he was unsuccessful in his application; 
and it was pretty generally understood, that a native would 
be preferred; but a short time after, an Irish gentleman ob- 
tained the chair, certainly not on account of his superiority. 
This, however, is not always the course of things; for instance. 



( 206 ] 

in Cambridge, Massachusetts, there are two Germans who 
hold prominent professorships. But if you glance over the 
list of officers of the United States, you will find very many 
Irish; nor does any difficulty arise at the appointment of one 
of that people, while the contrary would, probably, be the 
case were a German, or Frenchmen by birth, to offer himself 
for a place, which easily might be filled by some one else. 
This, I think, is not quite fair; the Irish emigrants do by 
no means deserve more confidence, than those of other 
countries; and though the existence of a common language, 
may naturally lead the Americans not to feel so strongly 
the difference between themselves and the Irish, they ought 
to be careful not to act upon this feeling, whenever they 
are called upon to guide their judgment in any matter which 
may arise in relation to this subject. 

Those Swiss who usually emigrate to this country come 
from the lower part of Switzerland, and are, therefore, less 
subject to that home-sickness, which, in its patients, assumes 
the character of a true disease. If I am right, there are 
three chief causes of this peculiar affection of the nervous 
system, which begins with an oppression of the heart, and 
produces a pain of a compound character: it consists half 
of affliction, half of a physical and very distinct pain, which 
it has in common with every oppression of the heart, if it 
continue for any length of time, and from whatever cause 
it may originate. I do not know whether this be always the 
beginning, but it was so in a case, than which there could 
be none more favorable for my personal observation. It 
is this pain and restlessness, which fill the mind, day and 
night with images, still more disturbing it, and deprive the 
body throughout of its necessary elasticity. Thus, as in so 
many other cases, the effect of one stage becomes the more 
powerful cause of the next, until the mind has no longer 
any mastery over the disease, and rapid decline is the neces- 
sary consequence. There is no doubt, in my mind, but that 
in many cases, the patient has it in his power to stifle the 
disease in its incipient stages; as there are a number of other 



( 207 ) 

afflictions, which might be thus arrested by a decided will. 
Any man, who has served in an army visited by disasters, 
will testify to the truth of what I say. When the mind of 
the soldier is depressed, his body becomes moi-e disposed to 
a variety of diseases; hence, there are always so many sick 
on retreats. It is then that a decided will, not to be sick, 
often can parry off the beginning and, consequently, the 
whole disease. — But to proceed to the enumeration of my 
causes. 

Home-sickness may be occasioned by an overwhelming 
mass of new ideas, impressions, and new relations in life. 
When the Swiss, who has lived his whole life in the soli- 
tude and simplicity of his high Alps, descends into more 
populous countries, where a brisk intercourse between the 
various members of society exists, he finds himself in so to- 
tally new a world, that he cannot feel at ease. I have been 
told that the inhabitants of Hiddensoe, near Rugen, who 
live on their barren island in the simplest possible way, half 
under ground, and feeding hardly upon any thing but fish, 
are home-sick, vvhen kept long from the spot of their birth. 
They are accustomed to the simplicity and monotony of their 
island and the surrounding sea, and feel uneasy in the bustling 
world. So will often the soldier, from some distant fron- 
tier province of Austria, hasten home, though he may have 
risen in the army to a rank, which opens to him any society 
in Vienna. So strives the Indian to regain his silent woods, 
or the half-bred hunter, to quit Quebec. Incipient stages of 
this sickness, may be observed in the uncomfortable feeling 
which disturbs the mind of an individual who has been ac- 
customed to a quiet life, and is suddenly thrown into the bustle 
of a noisy world. But in no case has the peculiar character 
of this disease shown itself more decidedly than in Caspar 
Hauser. He was so overwhelmed by all the impressions of the 
world, when he was first taken from his dungeon, that he felt 
exceedingly unhappy, complained of constant head-ache, and 
longed to return to "his hole."* In this instance, there 

* See our note, appended to page 141. — Hditoh. 



( 208 ) 

were no bold or beautiful features of nature, no endeared 
family circle, or memento of his childhood, to reclaim the 
wanderer; it was the variety of new impressions, which 
weighed him down and haunted him back. 

Another cause of home-sickness, is the striking peculiarity 
of the objects which may have surrounded an individual 
from early childhood, and the images of which have become 
so associated with the movements of his mind, that he can- 
not feel happy for any length of time, if not surrounded by 
them. It is not necessary, that they be beautiful, or should 
have been the source of happiness to him ; it is, in many cases, 
sufficient that they are strikingly peculiar and different from 
any thing else with which he meets. Often, indeed, this 
cause operates in union with the first, and becomes thus the 
more powerful. Such is the case with the Swiss, and with 
the unsettled inhabitant of the desert, who feels unhappy 
whenever removed from the dreary plain of his birth, I 
knew a German emigrant in this country, who had settled in 
a part of our Union, where the fertility of the soil prevented 
the growth of the fir tree, to which he had been accustomed 
in his native land. Now, few persons will think a common 
fir tree very beautiful in appearance, nor fragrant on account 
of the odor of its exuding gum, nor did the emigrant think 
so either; yet he assured me that he had not rested until he 
had found a sandy spot, where he could plant some of the 
trees so sweet to him, and whither he occasionally resorts, 
in order to "smell home," as he very appropriately termed 
it. Impressions which we receive through the senses repeat- 
edly for many years, or in the moment when something 
extraordinary happens to us, are indelible. Some words 
which affected me most deeply, and roused my whole indig- 
nation, were said to me while yet a boy, in the moment that 
a turkey uttered his peculiar noise, and, to this day, I am 
unable to hear a turkey without an unpleasant sensation, 
which often makes itself felt long before my mind becomes 
conscious of its distant, but still active cause. In a similar 
way, there are, certainly, few persons, if any, who do not 



( 209 ) 

consider the scent of box disagreeable. It would be to my 
nerves decidedly so, were not the unpleasant sensation 
greatly overbalanced by my association of ideas. Lead me 
on a hot summer day into a garden with old-fashioned 
walks lined with box, and my mind will suddenly float on 
the waves of delight, before it remembers the Roman gar- 
den with its purling fountain, where I have spent so many 
happy hours. 

There was, in 1813, in a corps belonging to the Prussian 
army, a Dane to whom the commander offered permission to 
leave the service, since it so happened that this very corps 
had to act against the Danes, and the commanding officer 
would not expose him to the pain of fighting against his own 
countrymen. But the officer, it appeared, had a more tender 
conscience than the Dane, who said he did not care about 
the thing one way or the other. The offer was repeated at 
various periods, but always bluntly declined. At length 
the regiment in which he served surprised the Danes in 
their camp, so that the latter were obliged to retreat in great 
hurry, and to leave much of their baggage and utensils be- 
hind. When the Prussians took possession of the spot, the 
fires of the enemy were yet burning, and the little kettles 
hanging over them. Most of these contained a national 
dish of the Danes, called grit, and, as all national dishes are 
much relished by their respective nations, so the grit is high- 
ly esteemed by these Scandinavians, though other people, 
probably, would call the pleasure in this peculiar dish " an 
acquired taste." What no patriotism, it would seem, had 
been able to effect in our Dane, was now suddenly brought 

about by the grit. " By ," he exclaimed, "these noble 

fellows have grit in their pots." The steaming pot with 
the grit suddenly stood before his mind as the representa- 
tive, the most striking to his senses, of his youth, his sisters, 
parents, for aught T know, of his love; in his eyes appeared 
"the moist impediments unto his speech," and he went in- 
stantly to the colonel, to make use of the repeated offer to 

leave the armv- 

27 



( 210 ) 

To the last cause, which I have mentioned as producing 
home-sickness, we must likewise refer the peculiar predilec- 
tion some people have for their profession, though it offer 
not half the comfort, which others derive from their occupa- 
tions. The enthusiasm with which an individual speaks of his 
trade does not depend upon his success or the enjoyment he 
finds in it. The richest merchant is generally the most disin- 
clined to let his children follow the same pursuit. But the 
sailor talks with pleasure of his profession, and in his pride 
feels himself somewhat better than the rest of mankind.* 
The German miner, who leads the most toilsome life, and 
is more scantily rewarded than any other laborer, speaks 
with a kind of enthusiasm of his pursuit. He loves it, be- 
cause it is totally different from any thing else. The life of 
a German wagoner should certainly be considered a stupid 
and dreary one. To walk slowly, step by step, by the side 
of a team, day after day; continually to travel over the same 
route, say from the Rhine to Leipsig and from Leipsig to 
the Rhine, on which he knows every inn-keeper's face, and 
every rise and descent of the road, cannot be believed to 
have many attractions. Yet, he speaks with delight of his 
trade, which, to every one else, seems strongly to partake 
of the lobster-like. In one of my pedestrian journeys I 
met with a train of heavily laden wagons, proceeding to 
Leipsig, shortly before the fair. I entered into a conversa- 
tion with the oldest of the wagoners, who, in informing me 

• We visited once a man-of-war and found several colored men among 
the sailoi-s. "Do t!ic wiiite and colored sailors agree well together?" we 
asked; "and docs not the diftcrence of color interfere with that uniform and 
quick working, on which the safety of the vessel so much depends?" 
««Thcy perfectly agree," was the answer of the officer; "we let the 
colored dine in seprj^te messes, but tlie white sailors would not have the 
slightest objection against being in the same mess with their colored fellows." 
The fact is, that a sailor considers his profession so distinct from any other 
human pursuit, tliat even color, so powerful a cause of distinction among 
all the rest of mankind, does not outweigh, with him, the distinction which 
his pride induces him to make between sailor and non-sailor, — Editor. 



( 211 ) 

of his course of life, told me of the several diseases to which 
he was subject, and mentioned that he had remained at home 
for some time in consequence of sickness. As these men 
are generally wealthy, I evinced my astonishment that he 
again exposed himself to the inclemency of the weather, as 
his state of health seemed to warrant no such exposure. 
" Ah," said the old man, jogging along on his crooked 
legs, '• a wagoner cannot remain at home; we love our pro- 
fession." 

The third kind of home-sickness proceeds from a source 
directly opposite to those I have indicated. It besets the 
heart of a refined and carefully cultivated mind, of a soul 
endowed with generous feelings — of a man, whose mental 
existence is closely connected with the science, art, and 
choicest social intercourse of his country. 

I have spoken above of the Catholicism of civilization, and, 
in certain respects, this expression finds no more ready ap- 
plication than with a man who is familiar with the best so- 
ciety, and has a truly cultivated mind. Let a well-educated 
Russian or Swede land in New York and pi-oceed forth- 
with to an assembled company, and, provided he know the 
language, he will feel, in a degree, at home. The same ge- 
neral sentiments and views prevail, the same forms of social 
intercourse are observed. But this holds only as far as it 
goes. 

A man who has enjoyed the intellectual intercourse of 
his country, who has entered into the most delicate feelings 
and productions of the flower of its society, by which, vou 
may well imagine, I do not mean fashionable society, who 
has, pei'haps, himself taken an active part in its political life 
or its literature; a man who feels that his mind is not en- 
tirely barren, and experiences that internal necessity of 
communing with others, and of being understood — a man 
who does not only love his country, because early associa- 
tions have endeared it to him, but who has been wedded to 
it in mind and soul, such a man cannot forget it — cannot be 
divorced from it. He may frankly join in with hi.s adopted 



( 212 ) 

country and become its loyal citizen. Many foreigners by birt 
have, at all times, proved most devoted citizens of the land 
of their adoption. They may, if emergencies arise, willing- 
ly offer their blood and life for their new country, and, what 
is far more difficult, live for their country, with undivided de- 
votion; and yet they feel that they are a reed broken by the 
wind. They may learn the idiom of their new and beloved 
home, so that they may speak fluently in common inter- 
course, and fairly even upon public occasions; they may ac- 
quire the skill of writing it well, in some degree, if they 
treat of subjects in a certain sphere — and yet they will feel 
the leaden weight of a foreign language weighing heavily on 
their tongue, when they come to utter that which is dearest 
to their hearts, and which makes its chords vibrate most 
thrillingly. A foreigner, such as I have mentioned, may ac- 
custom himself to a foreign climate and foreign people; he 
may win friends among them as dear as any he has at home, 
for whom his heart would yearn, should he be separated from 
them; he may be gay and feel well with them; and yet there 
will remain a soreness in his heart, v>'hich nothing on earth 
can heal. As the pious Mussulman turns, in his prayer, to- 
ward the sacred city, wherever he may be, so is the inward 
eye of an exile steadily turned to his country. The light- 
ning can change the needle, and cause it to deviate from its 
true direction; but no power can change the magnet of his 
heart or cause it to turn from its true point; it will fixedly 
show to his country. Ye, who have the power, exile not! 
An exiled man is a sick man. As the face of the sunflower 
follows the life-imparting beams of the heavens from east to 
west, and when it cannot imbibe any longer the rays of the 
glorious orb, droops its head, so follows the eye of an exile 
the light of his countr)^ 

And with him it is that hospitality finds its true valuation. 
Not the hospitality of common good-breeding, or of vanity, 
but the hospitality of genuine feeling, which makes him feel 
more at home, and says to him, " Come and be one of us;" 
which writes on the tablet of hi.s mind, " Good men feel 



( 213 ) 

alike every where; there is a church-universal of generous 
feeling and true kindness." 

I believe I have descanted already, in a former letter, on 
the great advantage which accrues to all parties, if the Ger- 
mans, who come to this country, assimilate with the predo- 
minating race. I repeat it — they are a valuable addition to 
our population, if they mix. But let truth prevail every 
where: twisting of facts, and stating or being silent accord- 
ing to convenience, is an unmanly thing — unworthy of a 
lover of his species, and a man who thinks he has expanded 
his views by travelling into other countries, and by studying 
history back into other ages. It is painful, indeed, for a Ger- 
man, that the descendants of his nation in this country, where 
they liveclosely together, have not only done less for the com- 
mon education of their offspring than their neighbors, but 
have actually often frustrated the endeavors of government 
to establish a system of general education.* How a scion of 
a people, who have done more for education than any other 
on earth, comes thus to neglect one of the most sacred du- 
ties, would be inexplicable, were it not for the fact, on which 
I think I have touched on a former occasion, that it is dif- 
ficult for a community, severed from the mother country, 
and separated from a surrounding population by the barrier 
of a different language, to prevent mental stagnation. There 
lies upon all well educated men, who enjoy the confidence 
of those hardy and well-meaning people, especially upon 
the German clergy in Pennsylvania, a duty, superior to 
which I can conceive of none in the whole sphere of their 
activity; namely, to enlighten the Germans of America 
with regard to this subject of all-absorbing importance. 
They are the few who might produce a change of things, 

• We say witli the author, let truth prevail; thus only can evils be correct- 
ed. It has been stated, that the act lately passed by the legislature of Penn- 
sylvania, providing- for the education of the poor and of the children of peo- 
ple not favorably circumstanced, is far from meeting" with ready and cheerful 
support from the German population of that state. Even obstacles are 
thrown in the way of this salutary law. — EnixoH. 



( 214 ) 

conducive to the most salutary effects, and from them it will 
be asked at a future day. 

The German, the boldest of all in science and knowledge, 
is slow when it comes to acting; I mean the German who 
has not left his country, where, by its peculiar state of po- 
litics, brisk practical activity is so mucii cramped in its ope- 
ration. When he sees other countries, and has free inter- 
course with their inhabitants, he generally finds his way 
uncommonly well: for though the German has, as things 
now stand, originally not much of a practical disposition, 
his versatility of mind is very great; which is proved as 
much by the truly noble height of criticism to which Ger- 
man science elevates itself, — because it requires his entering 
into all the views of other nations and ages, — as by the suc- 
cess with which the German meets in all climes and under 
all forms of government. A Frenchman shifts easier than 
a German, but his mind has not that degree of versatility to 
enable him to persevere in a totally new situation. A Yan- 
kee is bolder and shrewder than a German, and will often 
succeed where few others may hope for success; but he is 
not willing to labor as hard and plod as perseveringly, — nor 
has he that knowledge of languages which the German ge- 
nerally possesses. The German in foreign countries, if a 
man of business, labors always under one great disadvantage; 
he is not backed and supported by a political nationality. 

Germans and French change, perhaps more to their ad- 
vantage, by travelling and collecting experience in foreign 
countries, than any other people; the former, by obtaining 
more practical views of things and learning to keep their 
diffusive thinking more within definite limits, the latter, by 
becoming more liberal, more reflective, by expanding their 
views beyond national vanity. However, who does not or 
ought not to improve in the latter way by travelling? Cer- 
tainly, neither John nor Jonathan is here excepted. Gothe 
says, " He who is ignorant of foreign languages is ignorant 
of his own." Add, He who is ignorant of foreign countries 
is ignorant of his own. 



( 215 ) 

But let me tell you an anecdote, which, if true, and I have 
reason to believe it is, is illustrative of the slowness with 
which, at times, the German moves in matters of a practical 
character, at home — not abroad: for who is the first banquier 
in London, the first tailor, the first cutler? They are or 
were, for a long time, Germans. I had often heard from 
German merchants, residing in this country, how difficult 
it is to get German articles of commerce changed, with the 
corresponding changing of the market; while the English 
manufacturer will, with the greatest ease, comprehend the 
nature of the charrge required, and readily make it. In- 
stances have been given to me at various times, but the fol- 
lowing seemed to me very peculiar. I was desirous of 
buying an "architectural box," (a plaything well calculated 
for the amusing and instructive occupation of a child's mind,) 
and proceeded, for the purpose, to one of the German toy- 
shops in New York. I suppose you know the fact, that 
German toys to a great amount, considering the little value 
of this merchandise, are imported into the United States. 

No other nation makes so many and variegated toys as 
the Germans, which, I believe, is, in part, owing to their na- 
tional trait of bonhomie. They condescend, with a kind- 
er disposition, to the level of a child, and, on the other hand, 
their children are longer disposed to play, which, by the 
way, I have seen, not unfrequently, carried to an extreme. 
I have been in German families where girls, of an age which, 
in a tropical country, would fit them for marriage, still amused 
themselves by playing with dolls, exquisitely made, indeed, 
and provided with all possible dress and linen, with little 
rooms, kitchen, and every kind of household furniture, — 
dolls so large, apparel so perfect that a stranger might be at 
a loss to discover whether it was play or good earnest. 
Their parents, instead of checking this disposition, encou- 
rage it, thinking to promote thereby a child -like temper. 
In this country, on the other hand, girls oftentimes step 
much too early out of the circle of childhood, and take to 



( 216 ) 

themselves the manners of women, before they can properly 
be called young ladies. 

In Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and in all 
the large cities of the Union, the traveller meets with Ger- 
man toy-shops, and I have often conversed with their owners, 
generally Germans themselves, as to what kind of playthings 
sells best, and what ditTerence there exists between those 
sold here and in Germany. As I am speaking of German 
toys, you may allow me to add a few lines on this subject. 
On one of these occasions, I found a box with those little 
Johnny-jump-ups, made of the pith of elder, cut, painted, 
and a little gilded, of which four dozen cost here twenty- 
five cents! One large box contained sheep, cows, soldiers, 
men, and women, all pretty well made, consisting of different 
pieces, and painted. The retail price here is a cent for two 
of these creatures. Toys of this kind pay thirty -three per 
cent, duty in the United States, then the freight by sea, 
which is not small, in proportion to the value, as it is paid 
according to bulk, then the commission in Bremen, the 
freight, by land, from the interior of Germany, say Coburg 
or Sonnenberg, to Bremen; then the profit which the Coburg 
merchant takes; reckon all this up, and tell me how much 
remains for the poor manufacturer in the Franconian Forest, 
who has no machine, works neither by steam, wheel, wind, 
or water, but every particle by his, or his wife and chil- 
dren's hands. It grieves one's heart to see things sold so 
cheaply, whose manufacturers lead a wretched life upon rye 
and potatoes. All the expenses, with freight and duty, 
amount certainly to sixty per cent., and yet there are Ger- 
man lead-pencils, of a very fair quality, sold here for six 
cents a dozen. Poor wretched beings! 

It was strange to me when I entered, for the first time, 
in Philadelphia, a toy-shop, in the time of Advent, and 
found there, ranged on the scaffolds rising on both sides of 
the shop, all the companions of my earliest youth, the show- 
cases, never to be forgotten, with their old Nuremberg prints, 



( 217 ) 

Versailles garden with ladies in hoops and gentlemen cha- 
peau bus; " Prospectus majoris deambulatorii horii Vaux- 
hall ah Introituj'^ as well as other fine " prospects," the 
plates of which must be, at least, eighty years old; or the 
chickens, women, and stags I had seen on our Christmas 
fairs, but which were considered beneath the desire of pos- 
session. The same little pewter plates, the same stiff wo- 
man of wood, which was already in my childhood an appa- 
rition of former ages, the same watches, and little windmills, 
and rope-dancers are here to be found, and are sent far into 
the interior. 

But here I am inserting stories into stories, following the 
truly inverted style of Sheharazade! I must return to my 
shopkeeper. When I asked him whether he imported a 
great deal, he said, " Considerable; but it might be much 
more, did our countrymen more easily depart from their old 
fashions, and send according to order. Look here, sir," he 
continued, " I import, from the interior of Germany, a 
great many of the little paste-board boxes, chiefly used by 
apothecaries. The Germans make them round or square, 
but, somehow or other, they prefer here oval ones. If the 
consumer wants oval boxes, I have to order them; if I order 
them, the manufacturer, you will say, has only to make 
them; but no: I gave an order for several hundred dollars' 
worth of these boxes, and received an answer, couched in a 
tremendously long letter, that they had no irons to make 
the boxes oval." An Englishman would have made them of 
the shape of a flamingo's beak, did he think it at all worth 
the while to make the thing. Americans are equally ac- 
commodating when it is to their profit to be so; but, as labor 
is very high with the latter, their manufacturers are seldom 
obliged to change as quickly or as often, according to the 
wish of the consumer, as the English manufacturer is. 

Now for a counter-anecdote. In the year 1830, a gentle- 
man of New York* visited the faithful brotherhood on the 

• Professor M'Vickar of Columbia College in New York. — Editor. 

28 



( 218 ) 

highest inhabited summit of Europe, too high for any plant 
to grow except the lovely rose of charity. He narrowly 
escaped from a snow-storm, and enjoyed the fire of the 
scanty fagots, which, at that time, the pious inmates of the 
hospitium had to fetch at the distance of five toilsome 
leagues — not for their own benefit, but for the many 
thousand travellers who pass over the high ridge which se- 
vers Italy from Germany, by way of the St. Bernard, and 
find rest and often life itself at their charitable hands. Those, 
who live only for the comfort and safety of others, had for 
themselves but the bare stone walls and naked ground of 
their rooms, without either fire or furniture. The Ameri- 
can gentleman went to discover, if possible, anthracite coal; 
and, after he had happily found it, he taught the monks to 
build a grate, necessary for the use of this species of fuel. 
But, though the trial was not unsuccessful, he obtained, with 
the assistance of several other persons, on his return to New 
York in 1S33, a stove for anthracite coal, on the improved 
plan of Dr. Nott, and sent it to the brethren of St. Augus- 
tine. The bill for the stove and of the expenses of trans- 
port from Havre to Martigny, amounted to fifty eight dol- 
lars, the stove having been carried from New York to Havre 
free of expense. And, for this low sum, a monument of 
American practical sense has been erected in a distant 
country seven thousand feet above the level of the sea, op- 
posite to the statue of the sinking and dying Dessaix, and 
will be blessed by many a thankful and exhausted traveller 
in years to come. The clarendicr, or superior of the hos- 
pitium, thanked its transatlantic benefactor in glowing terms 
for this kind present, assuring him that " the joy of the bre- 
thren knew no bounds;" and I will leave it to you, to depict 
to yourself the many cheering scenes of which this blessed 
stove will yet be the cause, when a husband arrives with 
his half-frozen wife, a father with a child nearly dead, oi- 
when a body, discovered by the never-weary and intelligent 
maron,^ is revived by the generous heat of the American 

* Moron is the name of the large dogs, which are the faithful assistants oi 



( 219 ) 

stove; while it is a contemplation not the less gladdening, 
that the good brethren, surrounded by eternal and hard 
frozen snow, sparkling as if in mockery of fire, and yet 
morally elevated as high above the common toil for gain as 
they are physically above the peaceless world, may now also 
warm themselves without the fear of consuming fuel, which 
their piety had destined for travellers alone. I will try to 
get for you the New York American of July 8, 1833, in 
which several letters of Canon Barras, the clarendier of the 
hospitium, and the details of this affair are given; because 
I know you like, with me, to watch the pulsations of extend- 
ing civilization, and to preserve the documents which testify 
to its internal and quiet, yet ever active life. 

The following may, perhaps, serve as another instance of 
the American practical turn of mind. I found, one day, in 
a street in Boston, a turtle walking with the step which Ci- 
cero recommends to philosophers, before the door of a re- 
staurant, with the words, " To-morrow Soup " written on 
the back of the poor creature, which thus was doomed to 
invite man's all-exploring appetite to partake of its own flesh. 
When I stood there and looked at the victim incased and pro- 
tected by nature against all enemies except the knife of the in- 
exorable cook, as it carried its irrevocable sentence about with 
it, in the moment, when, probably, it felt as if liberty had 
been restored to it, after its long and uncomfortable position 
on the back, and when I thought to observe with some pass- 
ers by, whose attention had been attracted like mine, a slight 
twitching of the corners of the mouth, indicating that the 
laconic appeal to their palate had not been made in vain — I 
do not know why, but I could not help thinking of Frede- 
ric the Great and C at herine-le- Grand, as Prince de Ligne 
calls her, bent, with a look betraying but too clearly their 
keen appetite, over poor Poland, which they made to crawl 
about before them, also with her sentence on her back, be- 
fore they partitioned her out in very palatable dishes. 

these brothers of St. Augusthie. Maronier is the name of the monk, who 
has particulai' charge of the dogs. — Ernxon, 



( 220 ) 

A Frenchman, iu the same case, would have invited to 
his turtle-soup by various persuasive means; the taciturn 
Yankee put an inscription, in lapidary style, upon the 
intended victim itself, making it prove, in tlie most con- 
vincing manner possible, its freshness and fme size. 

Reverting from the Nott stove and turtle to my general 
remark, I will only add, that as the Germans are often un- 
pliant in practical life, but bold, universal, and agile, in sci- 
ence, so are the Americans and English of quick percep- 
tion in practical matters, slow, timid, and comparatively con- 
fined in science- A book once an authority with them, re- 
mains such for an eternity; a subject, once fairly investi- 
gated, according to the means and knowledge of the time, 
remains untouched for many, many years. 

Whatever is the element of a nation or an individual, is 
done by them with ease; in whatever they are truly at 
home, they proceed business-like. An English library 
is beautiful, but look at tlie rough book-shelves of a Ger- 
man savant; you see, at once, his library is collected for 
use; he is at home with his books. On the other hand, the 
members of parliament or congress sit with their hats on, 
are dressed in the common way, and speak from their places, 
while the French depuU is dressed in a i^obe, and " pro- 
nounces," formally, a discows from the tribune, and can- 
not speak when he chances to be without his robe. Form 
loses in importance the more the essence is esteemed. Fre- 
deric the Great wore a shabby coat, and often boots, which 
every one else in his kingdom would have considered worn 
out, and Omar had but " one bowl, one garment, and one 
God." 

As to books, a conceited German might say, that, while 
otlier nations contrived to improve the paper, his country- 
men endeavored to improve the contents. However, I am 
no advocate of badly executed books, in which the light- 
inked letters, variegated by " monks " and " friars," and the 
darkness of the paper, seem to meet each other in mutual 
love, each yielding pait of ihcir true character, and should 



( 221 ) 

you ever come to the perfidious conclusion to inflict my let- 
ters on the public, in which case, at all events, you will al- 
low me to appear en embozo* I enter here my most solemn 
protest against my appearance on German paper, dim, like 
the dusk of morn, or on American paper, bulky, and flaccid, 
(to puff" up a book, in truth,) and white, but so bleached 
by acids that an attentive reader has to take care, lest 
his very looks should read the leaves asunder. I love — 
call me whimsical, I cannot help it — the yellow paper of 
old books. Paper can be too white; it ought to have a mild, 
yellow tinge, which is much more beneficial to the eyes 
than glaring white. 

• The Spaniard walks en embozo or embozado, when he throws his mantle 
over one of the shoulders, in a manner that his face is covered up to the 
eyes, and presses his broad-brimmed hat deep into the brows, so that, in 
fact, nothing but his eyes are seen, and these even indistinctly. — Editoh. 



( 228 ) 



LETTER XIII. 



Names are always an interesting subject, if you have no- 
thing better to occupy your reflection or inquiry. Every tra- 
veller finds it an amusing manner of whiling away the time, 
when detained in a place, to loiter about and read the names 
on the doors and house-signs. It is very natural; I do not 
say, that the name is the whole man, as Buffon said, h style 
est tout Vhomme; but a name is so closely connected with 
the individual, as long as he bears it, that, however wide 
the difference between persons or places and the mean- 
ing of their names, may be in numberless cases, we cannot 
help considering them with some interest. Besides, their 
beauty or quaintness, their meaning or etymology, or histo- 
rical signification, afford often entertaining or instructive 
subjects for reflection. In a young country, like ours, where 
the arbitrary choice of the namer has not been covered over 
by lubricating time, this interest is increased in a variety of 
ways, by names of persons, vessels, taverns, streets, places, 
counties and states. Often has some name or other formed 
the thread of many reflections in my mind, when I was 
sitting in a stage-coach or on the deck of a canal-boat, and no 
general conversation attracted my attention. Sometimes, it 
is the fine sound or portentous meaning of a name which 
occupied me, sometimes its peculiar fitness for the place it 
designated, at others, its direct contrast, sometimes its inef- 
fable silliness, at others, again, its philological interest. 



( 223 ) 

I had now arrived, in the course of my journey, in that 
country, which might be called, by way of excellence, the 
Land of Silly Names, though I own they are abundant all 
over this country, especially in the eastern and western 
parts, and not unfrequent wherever it was necessary to in- 
vent names for places. The French names adopted by the 
great Frederic, such as Monbijou, Sanssouci, &c. — in a Ger- 
man country — did not show, I think, much tact on his part; 
yet they were infinitely better than hundreds in this coun- 
try, in some parts of which a traveller might think that his- 
tory and geography had been chopped into small pieces, 
well shaken in a bag, and then strewn over a state. You 
have already met with the long lists of such names as Ho- 
mer, Manlius, Paris, Paradise, Montezuma, Rome, Demos- 
thenes, Ithaca, Ovid, Cicero, Syracuse, Ulysses, Lodi, Eden, 
Hamburg, Aurora, Alexandria, Scio, Bolivar, Palmyra, Par- 
ma, Greece, Russia, Egypt,, mixed up with downright Eng- 
lish names, such as Bath, Perry, Thompson, Greenfield, 
Newfield, Rochester, Pembroke, together with fine-sound- 
ing, or, at any rate, appropriate Indian names, as Canan- 
daigua, Cayuga, Seneca, Saratoga, Cayuta, Genesee — in the 
same country with names as flat as Temperance and Tariff- 
ville — the whole appearing like a most indigestible minced 
pie. Oh, these historiomastices!* These are not " picked 
names," but taken, at random, from memory and a map; I 
might continue the list for whole pages, as you will con- 
vince yourself by looking at the accompanying map, which 
I send you not, however, for the sake of tracing our taste- 
lessness in these absurd appellations, but, because it contains 
all the canals and rail-roads, finished or making, in this ra- 
pidly rising state of New York. 

Nearly every author, foreigner or native, who has tra- 
velled in the United States, has animadverted upon this ludi- 
crous naming of places; and I hold it to be the duty of every 

f The author seems to have formed tills word after the Greek Homero- 
mastix, (scourge of Homer, ) the unenviable surname of Zoilus, bestowed 
upon him for his hypercriticisms on the works of Homer. — Editor. 



( 224 ) 

man who touches upon this subject continually to renew the 
attack against this barbarous habit. I have often conversed 
with Americans on this topic, both seriously and jocularly, 
and always found that they were of my opinion; or, if they 
were of the less educated classes, and had, perhaps, hardly 
ever before thought on the name of their birth-place, that 
they easily yielded to my arguments or jokes, with that 
good-naturedness which I find so prominent a trait of the 
American. 

You may little expect to hear an assertion of this kind, 
after having read so many charges to the contrary; yet I must 
be permitted to state, that I consider the American emi- 
nently good-natured and disposed to allow any one to speak 
with perfect freedom of America and her institutions. Of 
such a thing as taking amiss, as it is termed, they hardly 
know. That those of them who have seen little of the world 
are often conceited in regard to their country, is natural; 
every villager, all over the world, thinks his steeple the high- 
est, and assures you that the bottom of his pond has never 
been found yet. But even such as these, among the Ame- 
ricans, will allow you freely to make your remarks upon 
their country, laugh heartily with you, and never get an- 
gry on account of your free remarks. I have found this so 
constantly and in so striking instances, that I do not hesi- 
tate to state it as a fact. If a man in the west asks you, 
How do you like our country? or a Bostonian, Don't you 
think, after all, our climate very fine? you must not forget 
that, perhaps, the remark is made from a kind disposition, 
and that, in this, as in all similar cases, it is but one tiiat 
bothers you, while a hundred others remain silent, and you 
remember only the one who may have troubled you, if 
you are so sensitive as to call this troubling. It is certain- 
ly a fact worth notice, that the severest books against the 
United States sell rapidly and often run through several edi- 
tions, and when I once conversed with one of the first pub- 
lishers as to a work on the United States, he said, "Any one 
who writes on this country ought to know that the severer 



( 225 ) 

he is the better his book will sell; I am convinced of this 
fact by repeated experience," which is no encouraging pro- 
spect for all those who wish to say what they think and 
know that eagles soar high, and geese cackle loud all over 
the world. 

That this good-natured equanimity of the Americans may 
be somewhat disturbed when a gentleman travels tout le 
temps en niaitre d^ecole, all the time pronouncing his opi- 
nion ex cathedra, finding fault and ridiculing, might be 
supposed, though I have, even then, seen the Americans, 
almost without exception, pertinaciously good-natured. You 
may object that, if all this be as I say, why did they 
show themselves some time ago so irritable, when at- 
tacked upon certain points? Because a most powerful 
slander-engine had been directed against them from some 
quarters in England, when they were yet quite young, and 
had their character as a nation to establish; and because one 
kind of slander was continually thrown at them, which no 
one takes in joke, and which the rudest and most vulgar 
fellow in the street throws inta the beard of his adversary, 
when he wishes most deeply to hurt him — an attack on the 
reputation of their parents. A man who can calmly listen 
to almost any charge, finds it difficult to keep quiet if his 
parents are attacked. Such parents, too, as the forefathers 
of the Americans were. It must be owned that whatever 
latitude may be allowed to party attacks and exciting lan- 
guage in time of war, it was a most ungenerous and fiend- 
ish charge, so often repeated in former times, — ay, so 
often that even to this present time thoughtless writers 
and public journals, repeat it, that the Americans descend 
from a parcel of criminals; while those who preferred this 
charge knew full well that never were colonists of any 
nation of better character sent out to any foreign country, 
than those earliest settlers of New England; that, however 
our views may differ from many of theirs, they were as 
honorable men as can possibly be found, and- that the total 

number of criminals ever sent to this country, amounts 

2f) 



( 22G ) 

to an exceedingly small number, which, besides, had it been 
much larger, could not have been able to alter any thing in 
the essential features of the people. Moreover, if there be 
such a thing as hereditary sin, there is also such a one as 
hereditary virtue, and every babe is ushered into this world 
as a being to stand on its own feet. But all irritability of 
this kind has worn away by this time, and I believe you 
might tell the Americans, that all their fathers were Burkes 
and their mothers Gottfrieds, and they would only say, "Ah, 
indeed?" However, since English writers have chanced to 
pretend that the Americans descend from a set of ragamuf- 
fins, thrown out by their country, and as that which has been 
said cannot be unsaid, it would seem that some British coun- 
ties honestly endeavor to make now, at least, as much as is 
in their power, true, what Avas untrue so far, and send us 
paupers, cargo after cargo, who, in many cases, walk di- 
rectly from the vessel to the almshouse. Nothing like con- 
sistency! Some late reports of committees appointed by 
the city authorities of Boston and New York, for the special 
purpose of inquiring into the matter, exhibit a frightful pic- 
ture, with regard to the influx of paupers, and, of course — as 
frail human nature is constituted — of vagrancy and crime, 
likewise, into this country. While they pour in through 
the sea-ports, the number who emigrate from Canada and 
New Brunswick into the United States-, by land, is equally 
frightful. And sorry I was, indeed, when, some years ago, 
the sovereign authority of a German city sent actual con- 
victs to our shores. They had heard, probably, of our ex- 
cellent penitentiaries, and found themselves bound, in Chris- 
tian charity, to ])rocure for their criminals as good prisons as 
possible, for that they would here, in. course of time, find 
their way to the prison again, was evident. If a govern- 
ment wants criminals, as, some years ago, that of Brazil did, 
it is quite fair to empty the prisons; if a single individual 
rashly resolves upon such an act as the above transportation 
of criminals was, it is j)ossible, at least, to understand it, 
but how a measure of this kii\d can be concerted between 



( 227 ) 

several persons, who are all, in the whole, honorable men, 
how they can pass over the act of making such an outrage 
an official measure, without compunctions — is something I 
cannot understand. So much for human morality without 
the pale of shame; distance of time and place gives us very 
different views respecting our actions, and the merchant who 
would not dream of deceiving at home, makes regular prepa- 
ration to cheat the distant and sable cultivator of the pepper. 
Now, then, again the lance is couched for an attack upon 
the names met with in this country. — I am perfectly well 
aware that the difficulty of giving names in the United States 
is often exceedingly great. You remember, undoubtedly, 
scenes in the families of your friends, which show that Mr. 
Shandy was not the only person puzzled at what name he 
should choose from the endless number before him. It is 
always a difficult matter to decide when there are no distinct 
rules to direct our choice, and we are at liberty to select 
among a great number of objects. If parents are puzzled at 
the choice of one name, what shall an official secretary of 
one of the United States do, before whom lies a list of a large 
number of newly surveyed townships to be christened by 
him? He takes a six cents geography, a twenty-five cents 
history, peradventure, and chalks off the names of the in- 
dex. Or a committee is appointed to name the places; 
each member writes down a name; they are put into a hat, 
and the lot is drawn. It was thus that the charming city 
of Utica came to its inappropriate name. Or, to take ano- 
ther instance, a surveyor has laid out townships or counties, 
and fixes names to the list, as a circumnavigator names what 
he discovers; thus you may find on every large map Gene- 
ral Jackson's whole first cabinet sticking in the north-west- 
ern territory; a geographical immortality long surviving tlie 
personal one. However, perhaps, after all, this is not so 
very improper a way to make names; a poor fellow may, in 
this way, learn history from maps, and acquire the spelling 
of names which he might not have learned otherwise. I re- 
member a county, I think 1 know of two or three, in dif- 



( 228 ) 

ferenl states, called after several distinguished politicians, 
which petitioned their respective legislatures to change their 
names, when the counties' politics had changed. It seems 
to me the most advisable way for such counties would be to 
adopt, at once, two, or three, or four different names, to be 
used according to emergencies and the changes of political 
winds. It would sound exceedingly dignified were a news- 
paper article to begin thus, Jackson county, alias Adams 
county, alias Crawford county, &c. 

Sometimes, — to continue my account of the method of 
" calling names," — a hunter goes out, finds a creek and per- 
haps a pair of yellow breeches, and immediately it will be 
called Yellow Breeches River; or a crow happens to fly 
over some lake, it is henceforth Crow Lake. Unfortunate- 
ly these names are not now, as in earlier days, allowed to 
corrupt and gradually to better thc'xr condition as nouns pro- 
l^er; for names of this kind were given then, as well as 
now; but, in most instances, they gradually changed. Sai- 
iors, who, in more than one respect, represent nations or 
tribes in their early stages, as to their frankness, their im- 
providence, their readiness to assist and their readiness to 
avenge, have also retained this quickness and boldness of 
corrupting names and accommodating them to a pronuncia- 
tion easier for them, and more suited to the spirit of their 
language; the English and American sailor perhaps more 
so than the mariner of any other nation. 

Mr. Walsh, in his Notices of Brazil, gives several in- 
stances. Thus, for instance, a collection of rocky islets 
near Madeira is called the Deserters, from the Portuguese 
Ilhas Desertas, (Desert Islands;) the Y'eni Hissari or New 
Castles, at the entrance of the Dardanelles, is made Cape Ja- 
nissary, and is thus to be found on the maps. The Archi- 
pelago is called the Arches; CoruTia is changed to the 
Groin. A goodly number might be added to these: let me 
mention but a few. Setubal in Portugal is changed into 
Si. Ubes; and I ;mi conviiu'i'd, that, h;ul this corruption 
taken j)l;ic(', or Ix^comr known ;it ;ui cnrlv timo, v.'licn cnno- 



( 329 ) 

nizations were not yet controlled by the church, a saint 
called Ubes, with an appropriate legend, would have come 
down to us; in the same way as some Greek words on the 
frontispiece of churches, were taken for the names of mar- 
tyrs, to whom these buildings were believed to have been 
dedicated, and thus actually led to the invention of some 
saints. Ilha Raza is changed into Razor Island. 

The Spanish cayo, a cliff or breaker, has been changed 
by the English mariner into key, of which there are many 
in the West Indies; but one of the strangest corruptions is 
our Key West, from the Spanish Cayo Hiieso or Bone 
Isle, because the form of the island resembles somewhat 
a bone; yet Key West is now the official and legitimate 
name, though it has nothing more to do wdth west than 
with east, north or south. The soldiers of the allied armies, 
when occupying France during the last war, were equally 
ready to accommodate names to their organs of pronuncia- 
tion; and the highest instance of corruption of this kind on 
record, I believe to be afforded in the case of Napoleon 
himself Oldeleben, who was a long time Saxon officier 
d' ordonnance in the staff of the emperor, and has given an 
interesting work on the French campaign in Saxony in the 
year 1813, informs us that Napoleon, who had, of course, to 
pronounce a number of foreign names of persons about 
him, did not always find them sufficiently easy for his pro- 
nunciation; nor could the ruler over so many empires be 
fairly expected to trouble himself much with hard names 
which it was difficult for his mind, otherwise so retentive, 
to remember, and his lips to utter. He, therefore, pro- 
nounced these names as his mouth found comfortable, and 
the person went ever after by this appellation, which it was 
necessary, though oftentimes not very easy for his aides to 
remember. Some names of German and Polish places are 
excessively difficult for the native of any other country to 
pronounce, and Napoleon was obliged to deal with them in 
a like way, which required great attention in liis suite not 



( 230 ) 

to commit mistakes, which often might have led to serious 
results. 

But not only mariners and soldiers, hut people of all oc- 
cupations are apt to change names, if they are obliged often 
to pronounce any ill-fitted for their organs of speech. Thus, 
the French Riviere de Feves (Bean River) has become with 
our population the Fever River, — a very bad name, as 
every one who hears it, without being acquainted with its 
etymology, will attach a hideous character to the innocent 
stream, which is just as healthy or unhealthy as any of its 
fellow waters in that part of the country. A spot in our 
western territory was called Bois Brule, either literally 
from "burned wood," or in memory of some Bois BriiU, 
the name for a descendant of French white, and Indian 
blood. The present name is Bob Ruly. I mention these 
facts that you may compare our western corruptions with 
similar changes in Europe during the great changes in the 
middle ages. The name of nearly every existing Italian 
place, which dates from antiquity, affords an instance. Arez- 
zo from Aretium, Folingo from Fulginlum, or take the Ger- 
man Mailand from the Italian Milano from the ancient Me- 
diolanum. 

Not only geographical names are subject to these curious 
corruptions; they extend to the names of persons likewise. 
Many instances are known to you from English history. I 
will give you a few amusing ones of our country. That 
the German Schneider, Klein, Schuhmacher, Schmidt, 
Braun, quickly change into Snyder, Clyne or Klyne, Shoe- 
maker, Smith and Brown, is natural enough. Sometimes 
names are positively translated; thus, I know of a Mr. 
Bridgebuildcr whose ancestors came from Germany under 
the name of Briickenbauer. I have met with many in- 
stances of this kind. There is a family now in Pennsylva- 
nia whose original name was Klein; at present they have 
branched out into three chief ramifications called Klein, 
Small, and Little; and, if they continue to have many little 



( 231 ) 

ones, they may, for aught I know, branch farther out into 
Short, Less, and Lesser, — down to the most Lilliputian 
names. 

I was once, in England, in company with a Mr. Short, in 
whose presence a Mr. Shorter was mentioned. "Your son?" 
said a bystander, quite gravely, to Mr. Short, who, like most 
people, disrelished the joke on his name very much. 

In Salem, Massachusetts, is now living a family of the 
name of Blumpay, a corruption of Blancpied, their original 
name. A German, called Feuerstein, (fire-stone, the Ger- 
man for flint,) settled in the west, when French population 
prevailed in that quarter. His name, therefore, was changed 
into Pierre a Fusil; but, in the course of time, the Anglo- 
American race became the prevalent one, and Pierre a Fu- 
sil was again changed into Peter Gun. That is somewhat 
like Albert the Great, which is believed by some to be cor- 
rupted from Albert de Groot. At that rate. Lord King 
might become the king our lord. Well, if Albert the Great 
has obtained his splendid name by corruption, he is not the 
only one in history who owes this surname to the same cause. 

A barber in Boston, a most respectable man, and a great 
friend of mine — a real Burchiello* — calls himself Ashton. 
As he is a Sicilian, I asked him how he came to this name. 
" My Italian name," said he, " is Astorini, but they told me 
in Salem that Ashton is the English for Astorini." 

One day I found him in a melancholy mood. " What is 
the matter with you?" asked I. "I am sorry," he replied, 
" that I did not hang myself yesterday." Bravo, thought 
I, a true fit of the melancholia anglica, as Sauvage so sa- 
vagely calls suicide, in his work on insanity. " If this be all 
your misfortune," I said, "you may easily redress it to- 
day." — "That is just what I mourn for," he replied, "I 

• Dotninic Burchiello was the famous barber of Florence, in wliose shop 
all the beaux esprits of that favored place of the arts used to meet. He him- 
self was a poet, and his shop is painted in one of the arches of the gnllerj' of 
the Medici. It is divided into two parts, in the one people are shaved, in tlie 
otlier poets make poems or play instruments and sing-. — Editor. 



( 232 ) 

wish to 1)6 (lead, l)ut 1 don't want to die.'' Burchiello jo- 
cosely said, what many gravely think. — Another time, I 
asked him how much he gets if he goes to a person into the 
house to shave him. " A quarter of a dollar, or half a dol- 
lar, according to circumstances, from those who can afford 
it; from poor people I never take any thing, hut then I don't 
go to them." I could not help thinking of a letter written 
to a friend of mine, by a gentleman who had been asked to 
lend him a small capital for some enterprise, for fair inte- 
rests. The letter expressed the highest indignation at the 
offer of so high interests, as if its writer had ever shown any 
symptoms of usury. " As to the capital itself," it conti- 
nued, " it is utterly impossible for me to comply with your 
wishes." 

The dix)llest instance of the changing of names with which 
I am acquainted, I have yet to tell you. I found it in an 
article, which I know to have been written by one of the 
first literary men in this country, and whom I feel proud in 
knowing to be my friend, inserted in one of the numbers 
of the North American Review, and will give it in the same 
words: — "We happen to have heard, from a friend in the 
Northern States, an authentic instance of this kind, which 
we think will amuse our readers as much as it did ourselves 
— the plain English Christian name and surname of Benja- 
min Eaton, a Spanish boy, derived from liis single Spanish 
Christian name of Benito, or Benedict; and this, by a very 
natural process, though one which would have defied the 
acuteness of Tooke and the wit of Swift. When the boy 
was taken on board ship, the sailors, who are not apt to be 
fastidious in their attention to the niceties of language, hear- 
ing him called Benito, (pronounced Benceto,) made the 
nearest approximation to the Spanish sound which the case 
required, and which would give an intelligible sailor's name, 
by saluting their new shipmate as Ben Eatonl which the 
boy, probably, supposed was the corresponding English 
name, and, accordingly, conformed to it himself, when asked 
for his name. The next process in the etymological trans- 



( 233 ) 

formation was, that, when he was sent to one of our schools, 
the master, of course, inquired his name, and being answered 
that it was Ben Eaton, and presuming that to be his true 
name abbreviated, as usual, in the familiar style, directed 
him, as grammatical propriety required, to write it at full 
length Benjamin EatonP^ 

Quiner, as now written and pronounced, Coonyar, is a le- 
gitimate corruption in orthography for the Portuguese Cun- 
ha, pronounced as above. The instance will show you at 
the same time the strange sound the letter R has for English 
ears. It ranks at the end of a word somewhat between a 
vowel and a consonant, and whenever I have dictated a fo- 
reign word ending in an e, softly pronounced, as the Ger- 
man Freude, an Englishman would write down Freuder. 
So children will say par for pa, the abbreviation of papa, 
and it is a common vulgarity to say lor for law, and saw- 
ring wood for saiving loood. So much with regard to the 
letter R. 

" How does it happen that the more remote a part of the 
United States, and the newer the names, the more classical 
or rather unclassical they are?" — My dear friend, for the 
same reason, that, some seventy years ago, every one in Si- 
lesia was a rhymer because there was no poet among them. 
Take it always as an infallible rule, that the more rhyming 
you see in the newspapers, &c., in a country or at a particu- 
lar time, the more unpoetic are the people, as never more 
cry and noise are made about the purity of a government 
than when it is rotten and corrupt; and our attention is 
often then only directed to a virtue or moral excellence, 
when the contrary has first occupied our reflection, so much 
so that many of the former have but a negative name. Guilt 
was first thought of, and then innocence, which, in Ger- 
man, also, is called Unschuld, literally unguilt, or guiltless- 
ness. Take, for instance, the most rhyming periods of any 
country, Germany, France, England, and observe whether 
they ever have produced the great poets of the respective 
nations, and in this country you can trace the truth of my 

30 



( 234 ) 

assertion in single papers. The less cultivated a community 
is for which a certain paper is issued, the more it abounds 
in rhymes and the more bombastic words the editor uses for 
his verbose articles. Simplicity is both the child of early 
limitedness and the flower of cultivation. 

But some time or other these classical names must be ex- 
hausted, and what are we to take then for a copy after which 
we bestow names? The Olympus has not yet been suffi- 
ciently plundered. We have Aurora, well, why not Jove- 
Hill, Hebe-Bluff, Thesmophoros-Portage, Hyperion-Swamp, 
Astraea-Pond? When we have ransacked all mythology, 
Greek, Northern, and Hindoo, we may, by way of contrast, 
and in order to suit our character, so essentially utilitarian, 
descend at once to the useful. 

Thus, we might have Rye, Wheat, Barley counties, and 
Hops-borough; or wc might take the animal body as the 
foundation of our compounds, for instance, Nose-ridge, Up- 
per-Jaw-borough, Kidney County, Liver-town, Mount Belly ; 
or we might take other useful things for our names and say, 
Paper-city, Flax-ville, Gold-coin-county, or United-States- 
bank-note-parish. It would not differ much from Mecha- 
nicville or Tariffville in Northampton county, Massachusetts. 
Why not take the names of favorite dishes for the forma- 
tion of geographical nouns? Mush-ville would not be so 
very bad, neither in sound nor association of ideas. Hasty- 
pudding, Barbacue, and Squash would afford delightful 
names; and to be born in the city of Bonny-clabber would 
augur future distinction in poetry, and it would sound so 
stately in a Latin epitaph, Poela Boniclaboricus or Vates 
Boiiiclaborensis . 

The truth is, I am fully aware that it is not easy to find 
a number of appropriate names for places, and of imbuing 
the people at large with sufficient taste to make good choices 
or produce good compounds. 

The difficulty of selecting fit and decent appellations ap- 
pears with all discoverers on land or sea. You can trace it in 
almost every name given to a newly discovered group of 
isles, mountains, lakes, &c. In New South Wales there is 



( 235 ) 

a high mountain called Wellington, which, perhaps, is not 
so bad, as the name was given when this great captain won 
his fairest victories, and thus the appellation has some histo- 
rical meaning, and is, perhaps, after all, as good as St. Ber- 
nard; but take the description of a voyage round the world. 
How unsightly and unsoundly are all the King George III. 
Inlets and Prince Edward Islands, and Rios de San Christo- 
bal, and Isla de St. Maria de Asuncion. Take one of the last 
of these voyages, that of Captain Kotzebue. The name of his 
vessel was Predpriatie. In the preface to the description 
of his voyage, the circumnavigator says that the name is, 
probably, so unwont to foreign lips that he will not any 
more mention it; yet he bestows it on an island, to the con- 
fusion of all geographers. I am truly glad that he had no 
connexion with the town of Mtzensk or some other Russian 
place of a similar name, or that he is no native of Srb ! If Ho- 
mer himself were born on such an island, it could not become 
immortal; for the best disposed scholar would be unable to 
remember the name. It was, to be serious, no trifling ob- 
stacle to the fame of many Polish heroes in the last unhappy 
insurrection, that they had names which left upon the mind 
of foreigners no eflfect but that of utter confusion. Skrzy- 
necki was the only name the public could afford to remem- 
ber, and even his name I do not know whether I have writ- 
ten rightly or not. All the others went as nombres incom- 
prensibles, as the Colombians used to call the firm of a house 
with which I am acquainted, [a casa de los nombres incom- 
prensibles. The firm consisted of three individuals, and 
never went by any other name in the post office than the 
above. What would they have said of Knatchbull, Kuhlen- 
kamp, or the English village of Home-upon-Spalding-moor? 
Not only geographical discoverers find it difficult to invent 
names; the same is the case in sciences and arts. When the 
study of mineralogy and chemistry began to be pursued 
with a success unknown before, it was no mean difficulty for 
their cultivators to find appropriate names, and, in many in- 
stances, neither taste nor scientific strictness can be said to 
have dictated them. 



( 236 ) 

Difficult, however, as it is to find or make fair names, the 
difficulty would be lessened were we to render the chaos be- 
fore us somewhat to order, could we find out rules, which in 
a degree might guide us. Had I more means than I possess, 
and I need not be possessed of a Thelluson property, I should 
certainly offi2r some price, for the best and most practical 
rules for inventing new or applying old names to new places, 
rivers, &c. I know full well, that taste, which cannot be 
taught, will always be important in regard to this subject; 
yet something might be done, by those rules and perhaps 
still more by thus directing more general attention to this 
matter. I really think it would be a subject worthy of oc- 
cupying the attention of our learned societies, if they have 
any means to dispose of for the purpose. 

Simple and tasteful names, will always be preferable. Cap- 
tain Back, on his chivalric journey, to seek his friend on 
the eternal snow-fields, called the house, in which he wintered 
from 1833 to 1834, Fort Reliance. Now, this is a model 
for a name: it has sound, rhythm, and meaning; a mean- 
ing most appropriate for his situation, and withal is beauti- 
fully simple. Fort Reliance! what feeling heart or ear, that 
is awake to rhythm, can hear it without remembering it 
for ever? — We need but hear it, and it has stolen itself al- 
ready into our ear, and our soul. Suppose he had called it 
after some of his patrons so called, say Fort William, or 
Fort Clarence, it sounds as well as the other, but would you 
remember it the next hour? Does it call up all those agree- 
able and more than agreeable ideas, with which the name 
Fort Reliance directly associates itself? Compare with 
this such a name as New Egypt, not far from Burlington; 
how flat, — and why shall not things be called by their right 
names? — how silly sounds the latter! 

The English and Americans, so very practical in their 
views, take it altogether more easy to fix a name to a thing 
and let it pass. A chapel happens to be built in Regent Street, 
it is forthwith called Regent Chapel, though the regent had 
nothing to do with it. (iermans would never have written 



( 237 ) 

the name without prefixing a pedantic "so called." English 
and Americans call something familiarly by a certain name, 
and shortly after it is called so in books. In general this is 
right enough; the thing is more important than the name, 
and the chief end of the name is to signify the thing. This 
is all perfectly just, and people have said to me, " What is a 
name? It is all the same, how we call a thing." Why, a 
name is something which sticks to a person or place until it is 
changed, and if it forces unpleasant associations upon the 
mind of every one who hears it, it is a bad name, and if it 
sounds badly, you might just as well have chosen a better 
one. I have met in Germany, France, England, and in this 
country, with names positively indecorous, both of persons 
and places. One of them was actually so offensive, that the 
minister, an acquaintance of mine, could not pronounce it, 
in publishing the banns, and had to get over the matter by a 
cough. It did not simply cause an improper association of 
ideas, but it was itself indecorous; and why has that excel- 
lent Moselle wine, such a name? Every one will allow that 
names of this kind are nuisances; they break in upon the 
rights of society. He who wishes to be its member has no 
right to offend his fellows in whatever way it may be. 

Now, let me ask, is it, as to the individual, much better with 
regard to a ridiculous name? If a name necessarily call up 
a number of ludicrous associations, it must be pronounced a 
bad name, and cannot possibly be agreeable or useful to its 
bearer. And, be it remembered, a name may be very 
much in the way, if its bearer is in public life. Puns may 
sometimes severely smart, and even seriously injure; for 
no weapon is so fiendish as ridicule, since you have often no 
counter-weapon to oppose, and there are many cases, in 
which a great deal is lost, if you have it not in your power 
instantly to counteract the effect produced by your oppo- 
nent. A vote may be lost, and one vote may decide great 
things, both directly and by a series of rapid consequences. 

A " good name" is an expression full of meaning; not only 
as to the moral sense of the appellation, but also as to its 
sound and the ideas with which it is associated: and this 



( 238 ) 

holds not only with names of persons, but also with geogra- 
phical nouns proper. A place ought to have ''a good name," 
in every respect. ]Menu, the Eastern sage, says that a fe- 
male's name ought to be beautiful and to terminate with a 
vowel. He was right in asking a beautiful name for a female, 
and might have asked a fine one for a man, and a decent 
one for a place. A bad name is like a bad razor; you may 
be a most honorable man with it, yet it incommodes you a 
thousand times. 

That the custom of naming places after those distant spots, 
whence emigrants originally came, is natural, and often has 
something touching in it, no one will deny. We cling with 
fondness to every object or sound which reminds us of the 
spot where we were born, and enjoyed the unstinted happi- 
ness of childhood; and where, perhaps, those we love most 
continue to live. But, we must beware lest this sweet ef- 
fect be counteracted by associations the very reverse of our 
feelings. If Swiss emigrants call their settlement, however 
small it may be, Vivay, it is in perfect accordance with 
their feelings and all that taste may demand; but if they 
call the whole county, in which the new Vivay is situated, 
Switzerland, their fondness for their old country chooses an 
unsuitable means of expressing itself. If a small place is 
called after London, go and be wind-bound in it for a whole 
week in winter, as I have been, and then tell me whether 
the stay does not become a thousand times more disagreea- 
ble by the constant comparison and contrast forced upon you. 
I love to observe with what fondness Americans cherish 
the memory of their descent, and their intimate connexion 
with Europe. In many families cups, plates, chairs are 
shown you, which their forefathers brought over from your 
part of the world. Two large yew trees, cut in the stiff 
and cramped style of the period of Louis XIV., and brought 
from Europe at the beginning of the last century, are fond- 
ly and justly nursed in the garden of a friend of mine; and 
a merchant told me, that when he lately received from a fa- 
mily in Guatimala, a quantity of old-fashioned silver and gold 
plate, the goldsmith gave for various articles a higher price 



( 239 ) 

than the mere metal would have brought, according to what 
he gave for others. The reason he assigned was, that Ame- 
ricans cherish memorials of their ancestors so much that, 
sometimes, a general fondness for antique articles is met 
with. 

But, then, the association of ideas, to which a name ne- 
cessarily leads, should not counteract its intended good ef- 
fect, and especially it ought not, by its glaring contrasts, 
to throw a ridicule on what it designates. The love of high- 
sounding names nowhere more generally prevails than with 
Americans. The baker calls his shop a Bakery; the shoe- 
maker writes in gigantic letters over his shop. Shoe and 
Boot Manufactory; over the entry to a bookbinder's, the 
existence of a Bookbindery is testified to in staring capi- 
tals; a little fruiterer's shop in the outskirts of a city, is de- 
nominated Western Market. The instances which I have 
mentioned are by no means the most glaring. — The name 
of Waverley Place, in New York, has nothing bad in it: it 
shows as much as the Walter Scott grit, which I found ad- 
vertised in the Berlin Royal Gazette, in 1826, the great 
popularity of the Scottish novelist. 

The name of a place is not the place itself, I grant; no 
more is the flag, under which a gallant sailor fights for his 
country, and would fight for her, were it green, pink, lilac, 
buff, or chocolate, the country itself. Yet, I should like to 
know whether our sailors would not prefer, if they have the 
choice, the bright and tasteful flag of the United States, which 
has given rise to so many poetic allusions, — the star-spangled 
banner, with its stripes and stars, to the Mecklenburg flag, 
with a large ox-head on a white ground, and a ring through 
its nose? I, for my part, prefer a place with a simple name, 
to any American Memphis or Sparta. Some may accustom 
themselves, after a long time, to hear of a village Manlius 
without thinking of its namer, in like manner, as no one 
now is reminded of the eminently ludicrous character of the 
appellation jardin des planies, but others cannot so ac- 
custom themselves; and all the absurdity of the thing ap- 



( 240 ) 

pears in its most glaring light, as soon as we come to form 
an adjective of these names, and, to call an individual, born 
in these places, an Athenian, Roman, Ciceronian, Demos- 
thenian, &c. Names of this kind have, as light wood railings 
round a palace, something provisional in them, as if they 
were not intended to last long; it gives a kind of an un- 
settled character. I do not deny that these names reminded 
me, constantly, while I was gliding along on the canal, of 
the journey of the Empress Catharine through the painted 
villages of the Crimea, when she was greeted by peasants 
from great distances, though the American places, them- 
selves, which bore these names, gave rise to ideas of a very 
different character, — to wit, those produced by the sight of 
substantial comfort. On the other hand, it may be allowed, 
that this immense variety of names gathered from all 
countries and all ages, partly results from the peculiar situ- 
ation of the United States, before which, all civilized 
countries lie like a map. Distance of time and place pro- 
duces impartiality. Still it remains a caricature, though 
caricatures exhibit traits of character with more effect than 
when they are shown by more accurate delineations. The 
first canal boat we passed exhibited on its stern these words: 

Shakspeare of Lysander. 

What a monstrosity! no satirist could have wished it 
better. Republicans call a place after a general, whose cha- 
racter was the very opposite of what ought to be valued 
by republicans. But this is not the only instance I have 
met with, of names given so much at random, that they are, 
in fact, synonymes of wickedness. I have even sometimes 
found the names of persons, held up in the Old Testament 
for execration, ignorantly bestowed upon children. And a 
canal-boat, for the carriage of goods, dragged by one horse, 
and so slowly that all the passenger-boats overtake it, is 
called after the most favored of all the inspired disciples of 
the Pierian maids. 

As botanists have now succeeded in somewhat reducing 



( 241 ) 

the art of giving names to new plants, to certain rules, so 
I think considerable assistance might be derived in the for- 
mation of new geographical names, by paying some atten- 
tion to the subject, and representing clearly to ourselves the 
effect intended to be produced. There are some general 
rules applicable in this case, as in any other; e. g. that good 
taste, which strictly avoids every ludicrous, or uncalled for 
association, ought to guide us, that simplicity is always re- 
quisite for beauty and propriety, &c. The most important 
after these seems to me the sound. The name of a place 
ought to flow easily, neither to be too long, nor too short, 
nor have an outlandish character, if no palpable reason for 
the contrary exist. The sound is, perhaps, even more im- 
portant than historical recollection, if the latter can only be 
preserved at the expense of the former, because a name is a 
thousand times pronounced in the common concerns of men, 
without its historical meaning being rememberetl, and if we 
have sacrificed to the latter, fine sound, and rhythmical flow, 
we have lost, in all ihese cases, every thing. Secondly, if 
the name may be derived from same historical event, so 
much the better. It is well to surround ourselves, as much 
as possible, with that which reminds us of memorable events 
or persons; Gothe says, "The best which we have from 
history, is the enthusiasm it excites." But I would always 
advise to be cautious as to using nouns proper of persons for 
places. It is not io good taste to call a place Thompson, 
Brown, or the like, yet Hudson, I own, is good enough; for 
the latter is not so much associated in our minds with the 
idea of personality. Thirdly, geological features may af- 
ford good materials for names, yet good taste must here, as 
in all other cases, decide. Thus, INIount Carbon, sounds 
to me flat; it smacks too much of lectures on chemistry, 
while, perhaps. Colliers' Home does very well for a 
small number of houses, where the colliers of some neigh- 
boring coal-pits live. The form of mountains, rivers, &c., 
often affords us the elements of fine names, such as fork, 

ridge, mount, confluence, (like Coblcntz,) rapids, fall, rock, 

31 



( 242 ) 

bridge, &c. Fourthly, the vegetable world, a prevailing 
plant, tree, or herb, may afford a very convenient element 
for nomenclature, sometimes it may give us a whole name, 
which is not bad; e. g. Mount Holly, Laurel Hill, Cedar, or 
Pine Grove, &c. Fifthly, the comparison to other places, by 
the addition of Little, or New. But this, as I have said, 
ought to be used very carefully. Sixthly, any English names 
of small places, villages, &c., some of which are very fine, 
and have never yet been used in this country. They are 
preferable to Italian, French, &c. names, simply, because 
they belong to our own language, and do not carry any as- 
sociation of ideas with them. Leominster, or Newham, 
sounds to me much better, for a small place, than all the 
Lodis and Waterloos. Seventhly, invention by arbitrary 
composition. If the person be utterly at a loss what name 
to bestow, let him put the consonants of the alphabet, writ- 
ten on separate pieces of paper, into one hat, and the vowels 
into another, and let him draw alternately from one or the 
other; sometimes, if he choose, he may draw twice from the 
consonants, until he has a word with two or three sylla- 
bles. Though words, thus formetl, will often be strange to 
our ears, they will at other times be exceedingly sonorous, 
and as it is very easy to make a great number of them, it is 
necessary only to select the finest. I confess, I do not like 
this way very much; for it is better to follow the general 
rule, that man ought to discard chance wherever it is in his 
power, and to let reason and reflection guide him. 

In order to form names after the above rules, it would be 
well to collect a number of elements of names. We have 
ville, borovgh, (not as often used, by the by, as it ought to 
be) cityy (as in Delaware City,) town, mount, creek, &c But 
these are by no means enousjh. It seems to me that if we 
consider of what elements many thousands of old geographi- 
cal names are composed, we might use many of these com- 
ponent parts to great advantage, jjrovidcd they be con- 
genial to our language; on which account, words and syl- 
lables of Teutonic origin would generally be best. The 



( 243 ) 

following may serve as samples, though there are many 
more: — 

Ac, derived either from the Celtic aa, or the Latin aqua^ 
signifies a proximity to water, and occurs often in the 
South of France, as the final syllable. 

Jldel, German for noble, often used for high, noble moun- 
tains. 

Jilt, German for old. 

ndrde, last syllable of several Dutch names, and signifies 
as much as the German Erde, earth: for example, 
Oudenarde, Old-Earth. 

Jirl, Aar, and Jidler, German for eagle, as Arlherg, 
Eagle-Mountain. 

Bach, German for rivulet. 

Bait and Belt, Celtic for a great assemblage of water: 
for example, the Baltic and the Belt. 

Berg, German for mountain, (and, in the English lan- 
guage, an ice-berg.) 

Borg, Danish and Swedish for castle, and might be taken 
as borough. 

Burg, German for the same. 

Brig, Celtic for bridge. — Bothwellbrig in Old Morta- 
lity. 

Brunn, German for well: for example, Markebriinn, 
(where fine hock is raised,) Well on the Frontier. 

Den, Gothic for town. 

Dorf, German for village. 

Dun, Celtic for hill. 

Ec, Ey, Aye, Celtic. Mostly found with names of plants, 
trees, &c., and signifies an assemblage of them. 

Ey, Scandinavian for island, as in Anglesey, Isle of the 
Angles. 

Feld, German for field. (If there happen to be two 
Greenfields, it might be convenient to change one into 
Greenfeld.) 



( 2-J4 ) 

Pels, German for rock. 

Fiord, Danish and Swedish for dCiroit, an arm of the 
sea. 

Furt, German for ford. 

Gar, German and Persian for a fortified place. 

Haff, German for port. 

Hof, German for yard, a farm. 

Holm, Scandinavian for islet. 

Juge, last syllable of many Saxon names, meaning field. 

Kerke, Flemish corruption of the German Kirche, Scot- 
tish kirk, church. 

Mark, German for frontier, thus Marksuhl, i. e. Suhl on 
the frontier. 

Mor, Celtic for sea. 

Mund, German for mouth of a river. 

Nant, Celtic for rivulet. 

Ness, Scandinavian syllable at the end of a word, sig- 
nifying a promontory, as Inverness. 

Nicder, German for low, 

Norr, Gothic for north. 

Ny, Danish for new. 

Ober, German for upper. 

Oc, Danish syllable of termination, signifying island. 

Ort, German for place, as Fredericsort. 

Oude, Dutch for old. 

Pen, Celtic for summit. 

Schoen, German for beautiful, as Schceneiche, Beautiful 
Oak, and Schccnbrunn. 

Seng, Danish for near. 

Stein, Gerinan for rock. 

Thai, German for valley, dale. 

fVald, German for forest 

There arc many short and well-sounding elements of ge- 
ographical names in the Asiatic languages, but it would be 
droll again, were we to make compounds with the Chinese 
ho for river, /?e for north, /;«« for fortress, men for passage, 



( 245 ) 

or lar, the Russian for shore or bank, or hima, the Sanscrit 
for cold. 

If we add to the above elements those we find in English 
names, but which we hardly ever use in our compounds, 
such as, Chester, (from castrum,) dale, frith, hall, ham, (the 
same with the German heim, as, in Durham, meaning home, 
abode,) head, hill, stone, wick, and wich, (from the Latin 
vicus,) &c., we shall have a number of geographical elements, 
which, if used according to the above rules, inight serve for 
the composition of many fair names. For instance, if the 
name Thompson must be retained, Thompsonort seems bet- 
ter than merely Thompson. It is not meant to say, that the 
given elements of foreign languages are better than the cor- 
responding English ones, but one or the other may be more 
convenient in certain compositions, or the English syllable 
or word may have been used already, and every body who 
has at all directed his attention to the subject, will agree with 
me, that the enormous repetition of geographical names in 
this country is a serious evil which threatens to become great- 
er every day. I have made some inquiry in various post- 
offices and the general post-office in Washington, and have 
found, what can easily be imagined, that the large number 
of places of the same name occasions, both to tlie offices and 
the public, countless inconveniences. In fact, you have but 
to open a gazetteer in order to convince yourself of what 1 
say. 

If, then, a name is to be given to a place, township, coun- 
ty, &.C., and no appropriate Indian name be still in existence, 
let the name-giver inquire whether there be any prominent 
object within it, or whether any important event has hap- 
pened there, and then try whether, with the above elements, 
a fair name may be compounded; for it is to be adopted as 
a rule, that, generally, some natural connexion should sub- 
sist between name and place. If the place has ever borne 
an Indian name, retain this before all others; if it be too long, 
omit a syllable or two; if it be too difficult for white men to 



( 246 ) 

pronounce, change and shape it according to our organs, but 
retain the name as far as possible. Indian names have the 
advantage of natural growth and antiquity; we feel as if they 
belong to the place, and are not pasted on as something ar- 
bitrary, which may be changed again wath equal caprice. 
Besides, the Indian names of our country are generally well 
sounding. If we come to the South American Iztaccihuatls, 
Huitzompans, Cajotepeques, and Axajacatls, it is different, in- 
deed; yet, even there, if a general assumes an elevated tone 
in his proclamation, or an orator be desirous of addressing 
his hearers in a dignified style, they resort to the Indian 
names, and call the inhabitants of the different Mexican states 
by the native names of those countries. This may be owing, 
in a great measure, to the love of pompousness, so natu- 
ral to Spaniards and their descendants, but there is, be- 
sides, a great power in ancient names. They are like the 
short titles of works, with the contents of which we are well 
acquainted. The French revolution abolished carefully the 
old names of the different provinces which had constituted 
the kingdom, and introduced the more statistic names of the 
departments. At no subsequent period of the republic or 
the empire were they revived or even alluded to, until Na- 
poleon returned from the Russian snow-fields. Then, when 
he was conscious of being obliged to call for new and un- 
heard of exertions, when he felt that he was in want of the 
undivided energy of the whole nation, he, for the first time, 
called upon the inhabitants of Burgundy, Brittany, Pro- 
vence, Languedoc, &c., to rush to the banners for the de- 
fence of the sacred soil of their country and national inde- 
pendence. With a man like Napoleon, in his situation and 
knowing the Frcncli nation so well, we cannot ascribe this 
fact to trifling motives or, perhaps, to chance. 

Another way of making names would be to collect the 
most general processes by which corruptions, or, to use a 
milder term, transformations have been brought about; to 
reduce the whole to some rules, and apply them in given 
cases. But the difficulty here would be, that first the name 



( 247 ) 

or word, to be transformed, is wanting, and, secondly, that 
these transformations would, in most cases, not be easy, often 
impossible. Besides, the whole would be too scientific a 
way, and it is the people, who bestow the names. 

Madame Roland (that high-minded woman, but misplaced 
in her age, as we find not a few such characters in history; 
who should have lived in Rome when Coriolanus threatened 
it, or when Hannibal was carrying terror over Italy) begins 
her memoirs^ relating to the French revolution, by an anec- 
dote of her grandmother, who, when one day the curtain 
support of her bed broke down, exclaimed, in astonishment, 
" This has lasted fifty-five years, how does it happen to 
break now!" I agree with the old lady, and as this dis- 
sertation on names has lasted so long, I intend it shall last 
a few moments longer. 

Names very often amuse me, by giving me an opportunity 
of tracing their probable connexion with events of history. 
There are Baron de Schmidts (Smith) in Germany. Great 
and powerful convulsions of affairs were required to raise 
this name — originally given to individuals engaged in occu- 
pations which were considered fit only for slaves and bonds- 
men — to a rank in the peerage. The existence of this title 
represents, in the smallest possible compass, the ascendency 
which the popular principle has been continually gaining 
over the aristocratic throughout the whole European race. 
Again, take a name like TariffVille. What was not neces- 
sary to produce such a name! It is a 7iux historica* In 
order to induce people to give to a place so flat an appella- 
tion, their ardor for a tariff must have run high, indeed; it 
represents the existing state of American politics at the 
time, the zeal of the northern states to vie with older coun- 
tries in the career of manufacturing industry, and brings 
to m.ind the struggle against this course of policy. But the 
name tariff' would not have been given in this country to 

• Thus is the text, but when the editor received the proof slieet, he found 
that the printer had made of it, nux vomica. Did he do it on purpose^ — 
Editor. 



( 243 ) 

the subject which it designates, had not England adopted it 
from Italy — Italy to which we owe, with so many other 
branches of modern civilization, one of the most important — 
the modern system of commerce. And she again took the 
word tariff from the Orient, which, in many respects, had 
obtained, at the time it afforded the name, great superiority 
over the Occident. Through Italy was then running the 
great stream of commerce; and mighty revolutions caused 
it at once to flow in a totally different direction, and made 
Spain great, and gave to Portugal the age of heroism. And 
Camoens, the soldier, bard, and swimmer, the noble poet, and 
the beggar, is brought before your mind, ot the Italian tariff 
reminds you of the ancient castle Tarifa, which no sailor 
that ever passed the Straits of Gibraltar, will forget — that 
monument of the Spanish JNIanlius, Don Alonso Perez Guz- 
man, called el Bueno'' by his grateful king, for having, like 
a hero, refused to surrender the castle to the Moors, who 
had captured his first-born son and threatened to behead him 
before his eyes, should he not surrender, (luzman, as an- 
swer, threw down from the battlement his own sword, with 
which the Moors severed the head of the son, in the pre- 
sence of his father. And all the deeds of Spanish chivalry, 
and the songs which celebrate them in Castilian tongue, may 
rise up before you and — thus you may dream on, and on, if 
you are obliged to halt in a dreary inn of a barren place such 
as little TarifiVille. Or take the name of Brazil, a vast, rich, 
and most glorious country, called after bi^isa, Portuguese 
for coal; or Africa, originally a mere province; or Madei- 
ra, sounding so pleasantly to the connoisseur in her noble 
wines, from inadera, Portuguese for luood, or, properly 
speaking, mailer, stuff. 

These are instances of names whicli rose to signify iiigher 
things than they originally designated; there are other words 

• This is the name which conjjress miglit have hestowed on "\V:ishington, 
had they thought fit to bestow upon him any pecuhar appellation whatever. 
AVashing-ton the Good; It is a mett designation. But liistorj- is now bcstow- 
incj it. — Editor. 



( 249 ) 

which have met with a similar fate. The Spanish rostro, the 
proper word for face, which no poet hesitates to use, is de- 
rived from the Latin rostrum, which, probably, was intro- 
duced into Spain in connexion with the meaning of face, by 
the Roman soldier, who, vulgarly, would use the word beak 
for face, as people, of the same class, with us, would use 
snout, by way of contempt. Or, who thinks that when he 
says, Macbeth is the most tragic of all dramatic composi- 
tions, that he calls it, in fact, the most goatish of plays? 
But there are, in original languages, words of domestic ori- 
gin which, nevertheless, have been elevated to the rank of a 
much more exalted signification than their original one. 
Yet their number is infinitely smaller than that of the woi-ds, 
which continually sink in their meaning. Words and phrases, 
in themselves the purest possible, become, in the course of 
time, common, vulgar, and even indecent, or, must I say in- 
decorous, the word indecent itself having sunk already too- 
low? 

I'll give you yet another instance of a far-travelling name. 
The Baroness de Riedesel tell&, in her memoirs, that she 
presented her husband, commanding the Hessian and Bruns- 
wick troops- against us, with a daughter, when in this part of 
the world. She was called America, and is now America, 
Countess of Bernstorff. She would not have received this 
name, had not th« chain-rewarded Columbus, an honor to 
mankind and a shame to monarchs, been wronged out of the 
glory due ta him and to him alone. Then consider^ that 
the Italian name Amerigo, the same with Emmerigo, is one 
of the many names not unfreqipent in the northern part of 
Italy, brought thither by the conquering Germans, such as 
Arrigo, Carlo, Ludovico (Luigi,) Matelda, &c. Amerigo 
and Emmerigo are derived from the GeiTnan Emmerich; so 
you see that our \vestern hemisphere bears a German name, 
which made the toitr du monde before it came back to its 
original land in the person of Countess Bernstorff". Howe- 
ver, the name is certainly most melodious and beautiful, and 

32 



( 250 ) 

I feel truly grateful that the Spaniards have not named our 
part of the world after the family name of the Florentine 
merchant-navigator. Suppose our great continent to have 
been called Vespuccia! 

The wrong done to the noble-minded Genoese, was felt, 
when Congress called the small piece of national ground, — 
where we meet to prove that we are a nation, and love to 
have one banner, waving alike over the representatives from 
all parts, — the District of Columbia; and when the Ame- 
rican poet mentions his country, inspired with her noble 
destinies, he calls her Columbia, so that here, wc have two 
names, one for politics and the common concerns of life, and 
one for poetry, as the Greek gods had an Olympic name, and 
one " by which mortals call them." 

The quaint names used in all parts of the United States, but 
especially in the Eastern states, have often been commented 
upon, and I will not give you a list of them; I should not 
know where to stop. The custom of adopting names from the 
Old Testament, and, as I have already remarked, often with 
inconceivable negligence, so that women have sometimes to 
carry a name through life, which calls up in the mind of every 
one skilled in the Old Testament associations of a most un- 
pleasant kind; or of giving the family name as a surname to a 
child, which is customary also in England, and a usage I like, 
though it cannot be denied, that it often gives rise to very 
queer compounds, as in the instance of a boy, whose bap- 
tismal name was Dolittle, after an uncle of this name; or that 
of following mere whim or fancy, renders these strange 
names very frecjucnt. The following I cut out of the 
Barnstable Journal, of February 9, 1832, which I happened 
to find. There arc, certainly, quaint names enough in a very 
short space, and not put together for any other purpose than 
the advertertising of marriages. 

" In West Barnstable, by the Rev. Mr. Harris, Capt. Tho- 
mas Cobb, of Hyannis, to Miss Temperance Cobb, of W. 
Barnstable. 



( 251 ) 

" In South Dennis, Capt Julius Baker, to Miss Diadema D. 
Killey. Capt. Shubael Nickerson to Miss Phoebe Downes. 
" In North Dennis, Capt. Aaron Crowell to Miss Fear Hall. 
Mr. Jeremiah Hall to Miss Thankful Howes." 

There was a lady in Berlin, so full of enthusiasm for the 
glory of regenerated Prussia, that she called her son Land- 
sturm of Eighteen-hundred-and-Thirteen, (Militia of the 
Third Banner of 1813;) another called her daughter Blu- 
cherine, and you remember perhaps the Prussian cabinet- 
order, which forbade clergymen to baptize children by any 
other than customary names — a law which, in spite, of my 
hearty dislike of quaint and ugly appellations, I thought 
very queer. If parents are not the best people to be trusted 
with naming their children, I think still less ought they to 
be trusted with cutting their hair or nails, or judging of the 
best time of weaning them. This is certainly a striking ex- 
ample of the peculiar intermeddling principle, the cultiva- 
tion of which, at one time, was considered, on the European 
continent, as the greatest problem of domestic politics, but 
which is now gradually giving way to more expanded views 
of legislation. 

In few things, perhaps, appears the difference of the Eng- 
lish and American character in a more decided light than 
in their respective regard for names and descent. As soon 
as an Englishman becomes known in any way, his descent 
is traced out through as many generations as possible. " He 
descends from a family highly respectable for several gene- 
rations, in such and such a county," is an expression we 
often meet with in English publications. If some distant 
relationship to some distant nobleman exist, it is sure to be 
ferreted out, were all the pages of history to be ransacked 
before it can be arrived at, and did it exist, after all, but in 
the collateral line, as of some daughter to some nephew of 
some sister of some earl. Who can read the preface to the 
memoirs of Lord Collingwood without a smile? However, 
a preface of this kind is easily forgotton, when the excel- 



( 252 ) 

lent subject of the biography may so justly say, with Napo- 
leon, " Let my nobility date from myself." When Wash- 
ington had risen to be admired, even by his enemies, the 
Garter King-at-Arms, Sir Isaac Head, requested the great 
man for his genealogy, as we are told in Roscoe's Memoirs. 
Such is the course of things: little people pay high for 
having made out their pedigree in London or Vienna; dis- 
tinguished men, like Washington or Napoleon, are begged 
to give it, or to accept it from obsequious inquirers, and — 
care little for it 

That this wish to prove a respectable origin comes from 
a praiseworthy source, can be denied by no one; but some- 
times it degenerates into the ludicrous. On the other hand, 
the ease with which Americans change their names is still 
more astonishing. That a change of name is readily granted 
if the name be improper, or, as I saw in the petition of a 
lady to the New York legislature, if a change be necessary, 
" for obvious reasons," (the name, it must be owned, was 
one of the ugliest I had ever heard,) is no more than just. 
However great the respect we bear to our parents may be, I 
do not see any reason which obliges us to carry through life a 
name unfit for society, or expressing or indicating something 
ridiculous, and transmit it to our children. It is certainly 
not right to make a change of names so difficult as in many 
countries, where it approaches nearly to an impossibility. 
But the levity with which names are changed in some parts 
of the United States is again an abuse. Often it amounts to 
nothing more than that a person is called ABC, and now 
wishes to call himself B A C. I will send you, as a proof, 
a whole act, granted by the legislature of Massachusetts, in 
1S30, to change the names of persons. Remember, the le- 
gislature sits annually and, probably, grants usually as large 
a number of changes;* at least, 1 have not heard that the ac- 

• We give the list of these names, thougl) apparently a tedious enumera- 
tion, at full length, because it is, in fact, a subject wortliy the attention of 



( 253 ) 

companying is an unusually large number. But, on the other 
hand, it must not be forgotten that there are more indivi- 
duals of the same name in America than I have found with 
any European nation. Names which signify occupations or 

our legislators, and will be interesting' to many readers, as characteristic of 
American moveability: — 

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
AN ACT TO CHANGE THE NAMES OF THE PERSONS THEREIN MENTIONED. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in general Court 
assembled, andbythe authority of the same. That Webber Ricker, of Boston, 
may take the name of George Webber Ricker^ that Orlando White, of Bos- 
ton, may take the name of Henry Kirke White; that Samson Wilder Thurston, 
of Boston, may take the name of Wilder Stoddard Thurston; that Petro Pa- 
pathakes, of Boston, may take the name of Peter Patterson; that William Mc- 
Managle, of Boston, may take the name of William Pinkerton McKay; that 
John McManagle, of Boston, may take the name of John McKay; that Eli- 
zabeth McManagle, wife of the said John McManagle, may take the name 
of Elizabeth McKay; and that Mary Ann McManagle, daughter of the said 
John McManagle, may take the name of Mary Ann McKay; and that his son 
John Pinkerton McManagle, may take the name of John Pinkerton McKay 
that Rebecca Waitt, of Chelsea, may take the name of Ann Rebecca Waitt 
that Thomas James Prince, of Boston, may take the name of James Prince 
that Lucius Augustus Hoar, of Boston, may take the name of Lucius Augus- 
tus Horr; that WiUiam Smith, of Boston, may take the name of William Otis 
Smith; that Blowers Danforth, of Boston, may take the name of Bowers Dan- 
forth; that Thomas Goddard, son of James Goddard, of Boston, may take the 
name of Thomas Austin Goddard; that Nathaniel Thayer, minor, son of Su- 
san F. Thayer, of Boston, may take the name of Nathaniel Frederick Thayer; 
that Andrew Haskell, of Boston, may take the name of Andrew W. Haskell; 
that William Eckley, minor, son of David Eckley, of Boston, may take the 
name of WiUiam Havard Eliot Eckley; that Robert Lapish, of Boston, may 
take the name of Robert Hardison Ualton; that James Lloyd Borland, son of 
John Borland, of Boston, may take the name of James Lloyd; that William 
Richardson, of Boston, may take the name of William Horatio Richardson; of 
all of the county of Suffolk. — That Elizabeth Wendell, of Salem, may take 
the name of Maiy Elizabeth Wendell; that Samuel Becket Kehew, of Salem, 
may take the name of Samuel K. Appleton; that EHanan Winchester Knight, 
of Salisbury, may take the name of Winchester Knight; that Josiah Cooper, 
of Newburyport, may take the name of Heniy Franklin Benton; that Caro- 
line Chase, of Newburyport, may take the name of CaroUne Boardman Chase; 
that Harriet Chase, of Newburyport, may take the name of Harriet Augusta 



( 254 ) 

qualities, such as Young, Brown, Black, White, (why does 
no nation use Blue as a family name? All other decided co- 
lors are used by one or the other,) Mercer, Carpenter, Car- 
ter, Smith are common every where; but names of a differ- 

Chase; that Peter Augustine Kimball, of Ipswicli, may take the name of Au- 
gustine Piiillips Kimball; tiiat William Micklcfiekl, junior, minor, son of Mary 
MagTuth, of Salem, may take the name of Tliomas Morris; that Daniel Put- 
nam, junior, and William Putnam, second, sons of Daniel Putnam, esquire, 
of Danvers, may severally take the names of Daniel Franklin Putnam and 
W'illiam Richardson Putnam; that Timothy Dow Plumer, minor, son of Na- 
than Plumer, of Newburyport, may take the name of Charles Henry Plumer; 
that Helen Elizabeth Cook, and that Joseph Augustus Edwin Long Cook, 
minor, children of John Cook, junior, of Newbuiyport, may take the respec- 
tive names of Helen Mar Cook and Joseph Augustus Cook; that Pedro Bla- 
sina, of Be\erly, may take tlie name of Edward Han-ington; that Margaret 
Welman McMillan, of Salem, may take the name of Margaret Ann Maskall; 
that Cynthia Clarinda Dennis Young, minor, daughter of Levi Young, of Ips- 
wich, may tiike the name of Cynthia Clarinda Young; that Nathaniel Rogers 
I-ane, of Gloucester, may take the name of Fitz Henry Lane; that Daniel 
Jackson Doggett, of Ipswich, may take the name of Daniel Jackson Aker- 
man; that Lucy Lord Doggett, wife of the said Daniel Jackson Doggett, 
may take the name of Lucy Lord Akerman; that Joseph L. Doggett, may take 
the name of Joseph Lord Akerman; that Sarah L. Doggett, may take the 
name of Sarah Lord Akennan;that Lucy M. Doggett, may take the name of 
Lucy Maria Akerman; that Susan L. Doggett, may take the name of Susan 
Lord Akerman; that Walter P. Doggett, may take the name of Walter Phillips 
Akerman; the last five above-named persons are minor children of the said Da- 
nielJackson Dogget; that Daniel W^ai-dwell, the tliiixl, of Andover, Mehita- 
ble Putnam Wardwell, wife of the said Daniel, that Susan Putnam Wardwell, 
minor, daughter of the said Daniel Wai-dwell, may each respectively take tlie 
surname of Davenport, instead of Wardwell; tliat Morris Hern, of Rowley, 
may take the name of Morris Hersey; tliat Joseph Wormwood, of Lynn, 
that Susan Wormwood, wife of the said Joseph, and that Eliza Ellen 
Wormwood, daughter of the said Joseph, may each respectively take tlie 
surname of Everett instead of Wormwood; — all of the county of Essex. 
That Charles Carter, minor, son of Jacob Carter, of Leominster, may take 
the name of Charles Augustus Ciu-ter; tliat Stillman Hoar, of Sterling, 
may take the name of Stillman JIavcn; that Hannah Ward Hoar, wife 
of the said Stillman Hoai', may take tlie name of Hannah Ward Haven; that 
Oscar Dextor and ^Vard Knowlton, minor sons of said Stillman Hoar, may 
severally take the surname of Haven; that Jonathan Fairbanks, of Leo- 
minster, may take the name of Henry Fairbanks; that Samuel Granger, of 
New Braintree, may take the name of Edwin Gi-anger; that Tliomas Law- 



( 255 ) 

ent signification, and many of which are derived from bap- 
tismal names, such as Jackson, Andrews, Williams, Jones, 
Hamilton, Patterson, are very frequent. You have only to 
look at a directory of any of our large places, to convince 

rence, second, of Leominster, may take the name of Thomas Edmunds; 
that John Babcock, of Fitchburg, may take the name of John B. Marshall; 
that Nathaniel Bradford, of Fitchburg-, may take the name of Gustavus Ly- 
man; that Ann Maria Keyes, of Ashburnham, may take the name of Almira 
Keyes; that Thomas Woodbury Gaffield, of Grafton, may take the name of 
George Woodbury Hale; that Oliver Goodridge of Lunenburg, may take 
tjie name of Oliver Newton Goodrich; that Abiel Murdock, junior, of Leo- 
minster, may take the name of Thomas A. Murdock; that William Meriam, 
junior, of Ashburnham, may take the name of William Sanborn Meriam; 
that Nabby Willis, of Charlton, may take the name of Abigail Ellis Willis; 
that Mary L. B. Wiswall, of Westminster, may take the name of Mary Ly. 
man; that Sarah Crouch, of Bolton, may take the name of Sarah Alvira Nel- 
son; that Jefferson Beers, of Spencer, may take the name of Edward Be- 
man; that Samuel Bullen, of Charlton, may take the name of Samuel Boy- 
den; and that Adams S. Bullen, of said Charlton, may take the name of Adams 
Boyden; — all of the county of Worcester. That Moses C. Danforth, of Low- 
ell, and that Pamelia Danforth, wife of the said Moses C. Danforth, may se- 
verally take the surname of Monroe instead of Danforth; that John Henry 
Blasker, of Lowell, may take the name of John Henry Blake; that Jame 
Nichols, junior, of Reading, may take the name of James Churchill Nichols; 
that Vashti Brigam Bams, of Reading, may take the name of Mary Jane 
Bams; that Haslet McManagle, of Marlborough, may take the name of Has- 
]et McKay; that Nancy McManagle, wife of the said Haslet, that Ann, his 
daughter, and that William Pinkerlon, his son, may respectively take the 
surname of McKay instead of McManagle; that Ephraim Littlefield, of Hol- 
liston, minor son of Oliver P. Littlefield, deceased, may take the name of 
Ephraim Oliver Prescott Littlefield; that Benjamin Thompson, of Charles- 
town, may take the name of Benjamin Lowell Thompson; that Samuel Mat- 
ticks Ellenkittle, of Townsend, may take the name of William Matticks 
Rogers; that James Kidder, minor child of James Kidder, junior, of Water- 
town, may take the name of James Hosmer Kidder; that Jason Chamberlain 
Smith, of HoUiston, may take the name of Jason Smith; that Anna Damon, 
of Reading, may take the name of Anna Pratt; — all of tlie county of Middle- 
sex. That Isaac Mahtoa Wansongthi Adams, of Brooklyn, may take the 
name of Isaac Malitra Wansongthi Adams; that Franklin Oakes, of Cohassct, 
minor son of Levi Oakes, may take the name of Benjamin Franklin Oakes; 
that Martin Spear, of Dedliam, may take the name of Henry Fonister 
Spear; — all of the county of Norfolk. That Anna Mayo, of Eastham, may 
take the name of Anna Doane Mayo; that Lucy Knowles, of Eastham, may take 



( 256 ) 

yourself of the truth of this remark. This paucity of names, 
which exists in England, likewise, though not in so great a 
degree as, with ourselves, (except in Wales,) creates, of 
course, much confusion, which people are sometimes desi- 
rous of escaping by a change of name. 

It happens, besides, very frequently, in the United States, 
that property is left to a certain person on condition of his 
changing his name for tliat of the testator; thus exkibiting 
again a strong desire of perpetuating a certain name. 

The growing up of family names, as well as the peculiar 
distinction of Roman names, into prxnomina, nomina, and 
cognomina, have served as grounds for various broad re- 
marks as to the history of civilization. I will not here 
trouble you with my notions on this subject, but merely re- 
late to you a fact of great interest, with which you might 
not become acquainted otherwise. Mr. Schoolcraft, in his 
Narrative of an Expedition to Itasca Lake, the Actual 
Source of the Mississippi, in 1832, (New York, 1834,) says, 
in page 146, "The most striking trait in their (the Indians) 

the name of Lucy Harding Knowles; that Thankful Hallet Bray, of Yar- 
moutli, may take tlie name of Susan Augusta Bray; — all of the county of 
Barnstable. — That Ignatius Loring, of Great Barrington, may take the name 
of Almon Ignatius Loring; that Grosvenor Curtis, of Egremont, may take 
the name of Harvey Grosvenor Curtis; — both in the county of Berkshire. 
That John Foster, junior, of Scituate, may take the name of John Haiherly 
Foster; — of the county of Plymouth. That Calvin Hoar, of Northampton — 
that Phoebe Hoar, wife of the said Calvin — tliat William Patrick, and Samuel' 
Johnson, children of the said Cahin, may each respectively take the surname 
of Hoyt instead of Hoar; — all of tiie county of Hampsliire. That Elish* 
Hunt, of Northfield, in the county of Franklin, may take the name of EHsha 
Watriss Hunt. That Mai-tha Leavett Mayhew, an adopted daughter of Le.a- 
vett Thaxter, of Edgartown, in the county of Dukes, may take the name of 
Martha Leavett Tliaxter; that Nancy S. Covcll, of New Bedford, may take 
the name of Nancy S. Blackmere; tliat Abigail Giftbrd, daughter of John 
Giffbrd, of Westport, may take the name of Abby Giffbrd; tliat Isaac Hatha- 
way, of New Bedford, may take the name of Isaac Franklin Hathawaj'; all 
in tlie county of Bristol; — and the several persons herein mentioned are here- 
by allowed to take and hereafter be known by the respective names wlaeb 
by this act they severally are authorized to assume. 
Approved by the Governor, March 13, 1832. 



( 257 ) 

moral historj'-, is the institution of the iontem, — a sign ma- 
nuel, by which the affiliation of families is traced, agreeing 
more exactly, perhaps, than has been supposed, with the ar- 
morial bearings of the feudal ages. And this institution is 
kept up with a feeling of importance, which it is difficult 
to account for. An Indian, as is well known, will tell his 
specific name with great reluctance, but his generic or fa- 
mily name, — in other words his tontem, — he will declare 
without hesitation, and with an evident feeling of pride." 
The philosophy of this is like that of the prohibition of 
mentioning the name of his Chinese majesty. He is em- 
peror, and that is all. All individuality is merged in the ge- 
neral idea of sovereignty — the same principle as. that of 
the French, le roi est mort, vive le roi. 

And now the tester of my letter, having, lasted so long, 
at length breaks down, and T wish, you a good night.* 

• The author speaks, in this letter, of American fickleness respecting^ 
names. In as far as this relates to names of places, it is not peculiar to the 
inhabitants of the United States, but results from certain relations inherent 
in countries so newly and rapidly peopled as many parts- of North America^ 
But lately the name of York, in Upper Canada,, was changed back into its 
ancient Indian name of Toronto. — Editor. 



33 



( 258 ) 



LETTER XIV. 

Utica is a fine and friendly looking city. You are ac- 
quainted with the astonishing rapidity of its growth, owing, 
chiefly, to its peculiarly favorable situation on the canal, 
and in a point where many channels of a large productive 
country concentrate. In the year 1794, the place contained 
nineteen families; at present, it counts above 10,000 inha- 
bitants. This city, by the way, affords one of the few in- 
stances in which the name of an individual might, with per- 
fect propriety, be bestowed upon a place. Instead of calling 
a town, which owes its peculiar character as to beauty and 
importance to its inland situation, after an ancient seaport, 
chiefly renowned for the suicide of noble Cato, would not 
Clinton have been a more appropriate appellation, after him 
whose monument Utica as well as many other thriving 
places on the canal may be considered? This name, it 
seems to me, would have had all tlie requisites of a good 
geographical appellation; and if, in former ages, men were 
called after places, places may well be called now after 
men, provided there be a strong reason for it, and the 
name have not too strongly assumed the character of a per- 
sonal designation. I cannot help considering it in bad taste 
to call a town Smith or Taylor. 

Utica is remarkable in the history of civilization, for 
when she was mndo a city in 1832, an exjiress prohibition 
against licensing shops for retailing ardent spirits was in- 
serted in her charter, — a restriction made, probably, for the 



( 259 ) 

first time, in the history of the world, though temperance 
societies existed as early as in the middle ages. 

The main street of Utica, like that of every other place 
in the Union, if at all considerable in size, exhibits a large 
collection of those vast shops or stores of all kinds, which* 
in the great numbers in which they are scattered over the 
whole country, seem to me quite peculiar to the United States, 
and to indicate the immense consumption of their inhabi- 
tants. In England, especially in London, retail shops of 
extraordinary size, with twenty and thirty people in them, to 
wait on the customers, may be found; but they are not so 
frequent in the smaller places. The spacious shops, or 
stores, as the Americans call them, of ironmongers, drug- 
gists, grocers, and for the sale of earthen ware, &c., have al- 
ways astonished me. They prove, on a larger scale, what 
you see continually on a smaller one in your own house, in 
the streets, &c., that the American consumes more than 
any other human being, in respect to victuals, dress, and do- 
mestic concerns. There is not so much patching, pasting, 
puttying, in the United States, as in other countries, espe- 
cially on the European continent; and when, in 1833, the 
judges of a court in Kentucky had to decide in a specific 
case, of what "a decent new suit of clothes," to be furnished 
to apprentices on the expiration of their term of service is 
to consist, the bench decided that it ouglit to be worth fifty 
dollars. Broad-cloth is here much dearer than in Europe, I 
own; yet this sum, large for the case, may serve you as in- 
dicating, in a degree, the " standard of comfort," which 
altogether is much higher in this country than any where 
else, if we speak of the industrial classes. Servants live in- 
finitely better here than in Europe. If we could obtain as 
accurate statements respecting consumption of all kinds in 
any large place in the United States, as we possess of Paris, 
we would be astonished at the statistical results. I have 
made out some calculations of the kind from the lists of im- 
portations, but I think it will be better to reserve these sta- 
tistics for another opportunity; for they will serve as the 



( 260 ) 

basis of some farther reflections, too extensive, and of too 
numerical a character, for these familiar letters. My desire 
is to give some scientific work on the United States; and, 
there, tables and calculations of this kind will be more in their 
place. — "Very bad men, very bad, throw away best things," 
said once a Chinese servant to me, when I spoke with him 
on this country, in comparison with his. Poor fellow! the 
contrast must be great, to be sure, with his dishes made 
of every jJart of animals; and I, too, thought of the sheep 
entrails boiled with maize, which I was forced to eat in 
Corinth, and which hunger was able to make me swallow 
but not to relish. 

The object of the greatest interest to me, in Utica, was a 
weigh-lock — an American invention if I am not mistaken. 
The toll for freight on the canal is proportionate to weight 
To arrive at the weight of a cargo, gauges are commonly 
used: this is the process of weighing, for instance, in Eng- 
land; another means is used here. A steelyard on a gigan- 
tic scale is constructed; the scale, formed in a manner that 
the bottom of a vessel fits conveniently in it, hangs by three 
pairs of iron rods on a strong iron beam, which rests and 
plays on three nice points of steel. To this large iron beam 
another is fastened perpendicularly in a horizontal plain, 
forming the arm from which the scale, destined for the 
weights, depends. The whole is so balanced, that one pound 
in this latter scale balances one hundred pounds in the large 
scale; and, with such a degree of nicety is the whole ma- 
chinery made, that quarter pounds are used as weights, 
which, of course, counterbalance twenty-five pounds in the 
large scale. This hangs down into a small basin, communi- 
cating with the canal, with which it can be disconnected by 
a lock. Whenever a boat is to be weighed the lock is 
opened, and the vessel floats into the basin between the 
iron rods of the scale, which is now under its bottom. The 
lock is closed, and by another lock the water is discharged 
from the basin, so that within a short lime the whole boat 
hangs dry in the scale. Weights are now placed in the weigh- 



( 261 ) 

ing scale; the original burden of the boat, the testimony of 
which every boatman carries with him, is deducted from 
the gross weight, and the toll is paid accordingly. The 
weight of the boat and cargo on which I saw the operation 
performed, was sixty two tons or 136,000 pounds; much 
heavier cargoes, however, are weighed. When the whole 
was balanced, I was able, literally, to move by my little 
finger, 136,000 pounds up and down. When the lock has 
admitted again a sufficient quantity of water, and the boat 
is once more set afloat, the first lock is opened, and the boat 
floats out. The operation of weighing, which I witnessed, 
lasted from the time the boat entered the lock to its sailing 
out again, nine minutes; but three or four minutes must be 
deducted, as the weigh-master had to fetch a lantern, it 
haying grown dark. He assured me that when the people 
on board the boat understand the details of the whole opera- 
tion, and no unnecessary delay takes place, he can weigh 
any boat in less than four minutes. I could not learn the 
name of the author of this invention, the more interesting 
as it is the bold application of a simple principle known to 
every one. In the cathedral of Pisa, the work of Buschetto, 
the worthy Greek architect, I found the following inscrip- 
tion on the monument erected in his honor: 

Quod vix milk bovum possenf jugajunda movere, 

Ed quod vix potuit per mare ferre rates, 
Busketi nisu, quod erat mirabih visu, 

Dena puellarum turba levabat onus.* 

The engineer who invented the weigh-locks, deserves to 
be celebrated in a similar manner, though, it is to be hoped, 
in a better style. 

About fourteen miles north of Utica, are the Trenton 
Falls. Before you reach them, you have to pass over the 
heights, which form the basin or kettle, as the German to- 

• " A burden, which hardly could be moved by a thousand yokes of oxen, 
and which the vessel could hardly carry over the sea, has been lifted, a 
marvel to see it! through the exertion of Buschetto, by ten girls." Near 
Philadelphia is a weigh-lock of the same kind, and, probably, tliey are now 
to be found on other canals in the Union. — Editor. 



( 263 ) 

pographer calls it, in which Utica is situated. From them 
you have a fine view of the whole. Utica lies before you, 
as in a nest, well-bedded. The Trenton Falls are formed 
by the West Canada Creek, a river — though called with us 
a creek, which empties into the Mohawk, but which, like 
the Missouri, has been wronged out of its name, and is, pro- 
perly speaking, the upper part of the Mohawk, as the Mis- 
souri is the upper part of the Mississippi. I send you a de- 
cription of Trenton Falls, by John Sherman, "through whose 
instrumentality the now celebrated Trenton Falls were pre- 
pared for examination, and brought into public notice." You 
must endeavor to pick out for yourself the interesting facts 
from the chaff of poetico-religious prating, to which, as yet, 
the Americans are certainly more given than any other civi- 
lized nation. Many books, indeed, in whatever language, 
when the subject matter is natural scenery, descend into 
this verbose and therefore unfelt "enthusemusy;" but the 
Americans excel in that style of description, which the 
Germans would call a "screwed" admiration of nature. — 
True, deep-felt delight at the beauties of nature, is silent, 
or it speaks a language very easily to be distinguished 
from that cant, which carries with it the proof that he who 
litters it thinks of himself and his words far more than of 
the subject which, as he pretends, causes his transport. A 
rude or blunt man, who feels nothing at beholding nature's 
magnificence, or charms, is no agreeable companion; but, if 
I must choose, I would a thousand times prefer him to a sen- 
timental prattler. It was, undoubtedly, disgust, caused by 
artificial raptures or swollen, yet hollow phrases, which in- 
duced Gothe, when one day he visited some of the finest points 
around Jena, in comjiany of some ladies, and they were soar- 
ing high on " the winged words," to turn round to a gentle- 
man and drily to say, " Let us eat some of the sausage, while 
the ladies are so busily admiring." 

The Trenton Falls are most romantic. 1 went to see them 
with a young clergyman of Boston, but now settled in Ken- 
tucky, who felt, and, therefore, did not say much, and whose 
acquaintance, I value as a real acquisition. It had rained 



( 263 ) 

for several days previous to our visit, and the Canada was, 
consequently, very much swollen, so that the narrow foot 
paths, or I ought to say foot-steps, hewn in the rocks, were 
covered by the hurrying waves of the river, which tumbled 
like melted amber, graced with early snow from rock to rock, 
and we had to walk, sometimes with no little danger, for 
several hours bare foot in the water. But we were well re- 
paid; no visiters disturbed us, and we could quietly enjoy 
the many beauties and variegated charms of this delightful 
spot, which looked as if made for the reveries of Petrarch. 
What nooks, and corners, and steep walls, cascades on cas- 
cades; what whirling and tumbling of the water, rushing with 
such rapidity, that you are unable to follow with your eyes 
a branch thrown in ! The sound of the falling waters seemed 
to me, by two tones higher than that of the Niagara, which 
appeared to me to be G on the first line in the bass. I believe 
I am not mistaken, as I ascertained repeatedly the sound by 
my own voice, and verified it, as soon as I found a piano. 

A man who suffers seriously with the mania compara- 
tionis, which seems to be a very common disease among 
all civilized nations, might compare the general character of 
the Trenton Falls to that of Saxon Switzerland, though there 
is no tumbling waterfall in that country equal to the cascades 
of the Canada at Trenton. The person who first called the 
mountain scenery of Upper Misnia, Saxon Switzerland, must 
himself have been grievously aiilicted with this mania, which, 
in spite of its universality, has not been enumerated by any 
Rush, Pinel, Esquirol, Horn, or Heinroth; and certainly he 
has not done any service either to the scenery or the travel- 
ler. People seem to think that they elevate a pony by com- 
paring it to an an Eclipse or Henry; but Bolivar remains 
Bolivar, though you may call him the Washington of the 
South. It is always forgotten that nothing recoils with such 
malignant force, as misplaced, or hypocritical, or servile com- 
parison: no one laughs at the frog, until puffed up and com- 
paring himself with the bull.'' 

• We perfectly agi-ee with the author. The mania comparationis, as be 
calls it, is so common, because it is the abuse of a general principle. We 



( 264 ) 

There is, near the largest of the cascades which constitute 
the Trenton Falls, a horizontal plateau of rock, on which 
abundant spray is continually falling. When we visited 
this spot, at half past eleven o'clock, on June 22d, the sun 
formed a rain-bow horizontally over this plateau, about a 
foot from the ground. It surrounded us in a semicircle, of 
a very short diameter, and, of course, moved with our move- 
ments, presenting altogether a very striking appearance. 

If you go from Utica to Lockport, by land, you have the 
advantage of passing through a number of truly lovely places, 
which seem quietly to flourish there in the west, under 
the benign influence of the sun of liberty, shedding his 
enlivening rays upon a blessed and fertile country. No 
places in the world can make a finer impression, than Onon- 
daga, Skaneateles, Auburn, (where you will not omit to visit 
the State-Prison, though standing in bold contrast with the 
smiling country around,) Geneva, and, before all, sweet Ca- 
nandaigua; from here you must go to Rochester, a wonder 
of the west, and then proceed cither by the Ridge Road, or 
by canal to Lockport. 

The Ridge Road is very interesting in a geological 
or topographic, or, I should say, in a hodological view, 
to make a new word; because nature has acted here, for 
once, as ing^nieur des ponts et chausshs, and made a con- 
venient and even road of gravel from Rochester to Lewis- 
ton, a distance of eighty-seven miles; while, generally, she 
wisely leaves the making of communications to man's ac- 
tivity. Its general width is from four to eight rods. Near 
the rivers Gcnessee and Niagara its elevation is from one 
hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty feet. This 
height is also its elevation above Lake Ontiirio, from which 
it is distant from six to ten miles. There is a regular and 

may say, we live upon comparison; the processes of thinking, of acquiring 
knowledge, of obtaining even simple ideas — are founded upon comparison; 
language subsists by comparison. But it is Uiic, we must not abuse this 
principle, which all limited minds aie but too prone to do. It is the cheapest 
kind of critique. — Editou. 



( 265 ) 

gradual descent from the road to the lake, and no way of ac- 
counting for this ridge seems to exist without supposing that 
the surface of Lake Ontario was, at some former period, one 
hundred and thirty feet higher than at present. There is 
a similar ridge on the south side of Lake Erie, one hundred 
and twenty miles long. 

It was while travelling on this Ridge Roady that I asked 
a farmer, who was one of my fellow passengers in the stage- 
coach where he originally came from;, for he had told me, in 
the course of conversation, that he was not a native of the 
state of New York, where he had now a farm. " Why, sir," 
said the old man, " my wife is from Mansfield in Connecti- 
cut." Two young friends of mine, of Boston, burst out 
in a loud laugh; and I directly asked, ''And you, too, are 
undoubtedly from New England?" He answered in the 
affirmative. He was a fine, good-humored old man, who 
had already invited me to stay a day or two with him. 
He had been above twenty-five yeai's in this state, yet he 
had not got rid of the New England round-about- way of 
answering, which has so often provoked me. This anec- 
dote, I think, is still more characteristic than that which 
Abbe Corea used to relate. He was travelling in New Eng- 
land, and observed, at a distance, a fine blue flower. "My 
boy," said he to a lad working in the field, "what's the 
name of that blue flower?" " Why," answered the boy, 
" that yellow flower is called cowslip." Here there was at 
least some ignorance to be concealed, as the boy did not know 
the name of the blue flower; but, in my case, nothing else 
could induce my otherwise frank companion to give his spi- 
ral answer, except the deep-rooted custom of the common 
New England people, never to say or admit at once and 
frankly "yes," "no," "this" or "that," but always to pre- 
fix an " I believe," or to suffix an " I think," or some such 
words. What would Fichte have said, in such a case; he 
who wished, and not without some good reason, to excom- 
municate the whole class of indeterminative phrases, such 

as, "as it were," "so to speak," "one might say," "in a 

34 



( 266 ) 

degree," "if I may say so," the many '-perhaps," ''might," 
" may be,"&c. So much is certain, that the less sound and 
firm a writer, the more he resorts to these qualifying ex- 
pressions. On the other hand, the adopted style of some 
languages is much more timid tlian that of others. In the 
same degree as the Americans and English arc more apt to 
adopt names and expressions of practical life in their wri- 
tings than the Germans; they arc more timid in using com- 
parisons and metaphors; and you may use a hundred images 
in German prose, which you cannot introduce into English 
common writing without craving permission by a " so to 
speak," or putting over the glowing word an extinguisher, 
.such as, " If I may use the expression." 

I remember, soon after I had arrived in Boston, I asked a 
man, whether he had the key of a garden, where the gym- 
nasium was, with him. " I believe," he answered, and the 
key was a big thing, large enough for a Briarcus to have 
known whether he had it or not in his pocket, and sufli- 
ciently long to fight a duel with, as the students of Uj)5ala 
are said to fight them. It was long before I could accustom 
myself to this unmanly phraseology. 

There are in the idiom of New England, a number of, 
what the first grammarian of the Yankee, will have to call 
round-aboutives, such as, I suspect, imagine, suppose, believe, 
judge, fancy, think, guess, reckon, calculate, conclude, rather 
think, am of opinion, am inclined to think, should think, 
should imagine, &c., all used where there is no intention to 
convey the idea of uncertainty. If this be the case, quite 
different expres^sions are requisite. There are whole phrases 
of a similar character, which it is not easy, at first, properly 
to appreciate. If you ask a thorough Yankee any thing, and 
he answers, " Hem, I don't know," the word know pro- 
nounced with a rising voice, you don't know whether he 
means " yes," or " no," or neither. If he answers, " I don't 
know," it means no; if he says, " I don't know that I shall," 
he means to express doubt; but if he answers, " I don't know- 
but I shall," he means yes. The English, on the other hand, 



( 267 ) 

continually throw in their — " you know," though it may 
be a case where a man cannot possibly know any thing. 
Thus, I was once conversing with an English gentleman, a 
friend of mine, when, in the course of conversation, he made 
me guess something. I answered rapidly, " I know," be- 
lieving to have discovered the subject to which he referred, 
when he replied, " You can't know, whether you know it, 
you know." In the southern parts of Germany, the com- 
mon people use the ivissen's, (you know it,) in like man- 
ner as conversational suffix, or inler/ix, if you want it more 
accurately expressed. 

In Rochester are some of the largest flour-mills in ex- 
istence. It is really interesting to see, how here again, as 
in all other cases, true art and knowledge simplify the sub- 
ject. There is more flower made, in a much neater way, by 
less expense and trouble, in one hour, in one of these mills 
than within whole days, in several others. Some years ago, 
I became acquainted with two millers, sent from Prussia, to 
study these mills of the west. They were delighted with 
them, and I suppose you know that Evans's Mill-wright's 
Guide has been republished in England and translated in 
France, probably in Germany too, and is altogether the 
standard authority, among the gentry, who still keep to hair 
powder. Thanks to him, who gave the decent, simple, fine 
name of Rochester to this place, whoever he may be, or have 
been. Perjury, was a crime so common with the old Franks, 
that a man was lauded, for never having perjured himself, as 
if he had been somewhat of a saint; so I think, ought those 
individuals, who, in this part of the country, have the moral 
courage to bestow a simple and proper name upon a place, 
be held up for public veneration. 

At Lockport, (another decent name,) you will do well to 
take passage in a canal boat, after having examined the stairs, 
which the locks form here. They are at the foot of the 
Mountain Ridge, five in number, of twelve feet each, to 
rise, and five others to descend. The whole is of fine work- 
manship, and offers an interesting sight, when boats, full 



( 268 ) 

of people, goods, and live stock, are rising sixty feet, and 
others close by, descending the same height. Between thern, 
are convenient steps, with iron railings. Above Lockport, 
or, in fact, partly within the village, the cut begins, by which 
the Grand Canal has been lead a distance of three miles, 
at an average depth of twenty feet, through the rock of the 
Mountain Ridge. Lockport, contains, at present, four thou- 
sand inhabitants. 

The native of New England is found here, as all over 
the Union, chiefly, however, besides his own part of the 
country, in all western states. It is remarkable how often 
you are reminded in the course of your journey, of New- 
England activity. You see a large "academy building" 
on the road, and ask your fellow travellers, Who keeps 
it? Mr. Such-a-one. Where does he come from?" From 
New England. You hear of a good country school-master: 
you ask, which is his native state? A New England state. 
You ask, who was the engineer of this rail-road, or that 
canal? A New England man. Who keeps this tavern so well 
in Rochester? A New England man. Where did this rich 
farmer come from, who inherited nothing and has arrived 
at immense wealth? He came from Connecticut. Many 
of the most eminent lawyers and merchants, in different 
cities of the Union, came originally from New England. If 
vou ask, who pursues the whale on the distant main, far up 
to the north, and who goes " sealing " on the New Shetland 
Islands? It is New England men. Who keeps up that brisk 
coasting trade? the modest but most important part of ma- 
rine commerce. New England captains command the vessels. 
Who are the owners of this manufactory, which consumes .10 
large amount of domestic produce? New England men. 

If you make out a list of the members of congress, and of 
governors of the new western states, according to their 
birth places, you will (ind among them, a disproportionate 
number of New England men. — And these are the worth- 
less people of certain travellers! If 1 hey have ways and cus- 
toms of their own, which are not j)leasing to a visiter, if those 



( 269 ) 

among them who have not travelled are sometimes infatu- 
ated as to their country and climate, they are, at worst, but 
like most people. Besides, I reason from results. A people 
who do what they do; who, at their elections, behave as they 
do, must be considered a valuable part of our Union. Take 
it away, and you slacken the bow-string. 

In going to the west of New York, you have to pass 
through the Genesee country, the delight of wheat-growing 
farmers, and which reminded me of Gothe's exclamation, 
when passing through Naples' happy fields and endless gar- 
dens: Yes here it is worth the while to cultivate the ground. 

Far from agreeing, as a politician, with those writers who 
wish to see the right of representation attached to landed 
property only — a system, which, at one time, when the 
great mass of intelligence found a pretty fair standard in 
landed property, was sound, but which the noble struggle 
fought by the cities of the middle ages for all mankind, 
ought to be considered as having dismantled for ever; and 
equally far from agreeing as a political economist with that 
school, which considers the cultivation of the soil as the only 
source of national wealth — I, nevertheless, consider, both 
in an historical and political view, the condition of the culti- 
vator of the soil as invariably one of the most interesting 
subjects which any nation can offer to our observation. 

In America there is no peasant; I do not mean that there 
is no bondsman, that is a matter of course; but the American 
farmer forms no class by himself. He is a citizen to all in- 
tents and purposes, not only as to political rights, but as to 
his whole standing and social connexion. No views of his 
own, no dress distinguish him, from the inhabitant of the 
towns. He is no conipode, no rusticus, no Jaque Bon- 
homme,* no villain, or boor. He is a farmer, and may be 
rich or poor; that is all the difference. This circumstance 
seems to me of great importance in our whole national orga- 

• Conipode means dust-footer, a nick name given by tlie inliabitants of 
ancient Greek cities to tlie peasants; Jaque Bonhomme was the nickname 
given by the French nobility to the peasantn,', keeping quiet to be fleeced. 
— Editoh. 



( 270 ) 

nization, and would alone account for numerous phenomena, 
which foreigners often seem unable to explain. 

The condition of the cultivator of the soil will always 
afford one of the standards by which to estimate the gene- 
ral amount of liberty enjoyed by a nation; at any rate, it 
will always form an important item of the scale, and nearly 
every peasant war, if at all of a general character, has been in 
consequence of advancing civilization, whatever the appear- 
ance of it may have been at the moment; however ferocious- 
Iv the peasant, — treated like a beast and breaking loose like a 
beast, — may often act. We may turn with horror from the 
revolting cruelties which often, perhaps, generally have 
stained those wars, yet not on one side alone; the masters 
have shown as much cruelty as the insurgents, yet, as I 
said, these insurrections have been nearly always in con- 
sequence of the spreading of some general, broad ideas ; 
whatever may have been the immediate cause for the out- 
breaking, whether it be of a religious, political or physical 
character, only excepting mere accidental causes, such as 
the cholera, and the consequent suspicion of the Hungarian 
peasants. Often enough, it is true, their struggles have 
ended by a total submission of the cultivator; hardly ever 
has he risen from the lowest and most degraded state, with- 
out a struggle, the fiercer, the more degraded the struggler 
had previously been; until in modern times, concessions 
have sometimes been made by the intelligence of the rulers 
alone. Such was the abolition of all service attached to the 
soil in Prussia. But whether Prussia would have been led 
to this peaceable change at that time, without similar changes 
having taken place in other countries, where they were ob- 
tained after fearful contests only, is another question. The 
rise in the scale of social and political existence, of the 
farmer, is a much more melancholy subject than the gra- 
dual rise of the mechanics and industrious commoner, but 
of equal importance; and I repeat it, whatever cruelties of 
the peasant we meet with in studying this subject, our opi- 
nion of their masters will not be exalted, neither in Eng- 



( 271 ) 

land, France, Germany, or Hungary. The Stellinger, the 
ancient Saxon peasants, the peasants in Switzerland, in Nor- 
mandy, in Jutland and Schonen, the Stedinger, these noble 
Frisians, the Pastoureaux in the south of France, the Jac- 
querie, the peasants under Wat Tyler, Ball and Straw, the 
Curuczians or the Hungarian peasants under George Dosa — 
all prove the truth of what I say. It has been long, and 
after much, and, oftentimes, apparently unsuccessful strug- 
gling, that the farmer has elevated himself throughout a 
large country, to that station, which he now occupies. In- 
stances do indeed exist, that in former times, the free pea- 
sants of a small country were as jealous of their rights, 
ready to defend them, and proud enough of their condition, 
as the Ditmarsians, that intrepid and most noble band, which 
nevertheless was doomed to perish. Yet in most cases the 
farmer has either risen from actual slavery or servitude, to 
independence; or he had been reduced from a state of a free 
proprietor, to that of fettered and stinted ownership, by 
long continued attacks of the stronger, by way of force or 
fraud, and had to emerge again. 

The American farmer generally owns the land he cul- 
tivates in fee simple; what he gains is his. He is intelligent, 
thinks, and knows how to converse on his affairs. I have 
never received from one a stupid answer. He loves his coun- 
try, yet has no especial attachment to the peculiar spot of 
his birth, which, however, I believe nowhere exists in any 
great degree, except where the farmer cannot move. If he 
sees before him a noble country, where he can buy for a 
dollar and a quarter an acre of ground, yielding abundant 
crops and affording him the greatest pleasure a farmer 
knows, that of seeing a fine soil willingly answer to his la- 
bors, it would be strange indeed were he to remain on a jea- 
lous earth, which seems to grudge the husbandman his well- 
earned reward. A proof of this may be found in the emi- 
gration by thousands and thousands of European peasants. 
On the whole, the American farmers are a hardy and well- 
disposed race. Homer's wise — 



( 272 ) 

" Hfiie-v y«f T*tc^iT>ii uirtxtfVTttt tufutvd Ztv( 
*Avffo{, tur' ai f4.ii kxtcc J"8A;»» VH-i*^ iA>)e-<»."* 

does not only continue to be true, but is also true reversed, 
and Jove gives half of the virtue with liberty. 

That you should not seek for refined and minute hus- 
bandry among the farmers in the west, who have to plough 
between the stumps, because the labor to dig them out 
would cost more than would be gained from the spots thus 
obtained, is evident; and that, moreover, the facility with 
which a farmer can here obtain land, sometimes induces 
him to commit the common fault of farmers, of husbanding 
too much land, and thereby scattering his means, you may 
easily imagine. Bad as the soil is in the Mark Brandenburg, 
I have still but little doubt that in many places the farmer 
would obtain fair crops, could he be induced to abandon 
part of his land and cultivate the rest with greater care. 
The thirty years' war, which exterminated the inhabitants 
of some whole villages, threw too much land into the hands 
of the remainder. On the other hand, it is necessary to 
travel but a short distance toward the west, in order to be 
convinced how erroneous the frequent assertion is, that the 
Americans are more a commercial nation than any thing 
else; they are on the contrary, thus far essentially agricul- 
tural, that not only the vastly greater part of them are 
farmers, but also that their disposition is fitted for the farmer 
life. Every American loves farming. In this the Ameri- 
cans resemble the ancient Romans and the English, not the 
Greeks, who never were famous farmers. 

If I say, you should not seek for refined and minute hus- 
bandry here, I speak of the west alone. In some parts of the 
same state of New York, which have been settled for a long 
time, and where the price of the land is not so exceedingly 
low, if compared to the price of labour, farms are found which 

♦ Half of the virtue of man is taken away by far-sighted Jove, as soon as 
the day of slavery begins.— Editor. 



( 273 ) 

are managed with minute care, in all the different branches 
of husbandry; so that the farmer does not only compete 
with the cultivator of the soil in other countries, as to his 
chief article — wheat, but even butter is exported in con- 
siderable quantity from the farms along the Hudson or 
near it. Some of the best butter, called Goshen butter, is 
exported to Malta and other places of the Mediterranean, 
where the best kind brings as much as a half-penny more 
per pound than the best English or Irish butter. Thus I 
have been told by a gentleman who had long resided in va- 
rious ports of that sea. So we go; American butter sent to 
the shores of antiquity ! 

In the west of New York, probably, nine farms out of ten 
are owned in fee simple, though many (perhaps, as much as 
a third) are subject to mortgage. A lease is seldom for more 
than ten years, and for a rent in kind, or money, or wheat 
alone. The proportion of produce given as rent is, with 
few exceptions, (I speak, here, always of the western part 
of New York) one-third of the grain and one-half of the hay. 
This proportion is delivered to the lessee, ready for market, 
on or near the premises. On fine wheat land it amounts to 
about ^2,50 per acre, for all the farm not in timber. Many 
recent leases are at about ^2 per acre, for the cleared land. 
One-third or fourth of a farm is generally reserved in timber. 
One hundred acres is the magnitude of fair farms. Those 
persons who occupy less, carry on, besides, some trade, or 
take jobs and work on larger farms; few farms exceed five 
hundred acres. Many consider the largest farmers the best 
cultivators; and the character of the cultivation is here, of 
course, as every where else, governed by the relation be- 
tween price of labor and price of land, as I said before. 
Throughout the United States, as compared with Europe, 
labor is dear and land cheap, and it is this which causes 
difference in American cultivation and agricultural im- 
provements, and not, as is not unfrequently supposed, a 
want of industry or capacity for business in the agricultural 

35 



( 274 ) 

population. It is very obvious, that a farmer upon one of 
the western prairies, who gives ^1,25 per acre for his land, 
seventy-five cents per diem to his laborers, and gets for his 
corn from ten to twenty cents per bushel, must adopt a dif- 
ferent mode of agriculture from the European cultivator, who 
pays for his land many pounds per acre, a few pence per 
day to his laborers, and who gets for his products from ten 
to twenty times as much as the western farmer. Reverse 
the case, and let the English farmer pursue the American 
mode of cultivation, and vice versa, and one would be ruined 
about as soon as the other. Each must adapt himself to the 
given circumstances, and only thus can prosper. At least 
nine in ten of farm laborers in the west of New York, pur- 
chase or lease farms by the time they arc twenty-five years 
of age. A majority of them go to the west, after having 
accumulated from 200 to 500 dollars, and purchase govern- 
ment lands. There are very few of the class of cottagers. 
Those who are so, I have been told, are generally found im- 
provident, incompetent to take care of their earnings, in- 
temperate, or the victims of unusual misfortunes. There 
are, as I said, few of then>. The plough used throughout 
the state of New York is the cast iron mould board plough, 
patented by Wood, and found to answer better than any 
which have been tried of a different construction. I send 
you the drawing of it, the sacred weapon of the conquests 
of civilization: it differs essentially from yours, is simple, and 
seems to mc very judiciously formed. 

The American farmer appears to me, as a member of so- 
ciety, superior ta the farmers of other countries with which 
I am acquainted; I mean the actual cultivators of the soil, 
and of large countries, the population of which is nearly 
equal in number to the inhabitants of the United States; 
for there are spots in Europe where the farmer is certainly 
superior in some respects to the American farmer in gene- 
ral, for instance Altenburg. I have not sufficient personal ac- 
quaintance with the English common cultivator, but accord- 



( 275 ) 

ing to what I know of him, and to conclude from various 
circumstances, I should believe him not to be superior. So 
I consider the American mechanic, intelligent, industrious, 
and well-disposed in general. They, like the rest of man- 
kind, labor sometimes under delusions and seek to redress 
evils, such as a diminution of demand of their articles, by- 
means which, by this time, experience ought to have ex- 
ploded; but I hold my remark to be true, in general. 

The degree of physical comfort and mental development, 
in which the two large classes of a nation live — those en- 
gaged in husbandry and the common mechanics, is of so 
vital an interest to society, and a clear knowledge of it so 
indispensable for the formation of a correct idea of a nation, 
that it has appeared to me necessary to reduce those vague 
expressions, as, " the farmer of such a country is a superior 
being;" "a greater stock of ideas is to be found among them;" 
" tlie mechanic of such a country is more intelligent," and 
others of the kind, to distinct nations, if we be at all de- 
sirous of comparing tw& countries, decidedly different in 
their character. You do not believe that I am guilty of the 
sin of statistical temerity, which declares that there is " but 
one prophet and one truth" — the tabulary form, and acts as 
if the most delicate relations of the human society were 
tangible by numerical calculations; but, on the other hand, 
you know also both my conviction, that in no case in which 
an extensive subject lies before us, we can hope for any de- 
gree of accuracy in our knowledge, without analyzing the 
matter and abandoning wholesale thoughts and phrases, and 
the great value I put upon the collection of any statistical 
data, on whatever, subject it be (and, were we in possession 
of a correct statement of the number of carious teeth in a 
large place, or how many pints of tears have been poured 
forth in a year, or how often people have given their most 
decided opinion on subjects they do not know, or how many 
books have been read, and how few thoughts been gained, 
&c., — all these would furnish vahiable data to a Guerry or 



( 276 ) 

Quetelet: and altogether, I think, could we but arrive at 
domestic statistics, they would prove more important than 
those relating to national affairs.) 

I have, therefore, endeavored to analyze the physical and 
mental life of these classes into its component parts, and 
thus tried to arrive at a more definite knowledge. I will not 
give you here the tables which I have drawn up for this 
purpose, because a statistical work would be a fitter place for 
them, and you shall have them sooner or later. I will but 
give you an idea of them, so that you may decide whether 
I am likely to have arrived at the truth in judging of the 
American farmer and mechanic. 

The first division is Physical Comfort; some of the 
most important items under this head are, what constitutes 
the great bulk of nourishment, (potato, rye, wheat, or rice 
&c.;) and is it the same food with that of the better classes 
or of a totally different substance? how often do people eat 
meat, what is their chief beverage (beer, wine, grog, &c. ;) 
clothing, (of what does it consist? what is it worth? &c.;) 
Domestic Comfort; what houses do they live in, crowded or 
not? cleanliness; in what station is the woman? &c. 

If I speak of dear or cheap &c., I always use these terms 
with reference to the value of a common day's labor, as 
unit, and with reference to a comparison of this value of 
a day's labor, to the daily expenses of an individual, con- 
sidered in a common comfortable situation. 

Further questions are, whether the people are generally 
good looking, of what race, and whether peculiar in an 
anatomical view. Then comes the State of Agriculture, 
whether quite rude, whether improved, whether the results 
of science are continually applying to it, or stationary; 
whether utensils are home-made or bought; cattle, &c. Are 
there societies for its furtherance, or not, &c. 

Character. Cowardly or courageous; open and manly, 
independent, gay or morose, fond of drinking, hunting, love 
of country; seafaring men, mountaineers; whether provident 
or not, &o. 



( 277 ) 

Civil State. Participation in government, justice, &c.; 
criminal laws; corvees, military laws; castes, or equality. 

Intellectual State. Education, reading, writing, &c., of 
males and females; at whose expense the schools are kept; 
poetry, whether acquainted with national poetry or not, ro- 
mances, &c.; music; knowledge in general; reflective; inven- 
tive; whether they form a progressing society or a stationary, 
striving for improvement; are the history and the laws of 
the country generally known; division of labor; public 
amusement; love of dance; is there much police of govern- 
ment; colors of dress, and whether national; influence of 
clergy, and their condition and learning; knowledge of va- 
lue of time; state of medicine; popular belief in supernatural 
powers, &c. 

This may serve to give you a very general idea of my 
plan and tables. More I do not attempt to offer you here. 
The last division contains more especially those ideas, for 
the amount of which we have to inquire, in order to ascer- 
tain more clearly the intellectual state of a given tribe; I 
mean, for instance, the ideas of right and wrong (how dif- 
ferent are these in a Bushman, a Turk, an American) of 
attachment to the soil and society; (wandering, hunting, set- 
tled community, lively interest in the welfare of the com- 
munity, public spirit,) value of time (Indian, Turk, Span- 
iard, Englishman;) family attachment and care for the 
young; combination of forces and division of labor (Pata- 
gonian, numerous companies in England and here;) fine 
arts, taste, &c. ; religion, &c. 

After this test, I have given my above opinion of the 
American farmer, though he is, with regard to some items 
enumerated above, very deficient, and far inferior to the 
Italian husbandman for instance. But in order to ascertain 
how near I have come to the truth, more is necessary than 
the mere observation of outward signs. What are out- 
ward signs! deceptive indeed, if not well and cautiously 
weighed. Suppose a foreigner goes to the continent of Eu- 
rope; the first thing which strikes him maj^ be an odd title. 



( 278 ) 

conscientiously pronounced each time that the name of the 
person is mentioned, who perhaps wears a little riband in 
his button-hole, such as in the country of the traveller chil- 
dren only, and that but very young ones, would dare to wear. 
Would he be warranted in setting down the whole people as a 
childish race, which pays attention to such unmanly decora- 
tions? He may read in the official paper of some govern- 
ment, that a certain counsellor in a distant provincial place, 
received a snuff-box with diamonds from his monarch, that 
he placed it on a table in his house, and invited all his ac- 
quaintance to come and view it. The traveller may, with 
perfect propriety, compare the account of this affair with a 
similar one, in the Peking Gazette, in which the public are 
informed, that Governor Lee of Canton has received the 
peacock feather; that it was placed in the great audience 
room of the gubernatorial palace, and there received the 
honor due to this sign of imperial grace and favor. 

But would our foreigner be justified in going farther in the 
comparison of the two governments, nations and countries? 
That man who wears the little riband in his button-hole or 
who lays out the snuff-box for the admiration of his friends, 
may be a man of independent character, zealously working 
for the true benefit of his country, — perhaps (it happens 
often, indeed,) despising these very signs, while the monarch 
who bestows them, knows, too, that by no means always the 
most worthy obtain them. Yet he uses them as a means, 
following the advice of Horace, with a slight modification: 
Misce stultitiam peciinise brevem; and — such things often 
are connected with a thousand extraneous matters, from 
which it is impossible to disentangle them in the moment. 
Every form of government has its sham, though, undoubt- 
edly with some there is a far greater quantity of it than with 
others. 

During my tour through this part of the Union, I remarked 
again what had always struck me as peculiar to this coun- 
try, wherever I have travelled in it — the absence of crip- 
ples. Here there are no hunch-backed sextons as in Italy, 



( 279 ) 

no deformed hostlers, no lame in the street. Are such 
persons merely removed from the observation of the tra- 
veller, or are, in general, families better able to provide for 
these unhappy beings, so that their misfortunes are not so 
much exposed to the view of any but their friends? We 
cannot account in this way for the rare sight of deformed 
persons in the United States. Deformity is actually of com- 
paratively rare occurrence. Any inquiry into the subject 
will show the fact. On the continent of Europe deformed 
persons are not of very rare occurrence, even in the better 
classes; here they are nearly unknown. 

Whether the comparative ease of child-birth in this 
country can be considered as one of the causes of the 
fact in question, I do not know; but, in my opinion, it 
certainly does not form the chief one; the two following 
causes are, perhaps, the true ones. In the first place, the 
Americans have, in a considerable degree, adopted the 
English treatment and management of infants, in which, as 
in every thing else appertaining to physical education, the 
English so vastly excel the nations of the European con- 
tinent The free play, which is allowed to every limb of 
an English baby, together with the whole treatment, con- 
tributes certainly not a little to the formation of those fine 
figures we meet with in England. A hundred unhappy 
ways of incasement, and of fettering the tender limbs of the 
young creatures, together with the most injurious systems 
of nourishment, are yet common on the continent of Europe, 
especially with the lower classes. Whoever has seen the 
infant of a German or Italian peasant, and does not declare 
that its remaining alive in spite of all parental care and love, 
proves that man is made of the toughest material in the uni- 
verse, as if in him the durability of glass had been united 
to the pliability of Indian rubber, can be no lover of truth. 

Secondly, American parents seldom leave their young 
children entirely without capable attendants, or under the 
care of children but a little older than the infants themselves. 



( 280 ) 

You rarely see here a child of two years dragged about by 
a little sister of perhaps ten, and both in danger of de- 
formity, the one by being exposed to falls, the other by car- 
rying a burden much too heavy for its yet undeveloped 
limbs. 

It might be thought that at a later age, American children 
are quite as much exposed to accidents, calculated to induce 
deformity, as with us; for a more independent, and, I may 
add, more daring race, than that of American boys, I think 
does not exist. Climbing, riding, driving, sailing, shooting, 
are arts which they cultivate with great zeal and boldness. 
Perhaps this very independence at this age, contributes to 
make them better fitted to take care of themselves, and to 
escape unhurt, where others would be injured. Yet I would 
not give much for this argument; for the obvious reason, 
that deformity may be brought on by a single mishap, such 
as these independent boys daily run the risk of. 

I like American boys very much; there are a frankness 
and boldness about them, which please me greatly. They 
are, when very young, not unfrequently fine looking, and it 
appears to me that, in this respect, the Americans are like 
the Jews. Their children are beautiful, and again, their old 
men are fine looking, because the good looks of Jews and 
Americans consist much more in the delineations of the 
bones, than in any thing else; their young and middle aged 
men, therefore, do not strike me as generally good looking. 
A set of less attractive faces than those you meet with in 
some of the northern houses of representatives, can hardly 
be imagined. So hollow, care-worn, and looking almost as 
sour as their cider actually is. 

Speaking of babies, I was reminded of a little thing well 
bandaged from chin to toe, which, during my residence in 
Gensano, near Rome, a woman used to bring to an old cob- 
bler, who worked in the noblest workshop I ever yet have 
seen — under heaven's canopy. The baby was provided 
with two bands, fastened like leading strings, and near the 



( 281 ) 

proud cobbler, who " mended bad soles " right opposite my 
window, was an iron hook; on this the woman would hang her 
baby by the leading strings, with a, " Come sta, amico mio?" 
" Benone, grazicif cara mia grazia,''^ said the light-hearted 
disciple of St. Crispin, who continued to hammer and sing 
away, while the little thing was hanging from the hook, 
dangling about and crying, its shoulders bent forward, and 
its arms hanging perpendiculaly down, as if it had been the 
intention of the mother to teach the child the position of a 
higher and more conspicuous hanging. After the child had 
screamed for a while, as if near its end, the mother would 
return from her errand or labor, and ask, " Well, my dear 
neighbor, how has the bambina been?" — "C^/i' agnella, 
signora cara, una colombina,^^ would the cobbler reply, 
having, perhaps, actually not heard the child bawling, as if 
its lungs had been made of the remains of a pair of black- 
smith's bellows. 

When I visited the Riesengebirge,* I once entered the 
log-house of one of the graziers, who live in the highest 
parts of this chain of mountains, and feed their cattle on the 
short but fine grass growing on what the Tyrolese call Kiis 
and the Swiss AlpsA When I entered, I observed nobody 
in the room, but in one corner I saw a cradle, moving, ap- 
parently, without a rocking agent. Was I within enchanted 
walls? I approached the cradle, and a healthy looking baby 
was enjoying in it a sound sleep, its round little head moving 
and rolling on the pillow from one side to the other. Far- 
ther inquiry showed me that far from all the machine stir- 
ring world, a second Arkwright dwelt here on the mountain 
top; for the father of the baby had used, with great ingenu- 
ity, the rushing stream, which every grazier in this part 
leads through his dairy-room to keep his cream and butter 

• The chain of mountains in Silesia. — Editor. 

\ Kas in Tyrol, and Alps in Switzerland, signify those small patches in the 
high mountains on which that fine grass grows, which is almost as thin as 
hair, and affords excellent pasture for dairy cattle. — Euitoh. 

36 



( 282 ) 

fresh, as the moving agent of the cradle. I defy any Yan- 
kee, with all his ingenious " improvement " of " water pri- 
vileges," to beat our countryman here. Truly, I thought 
this looked like coming pretty near to the time when chil- 
dren are to be baptized by steam. 



( 283 ) 



LETTER XV. 

Buffalo, the western point of termination of the Grand 
Canal,* is an interesting place, both for its situation on Lake 
Erie, and its rapid growth, which it bids fair to continue for 
a long time. It is astonishing to see wide streets (a little 
too wide, indeed, like those of Washington) of handsome 
and high houses of the best appearance, where but a few 
years ago an inconsiderable village was all that was to be 
seen. 

What is to be done, my dear friend, if the plan of a place 
is at once to be laid out? Wherever I have seen towns 
built according to a regular plan, they seemed to be failures, 
contrivances which look very well on paper, or sound well 
if you hear them described, but are very different in reality. 
From the concentric circles of Carlsruhe to the compound 
plan of Washington, all these places have a thousand incon- 
veniences in practice, and as to the rectangular plan, on 
which Philadelphia, Mannheim, and many places here and 
in Europe are laid out — taste, in matters of this kind, is no 
subject of discussion, but I dislike the eternal sameness of this 
plan, if the place be of any considerable magnitude, particu- 
larly if to the rectangular prose be joined the abstract numbers 

• Of this, as of all other canals and rail-roads, a brief, but instructive de- 
scription is contained in " A brief Description of the Canals and Rail-roads 
ofthe United States, &c. By H. S. Tjinner. Philadelphia, 1834." This 
small work is a useful addition to Mr. Tanner's large map of tlic United States, 
in four sheets. — Editob. 



( 2S4 ) 

in the appellation of the streets. Man is a systematizing being, 
systematizing is, in part, thinking itself. Hence his fondness 
for seeing principles carried through; but very often princi- 
ples only sound well, because they appear simple, while ap- 
plied, they offer little for approbation. Such is to me the rule 
after which the Philadelphia streets are called. I have a pe- 
culiarly good sense of locality, and never lost my way in a fo- 
reign place, with the only exception of Philadelphia, where 
to this day I am continually obliged to ask, "What street 
is this; seventh, eighth, ninth?" while directions given to 
me, escape my mind much easier than those in other places, 
owing to the character of generality attached to all these 
numbered streets; and, as to the numbers combined with the 
letters of the alphabet, as in Washington, they require a 
man born for a mathematician, to remember these viatic for- 
mulas. A man may just as well remember 

Cotang : (180°— «) = —Cot. : «, 
as Mrs. So and So's, on the N. W. corner of B and Sixth 
and a Half streets. 

Before I entered the city of Buffalo, close to it I found an 
instance which very strikingly exemplified the immense 
power which custom exercises. I saw a farmer's house 
built of stone, and having the appearance of being owned by 
a man of substantial wealth, yet, though of brick and spa- 
cious, it was built on the Westphalian plan, the cattle and 
horses standing with their heads turned into the barn, at the 
end of which are the hearth and sitting-room of the family. 
Here the farmer had the examples of much more convenient 
farm houses around him, he had all the means of imitating 
them, yet he followed a plan which originated in times when 
neither cleanliness, health, safety, nor even interest was 
made a subject of unprejudiced reasoning, and improve- 
ments were but rarely made. Thus the migrating nations 
in the beginning of the middle ages, carried a thousand cus- 
toms with them into countries for which they were not cal- 
culated. 

In the hotel the following caid was given to me: — 



( 285 ) 



STEAMBOAT UNITED KINGDOM, 




AND emigrant's GUIDE. 




miles. 


s. d. 


Distance from Quebec to Montreal, - - 180 S. Boat 


7 7 


" « Montreal to Prescott, - - 140 D. Boat 


6 3 


C Prescott to Kingston, - - 70 S. Boat 


5 


10s. < Kingston to Toronto, - - 180 " 


7 6 


{ Toronto to Queenston, - 41 " 


5 


Queenston to Chippawa, - 10 Wagon 


2 6 



C Chippawa to Port Stanley, 150 S. Boat 15 
^^^' ^ Port Stanley to Sandwich, 150 " 15 
Sandwich to the entrance 

of Lake Huron, - - - 70 " 7 6 
Entrance of Lake Huron 

toGoderich, - - - - 75 " 7 6 



1,036 £3 IS 9 

What distances and cheapness! The steamboat which I 
found here for Chicoga, I think I have already mentioned; 
in fine, distances are not considered in this country as in 
Europe; if they were, we should not have crept much be- 
yond the Allegany mountains by this time. And what is 
the reason that a thousand miles in the United States are not 
as much as a thousand miles in Europe? There are several 
reasons for it, in my opinion. First, The early settlers had 
to think of many thousand miles oif, whenever they thought 
of their beloved home. Thus, a far different unit by which 
to estimate other distances, was laid down in their minds. It 
is clear, that a person settling a hundred miles from them, 
could not appear far away to those who had their original 
home some thousand miles off; and, although a generation 
born on this continent soon grew up, their relations to Eu- 
rope still continued to be of such a character that all consi- 
dered themselves intimately connected with her; and even 
to this day, we feel that, as to every thing in science and 
civilization, we are closely connected with Europe; and a 



( 286 ) 

lady in New York thinks no more of going to Havre or Li- 
verpool than a lady in London of going to Paris. 

This feeling, together with the vast unsettled continent 
before them, induced people to push on and settle at great 
distances, especially as the life of the early colonists was 
such as to develop a daring spirit of enterprise, which gra- 
dually has settled down into a fixed trait of American cha- 
racter. General Moreau, when residing in this country, — 
so said a French gentleman, an acquaintance of mine, — be- 
lieved that no soldier would be equal to an American, if 
well and thoroughly disciplined; (to be sure, the present 
militia would require some " rubbings,") because, said he, 
"An American doubts of nothing." It was true what Mo- 
reau observed, that an American doubts of nothing; some- 
times owing to enterprising boldness, sometimes to want of 
knowledge or to self-confidence, always, in a measure, to the 
fact, that want of success in an enterprise is not followed in 
the United States by obloquy or ridicule, even though the 
undertaking may have been injudicious. This, though often 
calculated to mislead, is, on the whole, an excellent thing; 
and, even supposing a man to have miscalculated his strength 
in one attempt, he may take better care the next time.* 

This spirit of enterprise and adventure pushed new set- 
tlers far into all directions; a consequence of which is, that 
we now dwell in a vast country, inhabited by people of 
the same language, and living under the same laws — ano- 
ther reason why distances appear shorter to us. The com- 
paratively small number of m.ountain chains is a third 
cause of the same singular fact. As we require objects by 
which to judge distances, — thus, for instance, objects, seen 
over a wide expanse of water, appear nearer to us, than 
when the view lies across an equally extensive tract of 
land, — so a distance by land, if wc have to pass through 
many different languages and governments, and over moun- 
tains, appears to us greater than if no such intervening ob- 
jects existed. In the Atlantic states, people are, besides, so 

• " Or he may not," as one of Mr. Mathcw's chai-actcre s.iys. — Euitoii. 



( 287 ) 

familiar with voyages to Canton, the Pacific, Buenos Ayres, 
&c., that I have seen in Europe more bustle in a family, a 
member of which was going to a university, perhaps some 
sixty miles off, than I have here when the son or brother 
was embarking for China or the Manillas. The steam- 
boats, — which greatly facilitate travelling, the population 
being scattered over so vast a country, — and the migratory 
disposition of the American in general, originally caused 
by the above given reasons, contribute, in turn, their full 
part to the production of the same effect. The next nation 
after the Americans in this respect are the English, whose 
possessions in all quarters of the globe would make them 
consider distances as still less than the Americans, were 
their own country not itself so very confined. Every mile 
has there its full value. 

Not distances alone are measured here by a standard dif- 
ferent from that of other countries; time, too, receives a dif- 
ferent value, but it is measured by a smaller standard than 
in Europe. An American wants to perform within a year 
what others do within a much longer period. Ten years in 
America are like a century in Spain. The United States 
really change in some respects more within ten years, than 
a country like Spain has within a hundred. England moves, 
in all practical affairs, quicker than the continent: the United 
States move quicker still, in some respects, than England. 
There are many reasons for this more rapid movement which 
I will not oblige you to read; let me only observe, that it 
influences all relations of life. According to recent state- 
ments, a female servant in London remains, on average, four 
hundred and sixty-two days in the same situation. I have 
no doubt, that, if similar accounts could be obtained from 
Germany, we would find that they remain much longer 
there in the same place, and the corresponding period in 
New York would average much less. Sometimes indivi- 
duals long for a stationary country, where things remain in 
their place for some time, and where one does not feel all 
the time as if tied to the wing of a windmill This desire 



( 288 ) 

is very natural : whether they would be pleased by a change 
for a long time or not, is quite a different question. For 
the rest — the choice is not with the nations. There are, at 
present, two classes of nations, which, in all your inquiries, 
you must strictly distinguish from each other; namely, 
moving nations and stationary nations. The former would 
be utterly ruined, were they to counteract their own im- 
petus. I speak here chiefly of industry, and diffusion and 
application of knowledge. This movement has become 
with them one of the "historical tasks" which they have 
to perform. They must have steamboats, though a sail- 
ing boat may grace the landscape a thousand times more: 
they must have rail-roads, though travelling on them be 

a dull thing. And — "You know," as Professor 

in Berlin used to say, when, in the overflow of his ideas, 
he could not wait to finish his sentence, but hurried to 
other subjects, which were crowding his fertile and abun- 
dant mind. Now, his overflowing of ideas corresponds, in 
my case, to the scantiness of paper and time, and the ferti- 
lity of his mind, perhaps, to my paucity. 

I happened to find, here in Buffalo, an English paper in 
which the writer of a pretty able article calls upon the 
Americans to imitate England, as to the late emancipa- 
tion of her slaves, and declares that it would be astonish- 
ing if the United States, were not to free their slaves, as 
they have now only to follow the brilliant example of their 
once mother country — a language which it was easy to fore- 
see, would soon become common. In some English papers, 
I had previously seen even amalgamation hinted at, and 
once openly demanded as a necessary measure. Let us 
calmly and fearlessly look at a few prominent points of 
this vast subject You may easily imagine, that it cannot 
be my intention to enter here fully into a question of so 
grave and momentous a character; it would require a trea- 
tise, a thorough inquiry, rather than a few considerations 
thrown out in a letter; yet having occupied myself much 
with this subject, of absorbing importance throughout his- 



( 2S9 ) 

tory and in our own times, I think, I may place before you 
a few considerations, which will aid you in forming a more 
correct opinion upon the matter. 

In the abstract, I hold slavery to be, — philosophically, 
an absurdity, (man cannot become property.) — morally a 
bane both to the slave and his owner; — historically, a direct 
violation of the spirit of the times we live in, and, with 
regard to public economy, a great malady, to any society 
at all advanced in industry. I neither allow with Achille 
Murat, son to the late King of Naples, that slavery is for 
the present condition of our southern states, a highly desira- 
ble state of things, and conducive to the greatest advantage 
of society (he does not speak of pecuniary advantages,) nor 
do I at all agree with Duden, a German author, who, in bis 
Report on a Journey to the Western States of the North 
American Union, in 1824 to 1827, inclusive — a work which 
contains some very valuable information, whenever the au- 
thor abstains from political and historical disquisitions — sup- 
poses himself to have very nicely demonstrated, that a so- 
ciety has a full right to declare an what conditions it ^vill 
admit other people, and how it will treat them in future, to 
make them incapable of participating in government, if the 
original society think fit to dictate in what relation of depend- 
ence they are to be placed, who, in short, sees no objection on 
the ground of justice to slavery, and altogether forgets, that 
the idea of right between men, cannot, by any possibility, be 
established, except on the idea of mutual duties and ob- 
ligations. He has recourse, in order to make out his case, to 
the relation of a father of a family to his children, as nearly 
every one does, who wishes to make out of a state of things 
founded on force, a state founded on reason, always for- 
getting that hardly two things in the world can be more 
different than family and state; the one based on instinct, 
love and forbearance, the other on justice, law, and right; 
the one to the end of the preservation of the species; 
which we have partly in common with the animals, the 

other in no degree whatever. Thrice unhappy comparison, 

37 



( 290 ) 

entailed on us from aj2;es when every thine; in politics was 
poorly defined; which has served the legitimatist and slave- 
dealer, the ahsolutist and the amhitious priest, as a cloak for 
sordid plans! 

I must observe, however, that I hardly ever found a na- 
tive American who attempted to palliate slavery in prin- 
ciple; they say, as in fact the matter stands, slavery exists; 
what are we to do with it. In one single instance, only, I 
have met with an attempt to represent slavery as something 
quite the thing, on the ground of the relation between ser- 
vant and master, being comparable to that between child and 
father, the "noble Romans," and the Old Testament, being 
likewise adduced as evidence, that slavery is not so bad. 
This rnauvaise plaisanterie, to call it by the mildest term, 
was contained in an article of one of oin* reviews. Heaven 
preserve us from Roman liberty, and if we are to take the Old 
Testament as a code of legal relations, we had better create 
ouiselves Jews surrounded by heathens at once, and adopt 
all their laws and social relations. Moreover, the author 
did not even know what was signified with the Jews, by sla- 
very, which was an institution, very different from what he 
supposes. In order to become acquainted with the spirit of 
the slaveholders themselves, in our Union, you ought to read 
the interesting debates on this .sul)ject in the late Virginia 
convention, which had assembled to make some changes in 
the constitution of that state. They have been collected 
into one volume, which appears to me to be one of the most 
interesting works with regard to the history of man, and 
practical morality. 

I will grant even more than you might perhaps, suppose 
me willing to do, after my general remarks at the begin- 
ning of these reflections. Whether the African race ever 
will have among them a Shakspeare, a Charlemagne, or 
Aristotle, I know not; nor is it necessary to know this, in 
order to settle the (juestion as to their political capacity for 
participating in all civil riglits and ckilies. There are many 
respectable colored persons with us, and I believe none will 



( 291 ) 

conscientiously deny that, when fairly educated, they stand 
on quite as high a level of mental development as the lowest 
of the whites, who are nevertheless admitted to a full par- 
ticipation in all political privileges; nor that the question 
under consideration would ever have been started, did the 
African race not differ from ourselves in color. One way of 
testing the comparative capability of the two classes, is to try 
colored and white servants. The mental as well as physical 
difference between the white and black races, have formed a 
subject to which I have directed my attention ever since I 
came to this country; and I will communicate to you a few 
observations, not as supporting any of my statements — I dis- 
claim entering here fully into the subject — but merely as 
detached facts, interesting in themselves. 

State prisons, where a large number of colored and white 
people are kept under the close observance of intelligent 
men, and have to obey the same laws, to perform the same 
duties, and live upon the same diet, seemed to me to afford 
a peculiarly favorable opportunity of ascertaining certain 
facts relating to this subject. There are, of about eight 
hundred convicts in the penitentiary at Singsing, about two 
hundred individuals of color. The physician of the prison 
from whom I obtained my information, had not found that 
there was any striking difference between the diseases of 
the blacks and the whites, nor did they assume any different 
character in their course. I have been assured of the same 
by experienced physicians in large cities. However, as the 
colored people resort to quacks, perhaps even more than 
the whites of the poorer classes, and have sometimes phy- 
sicians of their own color, closer examination would be still 
required to state any thing definite on this point. 

It is for ever to be regretted that Doctor Spurzheim died so 
early. This able anatomist and observer of the configuration 
of the head, told me that one of the chief subjects of inquiry 
which he had laid out to himself in coming to this country, 
was to investigate the physical difference between the two 
races and to settle something definite on this point. He in- 



( 292 ) 

tended to proceed to our southern states, and to make as 
many observations as possible on living and dead subjects. 
I trust that some able anatomist will take up the subject. It 
is a field where a fair name is yet to be won, and the con- 
sequences of a thorough inquiry into the minutest details of 
this subject might be of incalculable effect. 

As to moral difference between the prisoners of the two 
colors in the above mentioned penitentiary, it is a curious 
fact that in general the colorcd people behave themselves 
better; they are more orderly, follow the laws more wil- 
lingly, and work more steadily. The superintendent of 
that state-prison, a gentleman of much intelligence, and who 
bestowed unwearied attention to my often repeated and 
troublesome inquiries both in person and by letter, did 
not attempt to explain the fact; he merely stated it as such, 
and as such I give it. Whatever reasons may be given for 
it, it deserves our attention. At one time, when I was 
walking with him through the building and we had entered 
one of the cells, after having given me some information 
on certain points of its architecture, he looked round and 
said, " 1 am sure this cell belongs to a colored man." "Why 
so?" said I. " Because every thing looks neater, better ar- 
ranged." On inquiry, we found that his surmise was cor- 
rect. I was greatly surprised, and he then told me, that a 
colored prisoner will generally keep his cell in more snug 
order than a white man. Equally interesting is the fact, 
that more colored people ask for admission to the Sunday- 
school of the prison, and for instruction in reading, than 
white people; speaking merely of the proportion of indi- 
viduals of both colors, who have no knowledge of reading. 

I allow all this, but the question is not an abstract one; 
not whether we shall introduce slavery or not, but — slavery 
existing — what shall be done with it? Fanaticism, which 
like Procrustes, stretches or chops the body of the question 
in hand, according to the measure of its own preconceived 
ideas, or has no other means to untie a Gordian knot, than 
by cutting it, cuts this matter also short. Emancipate, is 



I 



( 293 ) 

their short prescription of remedies for the disease. And 
if you ask, what will become of the emancipated? Amalga- 
mation, is the drug by which they think to perfect the cure. 
But a statesman, who knows that countless evils are in- 
variably produced by solving from a partial view of the 
case, a question which has two aspects, e. g. a political 
and a religious, or a commercial and a political, — by making 
ourselves voluntarily blind to the other view, will not de- 
cide so hastily. 

Suppose, for argument's sake, that all the slave owners 
would be induced to emancipate their slaves to-day; or that 
the non-slave-holding states were willing to pay annually a 
large sum by way of compensation to the slave-holders, and 
that gradual emancipation could be thus effected. What 
would be the consequence? We should have a large in- 
crease of free colored population, which, if we choose, 
might be politically as free as any class of our citizens. 
What would be gained? Political equality is of very little 
value compared to social equality. A race, socially de- 
graded, or, let us not call it degraded, one excluded from 
general society, and consequently from the broad course 
of civilization, is in a state of real suffering, and will neces- 
sarily generate in its bosom all kinds of vices and crimes. 
History affords us many instances to this effect. It is of no 
use whatever to be, in the eye of the law, equal to all 
others, if you are socially disabled, except you hope to at- 
tain social disfranchisement by means of the former. The 
free colored race, the existence of which the argument sup- 
poses is large in number, would then remain an oppressed 
and degraded race, as long as they were not socially eman- 
cipated. Hence would arise, in order to obtain a real state 
of freedom for the emancipated slave, the necessity of 
amalgamation; by which I mean social intercourse as well 
as intermarriage: the latter would indeed be soon the con- 
sequence of the former. Two different races, equally free, 
and equally elevated in the social scale, hence equally cul- 
tivated, and yet distinctly separated, cannot be imagined. 



( 294 ) 

Whoever does it, has other views of mankind, and learnt 
other lessons from history than myself. Whether this be 
founded upon prejudice or not, is not here the question; the 
prejudice is at any rate so founded in human nature that it 
would not depend upon us to change its effects. 

Here then we have already arrived at the barrier, which 
will make it for ever inexpedient to follow the course in 
question, of restoring the wronged race of slaves to their 
natural rights among us, where their number is large. That 
a Montesquieu, and other writers of his age, ridiculed the 
idea of making a difference of color the ground of a sub- 
stantial difference in caste^ treating the color of a human 
race as they would that of an inanimate object, of which it 
may form an unessential quality, was but natural, since 
enormous wrongs and cruelties were at that time heaped 
upon the African race, and palliated on the score of differ- 
ence in color. But the matter presents itself in a different 
lio-ht to one who now lives surrounded by the children of 
this family. It is easy to say, at the distance of many 
thousand miles, what is color! but if you were to act daily 
and hourly up to this assertion, you would find cause to 
change your opinion, or to judge milder of those with whom 
the difference of color forms an insuperable barrier. 

Color is something which strikes that sense which carries the 
most vivid impressions to the mind; you cannot expect the 
millions to disregard it; it presents too glaring an appearance; 
it is so striking an outward sign, that the idea of a well 
marked difference between the two races cannot be well 
eradicated. I can very well imagine that in some cases a 
white man might lose his sensibility to this difference; in 
fact I know a mulatto-man who is clerk with a bookseller, 
and I went often there and transacted business with him, 
without thinking of his color. Generally, however, you can- 
not expect to find this indifference; especially, as another sense 
is affected by near intercourse with the colored population. 
01)jections of this kind seem very light and perhaps frivo- 
lous, to one who only becomes acquainted with the iact by 



( 295 ) 

hearsay; but few things affect us more powerfully than dis- 
gust. Why does the Prussian code allow, under certain 
circumstances, divorce on the ground of "unconquerable 
disgust?" The dissolution of the most sacred tie is per- 
mitted with you, on the ground that it is utterly impossible 
that people should be happy with each other, if one is con- 
tinually an object of repulsion to the other, though it be 
only by way of the senses. A peculiar odor is continually 
emanating, more especially in a warm cl imate, from the 
bodies of negroes, even when cleanly, which renders them 
personally unpleasant to white people. There are indi- 
viduals of the white race from whom a strong musky odor 
is emitted, unpleasant enough, it is true, and sometimes dis- 
gustingly repulsive; but that of a negro is different. It re- 
sembles that exuding from the snake and beetle. 

Soon after I arrived in this country, I found that this 
peculiar odor was considered one of the chief causes which 
would for ever prevent a social equalization of the two 
races, and I was anxious to ascertain for myself whether it 
had a real existence. I have very sensitive olfactory nerves, 
having received them from nature well organized, and having 
exercised them by studying botany, on my travels, &c. I 
have been able, on my pedestrian journeys, to scent a lake 
or a village at the distance of several miles, if the wind was 
at all favorable; and yet I could not at first discover any 
difference between the odor of the negroes and that I have 
often perceived when many soldiers, after a long march, 
were assembled in the same room. I was at that time inr 
Boston; the summer was very cool, and no colored servant 
was in the house. Since I have gone farther south I must 
testify to the correctness of the current statement. There 
are some very few who deny this; so I knew an old lady 
who actually loved the music of quarreling or plaintively 
squalling cats. It was no affectation with her, of that I feel 
convinced; yet I should not be willing to charge all the, 
rest of mankind with affectation or disregard to truth, be- 
cause they declare that this kind of music does not affect, 



( 296 ) 

them with pleasurable sensations. Some nations seem to be 
more affected by the scent of the African race than others 
and none more so than the English: Spaniards care less for 
it Bolivar had some colored aides, if I am rightly in- 
formed; and in Brazil you may see black priests adminis- 
ter the communion to white people. Yet even there is no 
social mixture, no true social disfranchisement of the colored. 

In judging of this subject, it ought never to be forgotten 
that the stability of social intercourse does not depend upon 
the agreement of a few broad general ideas, but chiefly 
on an agreement upon the minor affairs of taste, views, 
opinions, &c. I do not pretend to say that the white race 
is handsomer than the colored; I can very well imagine 
that a white man appearing among them must seem fright- 
ful to them. I can imagine that people, unaccustomed to 
our faces, perceive in them, when they first become ac- 
quainted with our race, all those shades of yellow, blue, 
and green, which the painter has to mix with his colors to 
arrive at the true tints. Analyze a bloated face, and you 
will shudder at all the ugliness it contains. Yet be this as 
it may, it is clear that our views of beauty must essentially 
differ; and races who cannot, in general, please each other, 
will never cement. 

This strong barrier will for ever prevent a free social in- 
tercourse between the two races. But, suppose it did not, 
shall a white man wish for a mixture of them? — for, with 
me, a free social intercourse and intermarriage are one and 
the same: one must lead to the other. If the love of 
country has ever had any meaning attached to it, the 
love of race has a weightier meaning still. I am a white 
man, and I for one love my race; that race which, — how- 
ever many misdeeds and crimes it may have forced his- 
tory to enter on her records, however often it may have 
suffered avarice to guide its actions and blast the noblest 
plans, and however much its superior skill and knowledge 
may have led it to superior and shameful incongruities, — 
is, nevertheless, the favored one from which the Europeans 



( 297 ) 

have descended; who, with their children, in other parts of 
the world, have risen to an immense intellectual superior- 
ity above all other tribes and nations. I for one do ex- 
ecrate the idea of seeing this noble race degenerate into a 
yellow mongrel breed, such as exists in Brazil and the 
Portuguese islands along the coast of Africa. I for one 
pray that heaven's best blessings, the extension of know- 
ledge and civilization, may be showered down on our bre- 
thren of a darker skin, but desire with equal anxiety that 
the white race be continued in its purity, — that race, which 
becomes master wherever it appears, because it unites in it- 
self many good properties which are but scattered among 
other races, — intelligence, sociability, activity, desire of pri- 
vate property and elevation of mind. 

Let us suppose, however, for a moment, — and we must 
be prepared for the most extravagant expectations — that 
we could suddenly divest ourselves of the unpleasant sen- 
sations hinted at, could disregard all considerations of pro- 
perty, politics, &c., and let the two millions of blacks 
be absorbed by the eleven millions of whites, and that the 
whole mixture should, within six or seven generations, re- 
turn to a tolerable white, this color being originally so much 
preponderant; — through what state of barbarity should we 
not have passed, how low would our nation have sunk! Or 
is it really believed that those tender relations between hus- 
band and wife which, within the house, put them on a par, 
could exist between black and white? Now, if the relation 
between husband and wife be changed, the whole state of 
civilization is changed. It is only befitting the fanatic to 
spin out the subject any farther; to say that laws would be 
required to prevent a relapse of color, to enforce our white 
females to ally themselves to blacks, &c. That fanatics 
should be found senseless enough to preach amalgamation as 
the only means to overcome the great difficulty which sla- 
very presents to us — our chronic disease which, of one kind 
or other, every state and government have; yet, I hope, not 
in our case an incurable one — is what wc might expect accord- 

38 



( 298 ) 

ing to history, Wlicnevcr great and important questions are 
agitated, men will always be found who are incapable of 
placing themselves but on a single point of view,and who neg- 
lect or forget every thing else but their one favorite idea; they 
look but to one single spot, and thus fall into what must be 
called a mania. I know that the habit of paying too much 
regard to all the possible bearings of an important projected 
measure, has not unfrequcntly stifled the noblest zeal and 
thwarted the hopes of the best friends of mankind; but I 
also know, that well-meaning maniacs have done incalcula- 
ble mischief in politics and religion, in the arts and the 
sciences. 

I believe that every disinterested and clear-minded obser- 
ver will allow that slavery is against the spirit of the times, 
and will become more so every day; and history affords 
thousands and thousands of examples, that whatever is against 
the spirit of the times must sooner or later fall; and that it is 
the part of true wisdom to prepare in time for the change. 
If I judge aright, the most judicious mode of emancipation 
would be gradually to create a peasantry of colored people, 
which should have in itself the means of melioration and final 
discharge of the relations of peasantry, because, without the 
latter condition, this peasantry would, in course of time, be- 
come as much an element alien to our system and contrary 
to the general course of ideas, as slavery now is. As, on 
the other hand, the two races will not, and ought not to 
amalgamate, it would be always inconvenient to have a dis- 
proportionately large number of colored people at one time 
among us; elimination of the greater part of them ought, 
therefore, always to be considered as the final object of the 
measure just mentioned — colonization, either in Africa or in 
some distant part of our own continent, should be kept stea- 
dily in view as the result to be finally effected. If the sou- 
thern states, or some of them, could agree among themselves 
on some effective measure of this kind, there is no doubt 
but that the other states, at least all the northern and east- 
tern ones, would be ready to make a great sacrifice of the 



( 299 ) 

public money in order to assist the operation of the plan. 
But, for many reasons, political, legal, and moral, the mea- 
sure must proceed from the south; it could not, otherwise, 
be possibly carried into effect. 

Let, at the same time, our southern brethren do away 
with a certain system of harshness in one part of their con- 
duct, which justly surprises every friend of mankind. No 
plea of expediency, of advantage, or of fear, can justify a 
law which directs a colored person, who cannot give a ready 
explanation of his condition as to freedom, to be arrested, 
and, if nothing can be proved against him, to make him pay 
the expenses of his arrest, and, if he cannot pay them, to be 
sold in order to defray them. It is double and triple tyran- 
ny. It is even worse than the Brazilian law, which does 
not provide for a prisoner before trial, nor allow him a trial 
and proper counsel until he has the means for paying a law- 
yer, so that, at Rio, people may always be found chained to 
the outer wall of the ^prison, pedindo justi^a, (begging jus- 
tice,) as the begging of alms, in order to defray the expenses 
of support in the prison and to pay a counsellor, is called. 

Physical force is nowhere so powerful as moral force ; and 
the condition of a peasantry endowed with certain rights, 
and with a way before it, which leads, by good behavior 
and industry, to final entire emancipation, would afford, it 
seems to me, tenfold more security than slavery, which, in 
its character and essence, is a state of force, pregnant with 
countless dangers, and particularly so in a republic like ours, 
in which the executive has not many means of physical 
force at its disposal, and in ^vhich the severity of laws — the 
more readily enacted, as the law-makers are the interested 
persons, and between whom and the slaves stands no inde- 
pendent government— must supplant the means of safety 
which, in monarchical states, is afforded by a large military 
establishment. Another very important point would be 
gained by the above measure, namely, the gradual accus- 
toming of the once slaves to industry, directed by their own 
jtidgment, without which the sudden emancipation of a large 



( 300 ) 

number at once, is one of the greatest evils which can befall 
either the emancipated or the emancipator. Maryland af- 
fords an instance of the growing desire in our southern states 
to rid themselves of their slave population. 

More ardently than myself no one can wish that the mea- 
sures of the British parliament may meet with full success, 
and, finally, lead to beneficial results. How so numerous 
a free colored population will behave toward a few whites, 
whose superior intellectual development would be unable to 
oppose any effectual power to the superior number of the 
Africans, will always, until the event determines it, form 
a subject of intense attention to the citizens of our repub- 
lic. 

If the English glory in this measure, it is but natural, 
but they ought not to forget, that it was not their own slave- 
owners who emancipated, but people at a great distance, 
and, in like manner, our northern and eastern states wish to 
see slavery abolished, and would be willing to contribute 
whatever is in their power, by way of money; and let the 
English remember, that many of our states had emancipated 
their slaves long before the English thought of it; that 
the people of this country, when dependent upon Britain, 
made repeated efforts to prevent the importation of slaves, 
but in vain (to which Jefferson, also, alludes in a passage of 
his original draught of the declaration of independence, but 
which was erased,) and that our republic was the first go- 
vernment which abolished slave-trade, as early as in 1794, 
while a Roscoe was yet hooted at in 1808, in Liverpool, 
for having voted against this abominable traffic. And who 
does not remember the foul arguments, which were at that 
period brought forward to prevent its abolition. Persons at 
a distance often judge of the question of emancipation, quite 
wrongly, because they think congress might, like a parlia- 
ment in a capital, decree it and it would be done; but nothing 
of the kind is in fact the case. Congress can do nothing 
originally in the matter; it is altogether a subject which be- 
longs to the forum of the state-legislatures — those true foun- 



( 301 ) 

dations of our liberty, without which it would not have 
been possible even to preserve her appearance. 

I do not hesitate for a moment to say, that by far the 
greatest majority of our southern people would be glad, 
could they abolish slavery, but it requires more to effect 
such a measure with wisdom, than a newspaper article, 
which calls us, " slave-holding republicans." May we ne- 
ver experience a sudden emancipation in the south. The 
whites would either become the slaves of the blacks, or at 
least the suppressed class, or they would have to emigrate, 
and the south would be lost to our Union, and for a long 
time even to mankind. 

In the same paper, the assertion was made, that the want 
of wisdom, in our national organization, was proved by the 
dissolution of the Union, evidently approaching with hasty 
strides, and chiefly brought on at the very time that this 
political system was ever put to the test. Suppose I grant 
all, I grant that the Union is hurrying toward dissolution, 
that the separation once having taken place, wars, and wars 
of the worst kind, will soon follow — a dissolution of the 
elements of society, similar to that in some periods of the 
feudal ages, yet without chivalry, and that severe contests 
must be gone through in order to arrive once more at a stable 
state of things — even if I grant you all this, I nevertheless, 
maintain, that the Union, and our constitution, were a wise 
contrivance, and it seems to me, the only one which was 
capable of producing so rapid a progress, in so many re- 
spects, of this young nation, and that if to-morrow the 
whole should tumble to pieces, it was yet worth the while 
to have established it. 

I am the warmest advocate for forms of government which 
carry within them the guarantee of stability: continual 
changes undermine the whole society, to its very views of 
morality and the pursuit of knowledge. The civic spirit, 
the firm adherence to right and law, cannot grow and expand. 
Many states in the middle ages, and France, afford numerous 
instances; but the duration alone is no test of the goodness of 



( ^02 ) 

a government; otherwise we ought to send ambassadors to 
China, as the Romans sent theirs to Greece. A shoe, as 
such, does not last half as long as when it is trod down and 
worn as a slipper. 

There are some tests which no government can possibly 
stand, because every government, even the strongest, must 
have, like Achilles and Siegfried, one vulnerable point, where 
it may be wounded to the quick. Wisdom must choose, 
with regard to durability, that form which bids fair to expose 
with the least frequency, this vulnerable point, according to 
the given materials and circumstances. Thus the English 
constitution, which combines a number of the finest points, 
has, in my o])inion, never yet been truly tested. I speak of 
course of the constitution since it has become a true and 
professed contract between the people and the monarch. The 
weak point of a constitutional monarchy is, that one person 
is by inheritance endowed with great privileges, which ne- 
vertheless shall be used in the spirit of the constitution and 
for the benefit of the people only. A variety of contrivances 
are resorted to in order to effect this result, contrivances which 
in my opinion do as much honor to the human mind as any 
thing I know of. But, nevertheless, they constitute the vul- 
nerable point of this form of government. The English 
constitution would be put to a severe test, if a Frederic or a 
Napoleon should be born upori the throne of the Brunswick 
family. In such case, if the crown were not to absorb 
the constitutional privileges of the people, it would at least 
stifle their truly constitutional use and application, or the 
people would rise and absorb the privileges of the crown. 
Men like those I have mentioned cannot but be independent 
and unshackled, or must be conquered and subdued. 

You ask, what are our vulnerable points? I think they 
are two in number, but, in order to let you judge whether 
I am right or not, it would be necessary to give you a tableau 
of our whole political organization, and an abstract of our 
history in the bargain. 



( 303 ) 



LETTER XVI. 



To-day I write to you, my dear friend, in no happy mood, 
for I have seen man, once more, in a situation not calculated 
to exalt our opinion of him — a camp-meeting. The religion 
of the methodists is, in a great degree, founded on the ex- 
citement of feeling. The followers of methodism will grant 
you this. They do not admit, indeed, that the peculiar trait 
of their sect, distinguishing it from all other protestant de- 
nominations, is what they would term an excitement of 
feeling; they would call it an agitation produced by the 
power of God, or the powerful effect of the divine spi- 
rit, or would characterize it by an expression of this kind. 
But, however we may differ as to the cause and name, we 
agree, I believe, as to the subject itself That which appears, 
to us as a high state of excitement, and which they believe 
to be the effect and true sign of intense piety, forms that 
trait of their religion which is peculiar to them, as a sect 
Camp-meetings, if I have properly understood the ex- 
planations, given me by methodists themselves, are held, 
for the purpose of promoting this powerful effect, with the 
followers of this creed, and thereby of strengthening re- 
ligion in their souls, as also, in order to excite in persons 
not yet converted, that state of overwhelming contrition, 
which according to methodism, must generally precede con- 
version and regeneration. The object of camp-meetings^ 
then, is powerfully to excite religious feelings, and sorry am 
I to say, that they are the scenes of unrefrained excitement, 
which to every one, but the methodists themselves, appear 
but as a wild outbursting of vague, though passionate and 



( 304 ) 

powerful feelings; of great danger, in my opinion, to true 
moral and religious development. A camp-meeting is to me 
a most gloomy sight, and gives you the clew to a number 
of phenomena in history, which otherwise would be nearly 
inconceivable by a sober mind. 

A conveniently situated spot, shaded if possible by trees 
and near to water, is selected as the place of the meeting, 
which generally takes place in autumn. A temporary plat- 
form, with a shed and a kind of desk for the ministers to 
preach from to the multitude, is erected. It is generally, or 
always, in the middle of one line of an oblong, which is 
formed by the tents, pitched for the accommodation of the 
people, as well as for their religious exercises in their 
" classes." It is not my intention to give you a description 
of the whole proceedings, or of all the scenes which are 
acted under the eye of the visiter; it has been done by seve- 
ral writers on the customs and manners of this country with 
considerable fidelity. 

Nothing is easier than to write an attractive account on 
subjects of this very kind, since the most striking contrasts 
are forced upon the mind of the spectator, even were he not 
generally apt to seize at once upon the characteristic traits 
of subjects offered to his observation; but you must expect 
nothing of the kind in the following; though I openly con- 
fess, that no religious service, however it might differ from 
my views of a due reverence to the deity, not even the 
Jewish confusion during some of the religious celebrations 
peculiar to that people, has inspired me with less of that 
respect which we naturally feel for any mode of adoration 
adopted by our fellow creatures, than the scenes I witnessed 
in the camp-meetings. The service of the Shaking Quakers 
is strikingly ludicrous; but camp-meetings are startling in 
the highest degree, filling you at once with contempt of 
certain designing men, and compassion for their unwary, 
deluded, and tormented victims. I intend merely to give 
you a few observations, which, indeed, will not inform you 
of any thing new, but will be additional facts of psycholo- 



( 305 ) 

gical interest — contributions to the account of man's aber- 
rations; alas! a long scroll in the hand of History, com- 
pared to the slip on which she notices his acts of wisdom. 
Should the perusal of this letter, nevertheless, force a smile 
upon your lips, this efifect is not its object. It is with 
grief I write these lines, not Avith pleasure; and I have 
omitted several facts, because they had too much of the 
merely ridiculous about them. 

Let me first give you a few general observations, the 
truth of which has been impressed upon my mind with ad- 
ditional strength by my seeing camp-meetings. 

First: All protestant enthusiasts or fanatics resort to the 
Old Testament and the book of revelation in preference to 
the New Testament, for proofs and testimony of their be- 
lief and kind of worship, for imagery in preaching and their 
forms of conception and expression, often even of the prin- 
ciples of their peculiar ethical views. They believe them- 
selves to be the people of Israel. A God "who swears in 
his wrath " seems to be more congenial to them than a God 
who "is love," the bountiful father of his children. Roman 
catholic fanatics, though their zeal may carry them to mon- 
strosities of belief and action, nevertheless move more within 
the general outlines of the tenets of their church, or, at least, 
within what is believed to be true by gi^at catholic masses. 

Secondly: Christian fanatics universally occupy them- 
selves more, nay nearly exclusively, with the fear of hell 
and the state of the damned, not with the hope of a reunion 
with God; with the anxiety to escape eternal punishment, not 
the zeal to win the love of God, and to love him with the in- 
creasing pleasure which a pure soul finds in loving the only 
perfect being. If the comparison be not offensive to you, I 
would say, they are like bad soldiers driven into battle by 
cannons placed behind them, not led by the love of country, 
and a genuine feeling of honor. 

Third: All religious enthusiasts preach dogmatics and 
polemics, not practical virtue or the longsufTering of a pu- 
rified soul; or if they do preach the latter, it is not in order 

39 



( 306 ) 

to instil into the souls of the hearers that gentle charity and 
elevated kindness, which is one of the choicest flowers of 
all religion, all virtue and all cultivation of the mind, but 
rather to strengthen them against the gibes and sneers or 
attacks of the world. All the sermons I heard in the camp- 
meeting which gave rise to this letter, and in another I visit- 
ed some years ago, were exclusively dogmatic or polemic, 
and one preacher actually mentioned every Christian sect 
from the catholics to the quakers, with unkind and uncha- 
ritable remarks, excluding them all from the bliss which 
the true methodist is to expect in after life. 

I have often enough heard similar strains of preaching in 
Roman catholic countries. Once a landlord of mine, when I 
was a soldier, took great pains in his way, to save my soul, 
and assured me, when I asked him whether he really believed, 
that a good and virtuous protestant could not possibly enter 
into heaven, that perhaps he might by way of exception, 
but undoubtedly only to wait upon the catholics. I ex- 
pressed my hope that I should be made his servant and that 
he would prove an indulgent master. On the other hand 
the minister who preached the above mentioned sermon, 
said that if any but methodists would be admitted to the 
purest bliss, he was sure his grandmother would be one of 
them; she was a most pious baptist The ignorant will al- 
ways mingle their personal affairs with whatever subject 
they may be treating of So much for uncharitableness, the 
vulgarest banner that can be unfurled for enlistment in any 
cause. 

Fourth: Also, the less informed a preacher is, the more 
dogmatic and polemic he iuAJ-ariably is in his sermons. 

Fifth: All Christian fanatics give to the word love, though 
used in a religious sense, a certain amorous meaning, applied 
in a spiritual sense. You can trace this index of enthusiasm 
through all ages of the Christian church; from the times of 
some most glowing early hymns, to those of the latest 
methodist songs. 

Sixth: All enthusiasts dislike exceedingly to reason, a? 



( 307 •) 

is natural, and always will end by saying, All you say is 
perfectly right according to the world's reasoning and from 
your point of view; but the true light has not dawned upon 
you; you cannot understand us; we know we are right, be- 
cause God is within us; we know it, and if ever the light 
appears within you, you will say with us, "We know it, it is 
certain." 

Seventh: Love of notoriety, be it even but in a very 
limited circle, is one of the main springs of action, with 
most fanatics. 

Eighth: Fanatics are never satisfied with a calm and placid 
adoration of the deity, but evidently seek for excitement, 
and obvious proofs of it; so much so, that frequently the 
preachers appear dissatisfied when they are unable to bring 
their hearers to the desired pitch, and they judge of the 
excellence of a sermon or prayer by the degree of ex- 
citement it has produced; though every observer knows 
well, that nothing, in fact, is easier than to move a congre- 
gation to tears, or to produce any similar signs of emotion. 
The account of a few touching scenes, eloquently described, 
is sufficient; but conviction, which takes root in the mind, 
and which lasts, is a more difficult task. I found in a 
work on pastoral theology the advice given to young minis- 
ters, carefully to avoid excitement, because, said the wri- 
ter, (an experienced and pious minister and professor of 
theology,) nothing is more enticing if once begun, and no- 
thing creates so craving an appetite for more excitement, 
and disposes the hearer less for true conviction, and that 
calm state of mind, without which no fulfilment of our 
most sacred duties is possible. 

Ninth: Nothing is more frequent, than that fanatic 
preachers entertain their hearers with accounts of their own 
former state of infidelity, and in a boasting manner badly co- 
vered over by words of self-accusation. Sometimes this is 
done in order to show that they too, in their time, were 
smart people, sometimes to show their great humility by 
thus exposing their sins and errors, and it is always, partly. 



( 308 ) 

owing to the circumstance that ignorant as well as fanatic 
people delight in treating of themselves, to which I have 
already alluded. This remark holds not only in religion. 

Finally, fanatics of all times, in all countries, and of all 
religions, have considered religious hysterics as a sign of the 
peculiar favor of the deity toward the afflicted individual; 
and have dwelt upon them as a striking proof of the strong 
effect which the spirit of the deity exercises upon those 
who have received its influence. Heathens, Mahometans, 
Jews and Christians, in antiquity, in the middle ages, and in 
our own times, have done and are doing the same. 

The camp-meeting of which I speak was held in West- 
Chester, not far from the borough of the same name, about 
three and twenty miles from Philadelphia. I went with a 
friend of mine; when we approached the " camp," we heard 
a loud shouting, peculiar to the methodists, when in a state 
of religious excitement, intermingled with tunes equally 
peculiar to their worship. Perhaps you are not aware of 
the fact that the methodists adopt any popular tune, how- 
ever gay, and for whatever wordly text it may have been 
originally composed, or be still universally used, and either 
substitute other words, or adapt those belonging to the tune 
to their religious phraseology by changing a few expressions, 
which, as may be easily conceived, produces songs some- 
times appearing to the adherents of other sects in a dress 
very different from what they consider an appropriate reli- 
gious style, and one sometimes even positively improper 
and indecorous. Amorous and sailors' songs &c. are not 
rejected, but merely altered in certain parts, which might 
not give rise to the purest associations with the uninitiated. 
I send you, as a proof of what I say, a copy of the Zion 
Songster, New York, 1830. There are some of their tunes, 
in which the existence of a lyric glow, the rapid expression 
of intense feeling, or the vivacity of an enraptured soul, can- 
not be denied, however they may differ from the tunes of 
hymns which alone are considered by other sects to be fit- 
ted to this species of poetrj-. But they are sung in a manner 



( 309 ) 

so little consistent with the most modest demands of music, 
that they never produced any becoming effect upon me. 

So gay are some of their tunes, that I have several times 
believed myself to be approaching a scene of merriment, 
until I happened to hear a hallelujah or hosanna. But a 
few days ago I was under the same impression, when I 
met a stage-coach full of methodists. You must know, 
that when assembled in any number, they are much in- 
clined to sing their hymns, wherever they may be. I 
travelled last winter from Washington to Baltimore with 
six travelling ministers, returning from a meeting of theirs 
with two ladies of their sect, and at various periods one or 
the other began to hum one of their tunes, in which several 
of the rest, or all of them shortly joined. In the adapta- 
tion of worldly songs and tunes, the methodists are not un- 
like the early Christians, with this exception, that the lat- 
ter, as far as I know, employed only odes to the pagan gods, 
or other poems of a higher cast, — substituting a Christian 
meaning; in like manner as the statues of the dethroned 
gods, or of consuls and senators, were not unfrequently 
used to represent the evangelists or other saints. The op- 
posite to the methodistical substitution of a religious sense 
to worldly songs, is the adaptation, in the middle ages, of 
psalms or religious poems, to gay wine songs frequently 
sung in this way, in the convents and by students. Such, 
for instance, was the origin of the famous Gaudeamus igitur. 

My companion, whom I mentioned above, is a German 
physician, who passed with credit through the whole Prus- 
sian medical "state-examination" at Berlin, which will be 
sufficient to convince you, who are acquainted with the or- 
ganization of the medical school of Prussia, that he is a 
thorough bred physician.* I mention this, because it wilt 

• The various examinations, established by the Prussian government, to 
assure itself of the fitness of candidates either for offices under govei-nment, 
or tlie license of practising-, are in all branches — In medicine, theology, law, 
education, pharmacy, mining, the department of forests, the ai-my, the ad- 
ministration, &c., so infinitely moi'o rigid, than similar examinations in any 



( 310 ) 

be found to be a fact of some importance in the sequel of 
this letter. 

We went first to the " camp" at about eight o'clock in 
the evening, when the meeting had already lasted five long 

other countries, that it may not be uninteresting to some of our readers, to 
give them a hasty sketch of the "state-examination " mentioned in the above 
text. No student of medicine is admitted to the university, any more than 
the student of any otlier branch, without having proved by examination, that 
he has received a thorough classical education. The time he is obliged to 
devote to his university studies, is a period of four years, the two latter of 
which are chiefly spent in the medical, surgical, and obstetric cUnica. In 
the one half year the student is but a " hearer " in the different clinica, in tlie 
next he practises himself under the direction and constant examination and 
instruction of the directing professor. Hospitals are likewise regularly visit- 
ed. That the reader may obtain an idea of the great variety of lectures and 
thorough treatment of every single branch, we would refer him to the article 
University in the Encyclopaedia Americana, in which the catalogue of lec- 
tures, delivered in one half year in the university of Berlin has been given. 
It is the catalogue for the winter term from 1829 — 1830, in whicli we find 
ninety different courses of lectures enumerated, some of wliich are of course 
on the same subject, but by different professors. When the student has 
finished his university studies he is allowed to take the degree of doctor, for 
which he is orally examined in all branches, is compelled to write a Latin 
dissertation, and publicly to dispute in Latin on certain tlieses, selected by 
himself, with any person, professor or student, who chooses to enter the 
arena. The degree of doctor is merely an honoiui-y degree of the university, 
bestowed as an acknowledgment of sufficient theoretical attainments. In 
order to obtain the licentia pradicandi it is necessary for every Prussian to 
repair to Berlin. Here, after having proved that he is doctor, he is prac- 
tically examined. Among other tests of fitness, he is led to the bedside of a 
patient in the Charity, the chief hospital in Berlin, and after having thorough- 
ly examined tlie case, is locked up in a room without books, where he has to 
write down his diagnosis, the plan of treatment, with all the reasons for his 
adopting it, and the various ways of treating the disease in all the different 
shapes it may assume. After this he draws by lot, out of an urn containing 
slips of paper on which tlie different important surgical operations are writ- 
ten, and the one which falls to his chance he must forthwitli explain, with 
the history of the various ways of perfoiming it, after which he must per- 
form it himself on a subject. He then receives a number of acute and 
chronic cases, which he must attend for the space of three months. In ob- 
stetrics he is not admitted to tlie examination, if he has not previously de- 
livered himself at least twelve cases in the obstetric clinicum. After this 
he is orally examined in all briuiches of medicine, and the related sciences. 



( 311 ) 

days and nights. The field was not crowded with booths, 
offering refreshments or entertainments of any kind, as I 
have seen on particular days, near places of pilgrimage 
in catholic countries, causing scenes of great dissipation, 
on account of which the governments of France and Ger- 
many, that of Austria perhaps alone excepted, have entirely 
abolished them. Nor do I really believe that these camp- 
meetings occasion as much mischief of a certain kind among 
the methodists themselves, as the pilgrimages just men- 
tioned; for instance, the annual one to Einsiedel in the can- 
ton of Schwytz, creates among those who attend them. But 
this evil is certainly not entirely obviated, as may be sup- 
posed, a priori; for there is nothing on earth more danger- 
ous in this respect than a concourse of many people of both 
sexes, in a state of high religious excitement, for the very 
reason that they are excited and brought nearer together 
under the delusive forms of brotherly and sisterly love and 
religious purity. If you throw a glance at history, you will 
find, that all meetings of religiously excited people end 
with mischief of this kind. Nor is this by any means 
peculiar to Christian sects; it is the same with Mahometans, 
of the meeting of whom on Mount Ararat for instance, 
Burckhard gives a frightful picture, and you are well ac- 
quainted with the licentious disorder among the Hindoos, 
when thus assembled. When in the course of the evening 
one of the ministers made from the pulpit the necessary 
arrangements for the watches, &:c., he did not omit to recom- 
mend to the sentinels, not to allow "men and ladies" to 
walk about together. 

We entered one of the tents where a "class" was as- 
sembled. These tents, destined for class meetings, are di- 
vided lengthwise by a bench about a foot high, and called 

such as botany, chemistry. See. If he passes tlirough all these ordeals to the 

satisfaction of the examiners, he obtains the license of practising-. There 

are not more than about one hundred individuals a year in the whole king-- 

dom (containing tliirteen millions of inhabitants,) who obtain this license. — 
Editor. 



( 312 ) 

the mourners' bench. On one side are the men, on the 
other the women; they lie or sit in disorder on the straw, 
which is strewn on the ground, and was by this time 
broken into small particles, causing in those places where 
the people moved much about, dense dust, extremely offen- 
sive to the lungs. This dust, together with the hot atmo- 
sphere, poisoned by the breath of so many people crowded 
into a narrow space, and the smoke of lamps, rendered the 
interior of the tents very obnoxious to a spectator coming 
from the fresh and pure air without, and not in such a state 
of excitement as to be insensible to its injurious effects upon 
the human organs. Along both sides of the mourners' bench 
kneel " the sinners in a repenting state" who wish to join 
the faithful; or, overpowered by their feelings or by ex- 
haustion, they lie on the ground, or in the arms of others, 
quiet, half faint, exclaiming, groaning or weeping, while, 
from time to time, the minister or any other "brother" 
speaks into their ears of impending everlasting damnation, 
or the bright hope of salvation; and I saw, repeatedly, men 
taking the hands of women between their hands, and patting 
and striking them, exhorting them, mean while, to trust 
in God, or, if they stood at the entrance of the tent as 
mere spectators, to join those in the interior and to re- 
pent. In these cases, as well as at several times when the 
ministers or other "brethren" addressed the uninitiated, a 
language was used, the familiarity of which struck our ears 
as very strange. " Now come," they would say, " why 
won't you try? — come my dear brother or sister; God calls 
upon you — don't you see how powerful his spirit is? just 
try it, you will see how sweet it is — won't you? Come in, 
the mourners' bench is open for you, come in, it may soon 
be too late;" and other expressions of this kind. 

One actually indecorous scene we saw, which I have no 
doubt would be considered so by mostmethodists themselves, 
were their attention directed to it. A man stood near the 
entry of a tent as spectator, and a woman, a friend, perhaps 
a cousin of his, because she called him James, was very 



( 313 ) 

anxious that he should join their service. She tried her best, 
though, of course, she did not use any kind of argument; 
but during the whole time she stroked his hand or fingers, 
taking one after the other between her bands. She succeed- 
ed at length in persuading the man to enter the tent, which 
he did with the words, "I don't care, but you won't catch 
me." We saw another man ushered into the tent, in a 
way which really reminded one of a simrlar kind of 
seizing an men, adopted by persons of which the metho- 
dists would not like to remind the spectator. He half 
walked, and was half pushed in by one of the ministers 
handed over to the minister of the respective tent, and 
pushed down to the mourners' bench, where he lay for 
some time, his face resting on the bench, but he soon turned 
it upward, with convulsive distortions of his eyes and the 
muscles of his face. As many of the' methodists' songs 
appear undignified, so is their language in speaking of re- 
ligious subjects not unfrequently offensively quaint and fa- 
miliar to unaccustomed ears. One person We heard say, 
directly after a most passionate prayer, " I think it is now 
time to close the concern." 

In the tent which we visited firs't there were several per-- 
sons in a state of blessing, as the methodists call it; I shall 
say presently more about it. One woman exclaimed, seve- 
ral times, " Five or six sins I have committed, whi-eh, I 
fear, never ca»be forgiven;" weeping, at the same time, bit- 
terly. Others prayed aloud, or called amen, whenever a 
passage" in the prayer of the loudest seemed to strike them 
as particularly true; some slept in the corner, others, again, 
were quiet, bat, from time to time, they would ejaculate ex- 
pressions of sorrow or delight; and the laugh, not the smile, 
but the loud laugh with which these people greet the assu- 
rances o( the bliss and happiness of the saved, or the glory 
in which- Christ will appear to his faithful followers, or 
their familiar exclamations, such as, "God bless my soul," 
and the like, are as strange to others as many of their ex- 

40 



( 314 ) 

pressions of grief and religious fear. The constant and 
invariable theme of their exhortations was, as long as we 
were witnesses of these proceedings, " It is yet time to re- 
pent, come then and do so; death may suddenly cut you 
off, when your eternal doom will be pronounced upon 
you:" and it seems to be a decidedly settled opinion with 
the methodists, that, whenever and however you may happen 
to die, the state in which you are at the time of death is 
the sole testimony for the great judge by which to pro- 
nounce his irrevocable sentence for eternity. Not one single 
time, (I state this while I am fully aware of the import of 
my words,) have I heard a rational advice calculated to lead 
to the fulfilment of our-duties, to a true elevation of the soul, 
or to teach forbearance to others; and I can assure you, that 
the constant repetition of the words " everlasting flames and 
eternal damnation," would alone be sickening to the hearer, 
leaving their meaning entirely out of consideration. 

I found here, again, what I have often had occasion to ob- 
serve, that each sect, and especially those which appeal in a 
great degree to feeling, has its peculiar kind of delivery and 
enunciation. The methodists, generally, add ane at the end of 
words, after which they make a short pause, and thus say, 
Godde, cominge, salvalionne, which peculiarity in fact ap- 
pears to bea result of theirexcitement, which cannotas readily 
find words as their minds, wrought up to passion, would re- 
quire. It is somewhat similar to the dwelling on words, like 
is, have, &c., so common in the British parliament, and made 
use of, in order to gain time for the arrangement of the next 
sentence. The methodist pronunciation of "Oh, Lord!" 
is quite peculiar to them, from Maine to Mississippi, in 
America and England; while the unpleasant, nasal pronun- 
ciation is very common with them but not exclusively their 
own. A nasal and tremulous twang belongs generally to 
all protestant sects, who consider themselves the persecuted 
people of Israel. It originates in my opinion, from a sickly 
feeling of over-humility, which expresses itself in these 
tones of a lachrymous character. The fact cannot be denied. 



( 315 ) 

and as it is so general, there must be a general cause for it. 
Trust no sect or man, with a nasal long-drawn twang. 

After having listened to their singing, exhorting, praying 
and violent preaching, we entered one of the tents, which 
distinguished itself by a greater noise, and wilder devotional 
exercise, at nearly two o'clock in the morning. The air 
was pestilential; the dust from pulverized straw and par- 
ticles of dried earth very thick; the general appearence of 
the whole was similar to that of a room in an insane hospi- 
tal, but even more frightful; the same motions of the limbs, 
expressions of faces, and fearful noise. Some were seen 
rubbing their hands, apparently in great agony, others clap- 
ping them together, others stretching them out toward 
heaven, and distorting their eyes, some stamping with the 
feet, some rubbing their knees, some moving the upper 
part of the body forward and backward, others screaming, 
and weeping, surrounded by a number of friends, who pre- 
vented the small current of air, which yet existed, from 
reaching them, and sung and spoke into their ears; some 
leaping up and down, with staring eyes, their hair dishe- 
velled, others, lying on the ground, distended as if in a 
swoon, some sitting in a state of perfect exhaustion and in- 
anity, with pale cheeks and vacant eyes, which bore traces 
of many tears. One before all, was lying on his knees, ap- 
parently in a state of great agony, and uttering the expres- 
sions of a desponding soul, addressed to a wrathful God. — 
An Esquirol would have found here more interesting sub- 
jects, than a theologian. 

We approached two of the girls, extended on the ground 
in a "state of blessing," in order to find out their precise 
condition, determined to retire immediately, should we be 
considered as intruders. But I had not miscalculated; fanatics 
are invariably pleased with attention being shown to their 
proceedings. We touched the pulses of the girls and found 
them rather slow, but not more so than can be easily ex- 
plained from previous great exhaustion, and the quiet breath- 
ing, lying as they had been, for a long time on the ground. 



( 316 ) 

One had her hands cramped together and her eyes open; the 
other, the hands extended: the skin of both had a perfectly- 
natural he.it. We attracted, of course, immediate attention, 
and from some girls near us, a sneer of religious conceit at 
the benighted profanity, which endeavored to become ac- 
quainted with this state of blessedness, by the common me- 
thod of worldly science. Two girls, I observed, found it 
amusing, and had a real girlish giggling at it. I addressed one 
of the first females and said, " My dear young woman, you 
do not seem to have yet learned one very important lesson 
from your religion, and that is to be charitable toward those 
whom you consider ignorant." This was attacking her on 
her own ground, and she was not unconscious of it; a mo- 
dest silence showed that she confessed herself guilty. 

Another girl, a bright and friendly little person, came up to 
us, as well as many men, and a long conversation ensued, of 
which I will give you the substance as accurately as I can 
remember, and which strikingly illustrates one of the most 
amiably traits of American character, — namely, the allowing 
every one to have and state fully his own opinion, — displayed 
even here, in this scene of violent excitement. I spoke with 
unreserved freedom, without at all provoking their indigna- 
tion; on the contrary, they listened calmly to what I had to 
say. They, on the other hand, no doubt saw that we were 
in good earnest, and made no joke of it, that we thought 
them greatly wrong and were displeased with the whole exhi- 
bition of religious passion, but that we took the whole matter 
to heart. One surly fellow, indeed, left the little crowd around 
us, and said when passing me, though not directed to me, 
" What do you talk to them fellows, and if God should show 
them signs all day long, they would not believe." 

An elderly man came up to me, one of the very few more 
aged persons present, and asked me, what we thought of the 
girls, meaning those extended on the ground. 1 said, that 
we thought that many of them were actually endeavoring 
to deceive the others: an assertion in which we were justi- 
fied; because one of the fem;des who lay with open and 



( 317 ) 

staring eyes, had winked when we passed our hand at some 
distance from her face, and the other, who had her eyes 
closed, rolled them instantly up, when we opened the eye- 
lids, — an evident proof, that the light had its full effect upon 
them; nor were her pupils either unnaturally dilated or 
contracted, but appeared in their natural extension. In- 
deed, any physician will tell you whether it be possible, that 
an individual can lie for two or three hours together in a 
state of real exhaustion and unconsciousness, deprived of all 
the power of volition, without laboring under a serious affec- 
tion of the nervous system and experiencing the evil conse- 
quences of such a fit for several weeks. Yet these indi- 
viduals appear a few hours after, in a comparatively sound 
state of health. That these simulations cannot but finally 
bring on disturbances of the various functions of the body, 
is evident* "And," continued I, " if it were not improper to 
sprinkle their faces with cold water, you would see how 
quickly they would leave their present state." 

" Oh, my dear, you might throw a whole bucket of water 
over them, they would not awake a moment sooner than 
the Lord had intended." 

" We cannot make the proof," I said. " But, what is 
your idea of this peculiar state, in which you believe these 
individuals to be?" 

"It is a state of happiness; the Lord makes them happy, 
and shows his power," was his answer. 

" Do you mean to say, that the soul leaves the body, and 
is united for a time to God?" 

"Oh no, that would be entrancement; they are only 
blessed." 

" So you call it blessing? Why do you give it this name?" 

" Because they feel blessed, when they are in this state: 

• A case is on record, in which a man had the power voluntarily to sup- 
press the pulsation of the heart for some minutes. At length he died during 
one of his exhibitions. Hysteric attacks, If freely indulged in, and not 
checked in time, pass over into real spasmodic fits and nenous affections. — 
— Editor. 



( 318 ) 

they say, when awakening, that they feel happier than they 
ever do otherwise. And, it is to show the power of the 
Lord." I expressed my great astonishment, at calling the 
fit of a girl a peculiar proof of the power of God: "He," 
said I, " who can fix tliat light in the heavens," pointing 
at a glorious moon, "I think should not be doubted by 
any one, to have the power of depriving any living being of 
consciousness" No answer was given, and the old man 
asked me, " How would you call this state?" 

" We would term it a kind of hysteric fits, half voluntary 
and conscious, half brought on by the exhausting fatigue, 
and noxious air — fits, which might be, probably, in every 
single case prevented by severe reprimand, or threats. How 
does it happen that they are chiefly women, and young wo- 
men, who fall into this condition?" 

"I cannot say, but men do also, and sometimes very strong 
ones." 

" They may, nevertheless, have weak nerves, or deceive 
you, and, which is not unlikely, deceive themselves; for 
fits are often half true, half not, and very often they end 
"with a real kind of fit, though they were brought on volun- 
tarily." In fact, the girl whom I designated above as a 
hright little woman, told us the next morning, when the 
conversation had turned upon the same subject, and in order 
to prove that there was no simulation in these cases, that she 
knew a woman who once continued three days in this state 
of blessedness, with short interruptions, and that her friends 
became so alarmed, that a physician was called, who restored 
her to health after six weeks of serious suffering. To us 
this was just a case in point Alarming diseases must be, 
in many cases, the consequences of these fits. 

" But," said I, " how does it make them happy? I cannot 
understand this." 

" You arc right, you cannot, but the Lord is within us." 

" And," added my companion, " you will find that all 
the girls who are often gifted with these blessings, will 
come to their end by diseases of the heart or epileptic fits." 



( 319 ) 

*' No fear of that; there are some who have had very often 
these blessings, and are yet healthy." 

" There may be exceptions, but depend upon it, either 
these diseases or insanity must be the consequence." 

A little girl, pale, with a nervous look and peculiar stare, 
stood near. " This girl," I said, pointing at her, " is subject 
to these blessings, is she not?" 

" Yes," said the smart girl, " she has them often, and," 
asked she, smilingly, " am I subject?" 

" Assuredly not," I said. 

" You are right," she answered. 

" But," said one of the crowd, " if the Lord's Spirit is 
not the cause of these blessings, how does it happen that they 
never hurt themselves if they fall? I have seen a man who 
fell with his head right against the corner of an iron stove, 
and it did not hurt him in the least." 

" Well," said my companion, " that is only a proof that 
they always know very well what they are about, and, be- 
sides, it is bare superstition to believe what you do. You 
have serious objections against the baptists, as I have seen 
from one of the sermons of your ministers, and yet the bap- 
tists say that it is a proof of the Lord's spirit being witli 
them, that no person baptized by them, even were it in dead 
winter, in an open river, catches as much as a cold." 

" Oh, the baptists; that is very different," was the an- 
swer, yet an American will always relish something smart, 
and as such, the reply to their observation respecting the 
safety from injury of the person in " a state of blessing," ap- 
peared to them. Americans have, likewise, a fear of being 
considered superstitious; so they urged nothing farther 
against us on this score. I, for my part, could not help 
thinking of what I found in a translation of a Chinese work 
on medicine, by Abel Remusat. The Chinese naturalist 
ridicules, in the passage of which I am reminded, the credu- 
lous people who believe that the cherry-bird is transformed 
into a mole, and that rice, strewed into a river, at a proper 
season, changes into fishes. " These," he says, *' are ludi- 



( 320 ) 

crous tales, calculated for children only. There is but one 
transformation well authenticated; namely, that of the rat 
into the quail; that is told in all good books, and I have myself 
often observed it, because transformations have their regular 
course. But as to the absurdity of cherry-birds changing 
into moles, and rice into fish, no person in his sound senses 
can believe it; it is too foolish." 

Our discussion extended yet to other subjects, and I said, 
in the course of it, that, they having granted me that camp- 
meetings are held in order to get up excitement, I must de- 
clare them essentially unchristian; that Christ no where ex- 
cited the people, nor did he recommend it, nor establish 
camp-meetings. " Did he not preach in the open air?" asked 
one. — " Yes, because he had no other place, nor do I now 
speak against preaching in the open air, but against this re- 
velling in religious excitement night after night and day af- 
ter day." " And did not David leap before the ark?" said 
another. — " It means, in the original, dancing, and that was 
considered then as not indecorous, but it does not mean leap- 
ing, with frantic movements, as you do here. [You remem- 
ber that the shakers use the same argument for their jump- 
ing about during service.] " Besides," said I, " are you re- 
ally not aware of the great indecency of girls lying here, 
stretched on the ground in the sight of numerous people, 
men and women stepping over them; nor of the injurious 
consequences with which the inhaling of this shocking dust, 
so near the ground, for hours together, must be pregnant?" 
No answer was given, but the elderly man advised some 
girls to carry one of them into their sleeping or boarding 
tent; and when she was lifted up, I observed how she stif- 
fened her body and suddenly cramped her hands together. 
I have the strongest suspicion that this case was one of de- 
cided deception. Only remember how often the love of 
notoriety induces females to practise all kinds of deceits: 
sometimes they fall into religious fits, sometimes they read 
with their fingers, sometimes they fall into convulsions every 
third day, at the precise minute, &c. 



( 321 ) 

We parted good friends, and continued our conversation 
the next morning. I was glad none of their ministers were 
present, because they would have allowed me little chance to 
bring in what I had to say. The volubility of their tongues 
is really immense, owing to their constantly speaking in 
real or assumed passion, to their speaking so often, and 
having, of course, accustomed their minds to a certain 
train of ideas and their tongue to certain words and phrases. 

I freely confess that I look very differently upon the tra- 
velling preachers from what I do upon their people. The 
latter are deluded, and pay with grief and mental tor- 
ments for their delusion. But the travelling preachers, 
whether they are deluded or not, set up as preachers, and 
yet are so grossly ignorant of the most common know- 
ledge requisite for a right understanding of certain pas- 
sages of the Bible, they preach with such unanswerable- 
boldness from some passages totally misunderstood hy 
them, because they have not the requisite knowledge of 
biblical antiquity, — they work so intentionally upon the- 
deluded minds of their hearers, in order to bring them to 
a desired state of excitement, they are so uncharitable in 
their exhortations, and in all their conxjeptions so crude, that 
they produce a feeling of abhorrence. 

When we went away, after our first conversation, a gen- 
tleman addressed me, saying, " Believe me, you made seve- 
ral doubtful in their minds: these people are utterly igno- 
norant in matters of religion, and give themselves up to 
this kind of sectarianism, because they know no better;" and 
indeed I was surprised to hear several times from these 
persons who were so positive in their assurances of damna- 
tion, &c.: "I cannot answer you, because I have not read 
the Bible so much as you have." 

Consider now the deplorable effect which a camp-meeting 
must produce upon health, domestic happiness, industry and 
national wealth. Here are girls and young men who, the 
Sunday before, had been probably three times to church; on 
Monday the camp-meeting began. They remained in this 

41 



( 32a ) 

state of excitement, fatigue and exhausting way of living 
for a whole week; on Sunday, the minister announced there 
would be again three times service, and that the Lord's sup- 
per would be administered. For what can these people be fi^ 
after this long indulgence in fanaticism? Certainly not for 
any kind of the common, and, therefore, most important 
duties, upon which our whole happiness so much depends. 
How entirely must they become unfitted by these gross ex- 
citements for what must be the end of all religion, the true 
refinement of the soul, the elevation of charity, the peace 
of mind, and the development of our best powers! 

Could those who are their leaders, but be induced to 
read Brigham on the Influence of mental Excitement upon 
Health.* They might learn there, among a number of 
other useful facts, that insanity in the state of Connecti- 
cut is twice as frequent as in Europe, and there is no 
reason to suppose that it should not be nearly or equally 
as frequent in many other states. Yet we ought to have 
less insanity than Europe, because all our relations in 
life are much more simple. Religious excitement and too 
early instruction, (not education,) whether they originate 
from a mistaken notion of parental duty, or from vicious 
parental vanity, are at present like two scourges of our 
country. They will probably wear out, like other excite- 
ments, but not before having destroyed thousands of vic- 
tims. Strange, that religion, which has been given to man 
to calm and comfort him, to give him peace and happiness, 
is made a tool of, to ruin our health and destroy in the surest 
way our wellbeing. The Greek impairs his constitution 

• Remarks on the Influence of Mental Cultivation and Mental Excitement 
upon Health; by A. Brig-ham, M- D- 2d. ed. Boston, 1833: a small work, 
which we would take this opportunity of recommending- most earnestly to 
all American mothers and ministers. — Dr. Brip;-ham enumerates, among- others, 
the many relig^ious papers, periodicals, occasional publications, &.c , read in a 
single place, as Hartford. The reader may in addition refer to the American 
Almanac for 1835, page 279 and scq., where he will find a list of llie cxtra- 
oi-diniuy number of reli^ous papei-s published here, not a small part of most 
of which is occupied with mere controvei-sy. — Lditor. 



( 323 ) 

by a rigid fasting of forty days, allowing himself nothing but 
bread and olives; the Jew abstains for many hours from any 
nourishment, solid or liquid; the methodist undermines his 
whole system by mental and johysical means. — Juggernaut 
travels with his crushing wheels over the world, and the in- 
fatuated cry, Behold how powerful he is! 

I am not against fasting on general grounds. On the con- 
trary, I believe it to be very salutary, and especially neces- 
sary in our mode of social life, that some time should be 
dedicated to reflection and abstaining from enjoyments, 
those of the palate of course included. We are but too apt 
to allow ourselves to go on without much reflection, and it 
is therefore very useful to fix a certain time for directing 
our ideas more especially to serious subjects, because with- 
out such a fixed period, they will be forgotten by most. But 
as soon as this fasting itself is considered as a good work, 
or made use of only to change the dishes, it becomes an 
abuse. Never omit, my friend, to go in your healthy days, 
from time to time, through the long rooms of an hospital. 
Otherwise, you forget that there are many of your fellow- 
men in bitter agony. Nor omit to see man happy, when 
you are afflicted, or you will forget that happiness is yet on 
earth. Shun not the sight of misery; turn not from the view 
of happiness. — But I am preaching! 

Add to this the many thousand other excitements which 
man is getting up every day, as so many new idols to be 
adored, in politics — in regard to which many papers and 
people might adopt as their motto, what Mr. Gutzlaff" found 
as a sign on a house on the Pei-ho: Idols and Budhas of all 
Descriptions newly made and repaired — in regard to rank, in 
— but my letter would never end in this style. 

I am surprised that in the vast number of methodists, 
among whom are many respectable people, not one has as 
yet dared to raise his voice against camp-meetings, and yet 
there must be many sober-minded members of this .sect, who 
heartily disapprove of them. 

When we left the " camp," after three o'clock, we .saw the 



( 324 ) 

bright moon and a starlight sky. What a contrast between 
the calm majesty of the heavens and the scenes of man's 
fanaticism, which we had just left. How much wiser would 
the actors in them have behaved, had they made a few con- 
templations on that great subject. 

At nine o'clock on Saturday morning, a procession was 
formed, when each member shook hands with each minister. 
We had then a sight of every individual, and I was horror- 
struck at the dire expression of many countenances among 
those who came up. Some continued their distortions and 
frightful movements even in this procession, some looked 
down, many girls cried, and looked shockingly worn out. 
Beware, beware ye who promote this fanaticism, what you 
are enacting — literally the most revolting physical and men- 
tal mischief, to the advancement of ignorance and the de- 
priving your fellow-beings of the choicest blessings — peace 
of spirit, and an enlightened mind. 

There are many reasons, physical, moral and political, by 
which we must explain the great religious excitement now 
prevailing in the United States, and extending to more than 
the methodist sect; but my letter would assume too much 
the character of an essay, were I even briefly to touch upon 
these causes, and, perhaps, it has had too much of that ap- 
pearance already. But one cause I must be permitted to 
mention, since it is not so easily detected as the others, and 
yet is, in my opinion, very powerful in its effect. 

The American is an independent being; his government 
is founded upon an appeal to the reason of every indivi- 
dual, and as there is nothing in human life — no principle 
of action, no disposition or custom which forms an isolated 
part of his being, but must necessarily send its ramifications 
in every direction through his whole character, so also this 
spirit of independence, although productive of much good 
in many respects, induces the American sometimes to act 
for himself, in circumstances where he cannot have sufficient 
knowledge or experience to guide him. And this is perhaps 
in few cases more apparent than in those in wbicii medical 



( 325 ) 

knowledge is required to act with safety. Every American 
is a quack, and remedies, which on the European continent 
are considered by the people with a kind of awe, are admi- 
nistered in American families with a boldness which sur- 
prises every foreigner. A mother will give to her child 
calomel or laudanum, as if they were the m.ost innocent 
remedies that could be employed. If an American is sick, 
he first quacks for a long time for himself, or, which in 
most cases is not much better, allows an apothecary to 
quack him. Generall}^, therefore, serious and already ne- 
glected cases come under the eye of the physician, and to 
this cause, perhaps, is partly owing the bold character of 
American medical practice in general. In no other coun- 
tries, I believe, are the great mass of the people so ready to 
use quack medicines, as in England and the United States. 
In France, there seems to me to be less of this abuse; but 
nowhere so little as in Germany. I speak now of common 
quack medicines, panaceas, catholicons, &c., not of quacke- 
ries en gros, such as Hahnemann's homeopathics. 

Calomel and laudanum, the two trunnions of the gun 
from which American country medicine shoots its grape- 
shot, (often supported and seconded by the lancet,) are also 
used unsparingly in families without special advice of the 
physician. I have been startled at finding with what te- 
merity the latter, especially, is administered by parents to 
children, both in the cities and, in a still greater degree, 
in the country. To such an extent is this abuse carried, 
that laudanum is called simply drops. If a child is a lit- 
tle restless and disturbs those around it, laudanum is im- 
mediately given. I know a farmer's family in which every 
child receives regularly some " drops " before going to bed. 
That there are many children killed by laudanum, paragoric 
and other preparations, I have not the slightest doubt. I 
need not say how injurious this practice must eventually 
be to the w^hole nervous system, which it reduces to a state 
of morbid irritability, calculated to lead to those religious 
excesses in the consideration of which we have been en- 



( 326 ) 

gaged, and which in turn promote to a greater degree the 
excitement of the nervous temperament, while on the other 
hand this unwarrantable use of opium creates, at a later 
period, that immense craving for strong liquors, which with 
many ends in habitual drunkenness, but with an incalcula- 
bly greater number in habitual drinking, not characterized 
by any excesses, but manifesting its melancholy conse- 
quences by fatal diseases, whose true cause remains perhaps 
unknown to the sufferer himself. Temperance societies 
ought to turn their attention to this calamitous malpractice 
and systematic preparation of children for a future abuse of 
strong liquors. 

Though, probably, not so fatal in regard to physical conse- 
quences, as the exposure and fatigue in camp-meetings must 
be, but equally objectionable in itself, was the excitement 
which I witnessed in the cathedral of St. Januarius, in Na- 
ples. In a small tabernacle on the grand altar of this church 
are preserved the head of the patron saint of the city, and 
two vials containing his blood. The latter is in a solid state, 
except when placed before the head, when it miraculously 
liquefies. The ceremony of this miracle is repeated three 
times a year. It is considered as a sign of peculiar grace, 
foreboding great blessings to the city, if the blood becomes 
liquid immediately when placed before the other relic; on 
the other hand, the anxiety and terror shown, especially 
by the women, when the blood refuses for a long time to 
liquefy, are surprising. The vials stand on the altar, and a 
priest is near to try from time to time, by moving them, 
whether the adored substance has become liquid or not; 
while a large number of believers kneel before it, praying 
and imploring the saint to grant the miracle, growing more 
and more urgent in their supplication every moment that the 
liquefaction is protracted. When I was in that paradisiacal 
country, the blood of the saint had remained solid much 
beyond its usual time — if I remember right, a day and a 
half; I went with a friend of mine to see the ceremony. 
The alarming news had already spread over the city, and a 



( 327 ) 

large concourse of people had assembled. Two women at- 
tracted our particular attention. They knelt with their 
arms stretched out toward heaven, betraying by their wide 
and staring eyes a most intense anxiety, the fervor of ma- 
niacs. They uttered imploring words, which had far more 
the character of imprecations than prayers.* In fact, they 
boldly reproached the saint for his refusal of the neces- 
sary miracle. And every time the officiating priest lifted 
the vial, and showed that the sacred contents were yet in a 
solid state, the excitement and feverish vehemence rose still 
higher. At length it became liquid, and the rush to the altar 
was so sudden and universal, that in a moment we found our- 
selves before it, where the vial was presented to us to be 
kissed, after which the priest touched our foreheads with the 
sacred vessel. The whole scene had a very strong tincture 
of that clamor and religious passion, of which we read as 
having accompanied some saci^ed rites of the ancients. 

There was, also, a considerable number of negroes at the 
camp-meeting of Westchester: a separate place had been as- 
signed to them, nor had they any tent. They seemed to me to 
behave very quietly here; it is not so in the meeting-houses 
of the colored people. There, their boisterous violence is 
greater in proportion to their greater ignorance. Some years 
ago I went into one of the principal methodist meeting- 
houses of colored people in Philadelphia, and I never shall 
forget the impression made upon me by the unbounded ex- 
citement and passion of the congregation. The preacher, a 
mulatto, spoke incoherently on a variety of subjects, throw- 
ing in, at the same time, a number of passages of the Bible, 

• Many of our readers will hardly understand this passag-e; yet it is true, 
that the great vivacity and excitability, peculiar to the inhabitants of southern 
Italy, often cany them on this occasion so utterly beyond their own wits, 
that a language is used toward St. Januarius, which does not only appear to 
a foreigner as threatening, but which actually is in part composed of threats 
and reproaches. That the women far exceed the men in this religious clamor 
is a matter of course. — Of what the contents of these vials consist, no unini- 
tiated person can say; to look at them is all that is granted, and a Davy or 
Berzelius never touched them. — Editor. 



( 328 ) 

much in the style of all fanatics. His gesticulations were 
violent in the highest degree; a large mug with 'tvater stood 
in the pulpit, from which he took frequent draughts. It 
was not long hefore his ideas concentrated upon the constant 
theme — the torments of the damned, which he depicted not 
without the eloquence and poetry of high passion. I re- 
member some of his fanciful descriptions. — " Imagine," 
he said, " that you will be for ten thousand years on the 
bottom of the sea, and mountains of rocks weighing upon 
your breast." The people uttered a deep groan. " Imagine 
that no being on earth or in heaven, or in all creation, 
listens to your agony." The people groaned in still greater 
excitement. " Imagine ten thousand years more, alone, 
without a single friend, without a soul, not even the conso- 
lation of a fellow sufferer," The groans and shrieks be- 
came louder and louder, and the preacher at length wrought 
himself to such a pitch of excitement, after he had called 
with a loud voice, " Hear ye the trumpets, hear ye?" that 
he himself cowld find no longer either words or images; and, 
bending forward over the pulpit, he waved several times 
with both his ai-ms in different directions, and uttered a loud, 
tremulous groan. This was the sign for a general convul- 
sion of the meeting: screaming, shrieking, moaning, calling 
to absent persons, weeping, praying, stamping, groaning were 
heard or seen in every part of the church; while, in con- 
trast with this scene, I observed an old negro without any 
isigns of violence, over whose dark cheeks rolled the big 
tears of contrition. 

After some time the agitation subsided; the preacher was 
heard again praying, first in tones comparatively calm and 
moderate; but, as his excitement increased, his utterance 
partook more and more of the former violence, and his 
prayer ended by his grasping the pulpit with both hands 
and actually stretching both his legs far out behind in the 
air, from the mere overflowing of passion — a phrensy incapa- 
ble of being any longer expressed in definite words, and seek- 
ing vent in these vehement movements of the body. That 



( 329 ) 

the hearers followed in their agitation their preacher at a 
proportionate distance, was natural. There was no emotion, 
it was all intoxication — it was the bewildering opium of 
passion, instead of the pure wine of religion, which strength- 
ens the weary wanderer on his long and toilsome path; it 
was a religious running amuck. 

The same stages of excitement were run through, when, to- 
ward the conclusion of the service, the servant of the board- 
ing-house where I lodged, and who acted it seems as clerk, 
uttered his fervent prayer. "Wasn't it fine?" said he, when 
I left the meeting-house, and he saw me. 

I should not have given you these descriptions, had I in 
the least to fear that you will peruse them by way of amuse- 
ment: they are, in my opinion, of a character but too grave. 
I give them as contributions to the study of the human soul, 
and much as 1 abhor the amusing ourselves by the recital of 
man's aberration, madness and crime, I am equally disposed 
to discountenance the smothering of a true knowledge of man 
by ill-timed delicacy. Let the truth be unveiled, and let him 
who is zealous of knowing man, boldly look reality into the 
face. Unwarped knowledge of bare reality must accom- 
pany and direct our reflections on man and society, lest we 
should never be enabled to choose appropriate means for 
realizing the best and wisest plans. 

These preachers resemble, in their violence, the monks or 
street preachers whom I have often seen in Italy, when, in 
great agitation, they pace up and down, a crucifix in one hand, 
and a handkerchief in the other, to remove their profuse 
perspiration; now loudly calling upon the faithful, now of- 
fering them the crucifix to kiss, now threatening and fulmi- 
nating, now supplicating and imploring. And with them, 
too, the torments of the infernal regions formed a frequent 
theme of their addresses, to which the hearers responded 
with their well known o Gesii, o Gesic, misericordia, though, 
with them, this theme is often vari,ed with that of indulgences. 

I have heard many, many startling sermons, and speeches 

on religion, and the offering of indulgences "cheap, re- 

42 



t ( 330 ) 

ally cheap, if you consider," as once a monk said to me, 
and the long lists of indulgences regulated by year and 
month at the church-doors, or the i-obu santa, as the Italians 
often call the various articles ofTcred for the edification of 
the faithful in Loretto or Rome, or almost any place in Italy, 
formed certainly not the least surprising addition. 

I find in my journal, on November 25, 1822, an account 
of a street sermon in Rome, which I will translate as accu- 
rately as I can, though things of this kind sound in Italian 
both more striking and, in some respects, less positive. I 
remember the whole perfectly well, and that I wrote it down 
as soon as I had returned home. The passage is this: 

" After having seen the church of St. Gregory, beauti- 
fully situated on Mons Coelius, I went again to the Co- 
liseum (the mighty fabric, which tyranny seems to have 
raised to reconcile posterity to its existence — the quarry for 
the palace-castles of the Orsini and other Roman families*) 
and found here again the old man in soiled garment, preach- 
ing to the peasants. Sometimes he sung the credo, &c., the 
peasants and children sung after him; then he preached in 
the most familiar style; suddenly he addresses one: * Who 
has created the heaven?' Answer: 'God.' — 'Might he let 
the heavens fall down?' and, answering himself, he con- 
tinued, ' certainly.' ' Could he break down the earth?' 
' Most undoubtedly !' and now he spoke of earthquakes, sud- 
den deaths and the oath " accidcnte." He flew from one 
subject to another, and spoke of the first Christians, (' at- 
tento!^ he stamped with his foot;) they used to keep all 
feast days, and that of St. Andrews too.' ' Now,' said he, 

• The Coliseum is so mighty a fabric, that the stones form any building 
in Rome were obtained from it. The Teairo Marcello, whicli Augustus 
caused to be built and dedicated to Marcellus, the son of his sister Octavia, 
was changed in the nuddle ages, into a fortified palace of the Orsini family, 
who had obtained permission from the pope to take the stones necessary 
for their building from the Coliseum. And yet after all these spoliations, 
enough remains of this edifice, to show its gigantic dimensions. A clear 
moonshine, such as is common in Home, falling upon these vast ruins, pileil 
up like rocks, is one of the most impressive sights. — Editor. 



( 331 ) ^ 

' if you appear at the gate of heaven, and knock at the door 
(he knocked himself against the wall) St. Peter will ask, 
'Who's there?' 'I am a sinner.' 'Have you paid proper 
regard to me?' ' Yes, sir.' ' Have you properly kept my 
feasts?' 'Yes, sir.' 'And those of my dear brother St. 
Andrew, likewise?' 'No!' 'And why not?' 'Because 
the festival was abolished.' ' Go along, go along, I have 
nothing to do with you; yes, yes go along I say, begone.' 
'And where shall we go?' ' Where you like, I don't care?' 
— ' Thus,' continued he, ' eternal complaint is raised against 
the many festivals, and here you see the consequences.' " 
His sermon lasted yet for a long time. While he was preach- 
ing, people began to assemble to hear a monk, who spoke in 
a somewhat higher style, but again with uncommon viva- 
city. The old man is paid by a pious society. 

On the 19th of January, 1823, I heard another man 
preaching in the coliseo. In the course of his address he 
asked his hearers, "Who is the prince of the church? 
{principe della chiesa.") " St. John," one of the people 
answered. " St. John ! what stupidity ! — St. Peter, my dearest 
friend; are you so stupid! St. John! — St. Peter, ass! Who 
of you calls himself John?" " I, sir," said a lad of about 
seventeen. "Well, now look here: St. John came to preach 
penitence before Christ, that people should make good 
Christians of themselves, in every thing and also in their 
customs. Now, thou wearest Turkish pantaloons, and the 
Turks are not Christians. Go therefore to your father and 
ask him to have your pantaloons made tighter." The lad 
had somewhat wide pantaloons made of some blue stuif. A 
few minutes after an old man, and one of about forty years, 
both of this congregation, quarreled with each other, as to 
which had taken off his cap first at a passing clergyman, 
since the preacher had scolded his little congregation for not 
showing due regard to this priest, who " was nevertheless 
spending his life in praying for them." 

I have now spoken of so much startling preachmg, that I 
will give you a sermon which appears to me one of the sub- 



# ( 332 ) 

limest I ever heard. At any rate there is no ranting or cant 
in it. An acquaintance of mine marched as a volunteer 
against the French in 1813, and had been made, by the 
time to which I refer, an officer. Previous to his taking 
arms he had been a student of theology, and is now a mi- 
nister. On the morning of the battle at Leipzig, the com- 
mander of his battalion called upon him to preach to the 
soldiers. The usual scaffiald of drums was formed; the re- 
giment was placed on a hill, the view from which extend- 
ed over a large part of the field of the largest battle ever re- 
corded — the giant battle, as it often has been termed. It is 
easy to imagine how the preacher felt when he -stood on his 
elevation, and looked on his brethren in arms, and on the ex- 
tensive plain which was soon to drink the blood of the brave 
in torrents. He began, " Brethren, warriors — there is the 
enemy of our country — there is God (pointing toward hea- 
ven) — pray" — he could say no more. The whole congre- 
gation in arms prayed in silence, when the distant thunder 
of artillery called them to their martial duty, and gave the 
signal that the murderous contest was beginning, which raged 
three days, and decided the fate of Europe. 



( 333 ) 



LETTER XVII. 



"El que no ha visto d Sevilla, 
M) ha visto maravilla,- 
El que no ha visto d Granada, 
JSb ha visto nada.-" 
Pero el que d Niagara viS, 
7bdo lo bueno se hallo, * 



The last is, at all events, as true as the first and second 
positions; but have no fear, I will try to be sober. 

Nature is a book; this is so true that it has become a com- 
monplace. The readers of this book of nature are various 
as the readers of other works. Some few ponder silently 
on the great contents of this sacred volume, faithfully 
striving to perceive the spirit of its author, as an humble 
reader is anxious to wed to his mind the contents of a book 
written by a master. And, as a volume of deep contents forms 
the bridge on which the minds of the author and his earnest 
reader meet, so will the contemplative student of nature's 
pages perceive the breath of life of its great author, when 

• The four first lines are proverbially used by the people of Granada; they 
mean, "He who has not seen Seville has not seen any wonder; he who has 
not seen Granada has seen nothing." A similar expression is, ",i quien 
Dios h quiso bien en Granada le did de comer," (him, whom God loves, he 
gives his bread to eat in Granada. ) The two last lines, probably added by 
the author, mean, "But he who has seen Niagara, has seen every thing wortliy 
of admiration." — Editor. 



VJP- 



( 334 ) 



he peruses them in solitary meditation. He will forget the 
letters and the words and phrases before him, and be carried 
away by the thought which lives within them. Other read- 
ers approach this book as they take up any other work, 
with a mind whetted by egotism. They read it, but cannot 
rid themselves, in doing so, of their own self; they do not 
enter on its contents freely, and as a scholar who has to 
learn, but as a reviewer who thinks himself above the book. 
Others read with the eye of vanity, to be able to quote it, to 
appear in society as well read and learned; to grace and orna- 
ment their own pages. Others look at it as a thoughtless girl 
hastily skims over the pages of a new novel, forgetting to-day 
what they read yesterday, merely to drive away time, which 
for others rushes by so inexorably swift; or, to catch a few 
passages for the motley scrap-book of their shallow mind. 
Others, — plodding tourists, — dwell upon every syllable and 
letter; but when they stop they remember the words only 
which they have seen, as a reader, fatigued by long study, 
when morning begins to throw her glances on the book which 
he opened in the evening, passes with his eye repeatedly over 
a page, and yet cannot any longer comprehend its meaning. 
There are other readers of nature, who peruse her with noisy 
devotion; who would make people believe that they feel 
much because they exclaim, admire, and talk much; others 
who read with garrulous sentimentality; and still others who 
spell nature's poetry, as the proof reader goes over the most 
exalted passages to the compositor, with heavy, loud mo- 
notony, every syllable and comma well pronounced: 

As-if-to-s\vecp-do\vn-all-things-in-its-track (comma) 
Charm-ing-the-eye-with-tlread (comma-dash) a-match-less-ca-ta-ract 

(full-stop.) 

To which of the above mentioned classes I belong you 
must judge. I only know to which I would wish to belong, 
and that I cannot be counted among those who — some in re- 
ality, some apparently — are affected in the presence of the 
noble aspect of Niagara, more deeply with the sensation of 
the power of God, than they ever were in their lives be 



( 335 ) 

fore. The following pages and the verses I send you,* how- 
ever poor they may be in themselves, will show you that I 
cannot be called a thoughtless gazer on the mighty cataracts; 
but I own, I cannot see how they can impress us more 
or even so much with the idea of God's power as many 
other phenomena. The firmament, the sea, from a moun- 
tain near the shore, the lofty Alps, when they appear for the 
first time to the lonely wanderer with the rosy evening glow 
on their hoary summits, like Raphael's Jove with his gray 
locks, yet cheeks glowing with immortal vigor, have a more 
expansive power upon my mind than the great falls. 

It is painful to see how many people seem to require 
grand and powerful physical phenomena in order to be 
roused, and how they seem thus to adhere to matter, not 
elevating themselves to a contemplation of the principle of 
life. One walk in the spring in the open fields, when the 
blades shoot forth from the ground, and variegated flowers 
bud, and trees put on their new garments, all taking nou- 
rishment from the same ground and the same air, but changing 
it by unseen and unknown processes with subtle delicacv, 
into opposite colors, into juices of the most different pro- 
perties, into millions of different forms, reminds me more 
of the central hearth of life, of the power which pervades 
all nature with unaccountable laws, — the breath which blew 
life into matter. You will often find that people seem as- 
tounded at some contrivance in nature which, when you in- 
quire closely into the grounds of their astonishment, is found 
to be in fact nothing else than a surprise that nature should 
have been as inventive and wise as man himself; for I speak 
here of cases, when, in nature, the application of a principle 
which man has independently found out and applied, is dis- 
covered. The fructification of sage is certainly a very inte- 
resting subject of observation and reflection; but the circum- 
stance that the stamina work like levers, and powder, with 
pollen, the back of the insect, which searches for the honey 

• Probably a German poem on Niagara, which we have seen, published in 
Germany. — Editor. 



( 336 ) 

exuded in the bottom of the flower, so that the insect must 
carry this powder to the female blossoms of the same species, 
seems to me, if we once admit a difference in these subjects, 
not to be calculated to excite our admiration of the power 
of nature's God, in as great a degree, as the colors of these 
very flowers, which are formed by processes as yet entirely 
unapproached. In short, the life in nature is a subject much 
greater than the contrivances, but the pulley of the wrist 
seems to many people more admirable than the living pulse 
close by. 

There seems, moreover, to exist a general disposition 
among men, in my opinion founded upon an erroneous 
conception, to draw a sharp line of distinction between the 
works of nature and those of man, and to admire the former 
at the expense of the latter. This feeling was carried, at 
one time, so far, that it was even a usual pretence to find 
the most common object in nature more admirable than the 
most perfect work of art. Yet what is man? Is he excluded 
from nature? does he stand without her? or is he, like all 
the rest of creation, wrapt up in the all-enshrouding spirit 
of the Creator? Can he sever himself for a moment from all 
the matter which surrounds him, and to which he is bound 
by a thousand ties, and can he abandon for a moment the 
laws which form the principles of his body and his soul? Is 
his mind not a work of God, as well as a plant, or a moun- 
tain? are we not taught to consider it God's greatest crea- 
tion? Are not the laws, according to which the mind of man 
works and conceives, his laws, and is not a statue of Apollo 
conceived and made after the images of perfection which 
he moulded and set up in the noblest souls, as much a work 
of his creation as the towering Alps? Does it indeed reflect 
his almighty power less than the "wing of a bee?" Not to 
me. When I stand before the noble fabric — the cathedral 
of Cologne, I perceive God's spirit in it as much as I see it 
in the heaven-kissing hills. When Palestrina's heavenly 
peals swell upon my ear, I feel its presence^ as when a glo- 
rious sun rises out of the sea, and changes the lilies which 



( 337 ) 

a silvery moon had strewn on the main, for the roses and ru- 
bies of the morn. 

That there is a sublimity in the great works of nature 
which more powerfully affects most minds than the sublimity 
of works of art, I admit; but this does not prove that there 
is less of this character in a perfect statue or painting than 
in a mountain scenery or a cataract; but it requires perhaps a 
more cultivated mind to be as susceptible of the sublimity 
of the former as of that of the latter; for the grandeur of art 
is of a more spiritual cast. The impression of awe, which 
the sublime includes, is more powerful in stupendous works 
or great phenomena of nature; but as to the other qualities of 
the sublime, I would not make any difference in general. 

You have read nearly all the late accounts of Niagara, and 
I shall not detain you by a fresh attempt at description. I 
merely intend to give you some items in relation to this 
magnificent spectacle. If I now and then repeat what others 
have said, you may apply what Gothe said of Italy: Let 
every one give his impressions; there is room enough for 
all. 

It is my custom, whenever any thing great or powerful 
is brought within the sphere of my observation, be it of a 
moral character, an action, a great era, a work of art, a 
phenomenon in nature, a beauty, or an object of sublimi- 
ty, — first to allow it its full and undivided effect upon my 
mind, and then to endeavor to analyze it — to discover its 
component parts, in order to become acquainted, if possi- 
ble, with the process by which I have been affected. It is 
by this latter operation alone, that we can obtain a calm, 
true and unbiassed view of intellectual or physical pheno- 
mena; that we can deprive danger of its fearful aspects, or 
bring moral sublimity within the grasp of our emulation. 

I have performed this analysis with regard to the Falls. 
After I had gazed, and given myself passively up to my 
sensations, I endeavored to trace out, as far as an individual 
can, the elements of my impressions. In writing to you I 

43 



( 338 ) 

shall perhaps follow somewhat the opposite course; and be 
obliged to begin with the little and rise to the grand. But in 
order to do this, let me hastily sketch, once more, some of 
the most characteristic outlines of the picture of the great 
cataract. 

The vast inland seas west of the Niagara, send from out 
the mighty basins their waters toward the Falls, and all 
their never-ceasing volumes tend to this point, which forms 
the greatest beauty of that chain of lakes whose vast sheets 
vie with the sea, extending nearly fifteen hundred miles in 
length, and constituting the ornament and a great blessing 
of our North. The distant St. Louis, which in its begin- 
ning moves in a doubtful* course, as if undecided whether 
to contribute its contents to the giant river of our west, and 
travel with it, three thousand miles, down to the gulf of 
Mexico, or empty itself into the basin of Lake Superior, — 
is the most remote source of this chain of waters. The last 
named lake, with a sheet of thirty thousand square miles. 
Lake Michigan, with a surface of fifteen thousand, Lake 
Huron with one of eighteen thousand, and all three of 
amazing depth, so that their bottom is nearly three hundred 
feet below the ocean tides, while their surface is from six 
to seven hundred feet above the level of the sea, — and Lake 
Erie, with a sheet of eight thousand square miles, — all these 
reservoirs send their waters to Niagara. 

Niagara Strait, a channel of thirty-seven miles, connect- 
ing Lakes Erie and Ontario, is about a mile in width at its 
commencement, but narrows and again widens even to as 
much as five and six miles, and bends in various directions 
before it arrives at the Falls, after a course of about twenty 
miles. In some places its depth has been ascertained to be 
two hundred and forty feet; in others it is probably much 
greater. Shortly before arriving at the Falls, the course of 
the stream is a little north of west; rolling over the Falls it 

• Tlie course of the St. Louis is, in the beginning, directed toward the 
wcBt, as if it were to join the Mississippi. — Editor. 



( 339 •) 

makes an abrupt angle, and runs toward north north-east 
Not less variable than the breadth and direction of the 
strait, is the rapidity of the current. Near Black Rock, 
the velocity is probably not less than from six to eight miles 
an hour; the stream then glides quietly along, at the rate of 
not more than from two to four miles, like the silent brood- 
ing of a people, mocking patience, before a great revolution. 
At the Rapids, above the Falls, the current assumes an im- 
mense velocity; and the water below the Falls, rushes on, in 
some places with mad fury, in all, with great rapidity as far 
as Lewiston and Queenston. The descent of the water in 
the strait is three hundred and thirty-four feet. 

The banks of the strait are low as far as the Falls; from 
this point the water flows in a deep ravine with rocky walls 
as high as three hundred and seventy feet, which gradually 
lower near Lake Ontario. It is this sudden change of the 
bed which produces the Falls. Immediately below them 
these stupendous walls, sometimes perpendicular, some- 
times with beetling rocks, and defying with very few ex- 
ceptions the best crags-man, are about three hundred feet 
high. The distance between the two landing-places of 
the ferries, nearly a mile below the Falls, is about seventy- 
six rods. You have then the depth and width of this ra- 
vine: its rugged sides are adorned and crested with shrubs 
and trees. They run nearly parallel; at the beginning or 
upper end of the ravine, they join in a curve. Over this 
curve of the ravine rolls the Niagara in three distinct 
Falls, divided from each other by two islands enthroned 
on the edge of the ravine. One of them. Goat Island, the 
largest of a group of three, is quite at the end of the south- 
eastern side of the ravine, leaving on its western side or 
end only the closing curve, over which the largest of the 
cataracts, the Crescent Fall, flows into the deep abyss below. 
On the northern side of Goat Island, and between it and the 
small Prospect Island, is the Central Fall. To the north of 
the latter island, again, is the Schlosser Fall. The bend of 
Niagara is so peculiar, that it requires some exertion of your 



( 340 ) 

mind to arrive at a clear perception of the four cardinal 
points in relation to the cataract. You ought, however, to 
represent clearly to yourself the precise situation of the 
Falls and their bends; and the better to enable you to do 
this, I send you hereby a little book, "A Manuel for the Use 
of Visiters to the Falls of Niagara," by Mr. Ingraham, which 
he has published merely as the forerunner of a larger work. 
The latter will be, probably, the most complete publication 
ever sent forth on this great work of nature. 

The little book I send you contains, along with a suffi- 
cient number of exclamations and quotations, a great many 
facts; which will have the more value in your eyes, when I 
assure you that the author has spared no pains and fatigue, 
in reading and observing, to arrive as near the truth of the 
various subjects as possible. 

Goat Island contains about sixty acres, and, for a variety 
of reasons, is a most charming spot. Prospect Island is very 
small: I have written it down on the tablet of my memory 
as Isola Preziosa; and a precious isle it is. It lies on the 
brink of the lofty battlement between the two Falls on the 
United States side, like a jutting watch-tower, placed there 
for the purpose of affording the finest prospect of the 
Schlosser Fall. There is one particular spot, — where you 
tread upon the roots of a juniper, overhanging the fearful 
precipice, — from which you can see far under you, and there 
have a view of the waters precipitating themselves in one 
great mass after having tumbled over the many cliffs be- 
tween Goat Island and the main. It is one of the finest si- 
tuations for the sight. They might have called this island, 
the Islet, par excellence; Prospect Island sounds a little of 
the show-case. 

Let me now rapidly sketch out the upper line or edge 
of the end of this ravine, which forms the Falls. Schlos- 
ser, or the American Fall, as it is sometimes very loosely 
called, the most northern of the three, is about fifty-six 
rods in width, and one hundred and sixty-seven in perpen- 
dicular descent. Prospect Island is about ten yards in 



( 341 ) 

width, and the Central Fall also about ten yards. The edge 
of the ravine, which is formed by the north-western limit 
of Goat Island, is eighty rods, and the Crescent or Horse- 
shoe Fall, extending from Goat Island to the Canada shore, 
'' is about a quarter of a mile in a direct line, or about half 
a mile following the curve;"* which, though Crescent Fall 
is a fit name, and a thousand times better than Horse-shoe 
Fall, resembles more a parabolic line, the longer leg of which 
lies toward the Canada shore, and the apex of which gives 
way to a sudden angle receding to the south-east. This an- 
gle and the comparatively straight line close to it on the 
west, are the causes of the production of one of the sub- 
limest spectacles in the world, as you will see from the 
sequel. The whole Crescent is lower than the eastern bank 
of the ravine, which causes a much greater body of water 
to roll over it than over either of the two other falls. The 
perpendicular descent of the Crescent Fall is one hundred 
and fifty-four feet, therefore, thirteen feet lower than the 
Schlosser Fall. 

From the shore of Goat Island, a bridge, called Terrapin 
Bridge, of three hundred feet in length, is built, leading to a 
point north of the receding angle of the Crescent just men- 
tioned, and projecting over the falls about eight or ten feet. 
It ends in a point, and this point, (from which you can see 
perpendicularly down into the gulf, while under your feet 
the waters rush and hurry on, and swell and roll over,) is 
one of the jewel-spots, as I call them in my journal, where, 
as I think I have mentioned already, I have placed all the 
fine views I have seen, together — a precious list to me. The 
tower of the Acrocorinth, the highest point of the cra- 
ter of Vesuvius, the eastern side of the convent of the Ca- 
maldoli, near Naples, the Konigstuhl, near Heidelberg, a 
certain spot on the Palatino, in Rome, a spot above the 
Hudson, near Wiehawk, Terrapin Bridge, several spots 
in Switzerland and Tyrol, and a certain point near Mar- 

• See Ingraham's Manuel, p. 46 et seq. — Edttoh. 



( 342 ) 

seilles, when you approach from Avignon, rank among 
the solitaires of these jewels. The view from the point of 
this bridge, though of uncommon interest, is not, however, 
a good view of the Falls, as a whole; this can only be ob- 
tained from below, or at a distance. 

Close to this bridge has been erected a turret, which, I 
think, is perfectly in keeping with all the gigantic objects 
and stupendous phenomena around you, provided you can 
bring yourself to take it for a pepper-box. But I will be 
fair. Much, and not without reason, is said against this tur- 
ret, yet from it you have a view of the incision or receding 
angle of the Crescent, such as you could not possibly have 
any where else; and, even with regard to its own appearance, 
I must say that when on one afternoon I saw from Table- 
Rock the rainbow resting with one end on Goat Island edge, 
and the other on the opposite shore, like a glorious trium- 
phal arch over the mighty cataract, this turret, seen at a dis- 
tance, contributed not a little to beautify the great picture. 
It was a slight indication that man was there, also; some- 
what like a little garden which we sometimes suddenly 
meet with, perched among the steepest rocks in a lonely 
Alpine country. 

The depth of the mass of water, where it rolls over the 
precipice, is prodigious. Mr. Dwight estimates the quantity 
which hourly is sent into the abyss, at 102,093,750 tons; Mr. 
Darby at 1,672,704,000 cubic feet, and Mr. Picken at 113, 
510,000 gallons, or 18,524,000 cubic feet per minute. These 
estimates have been made according to the depth and velo- 
city of Niagara at its leaving Lake Erie, near Black Rock. 

The water, precipitating itself with such immense swift- 
ness over the edge of the ravine, (it descends about fifty- 
eight feet in the half mile immediately above the Falls,) does 
not, as you may well imagine, drop down perpendicularly, 
but in a parabolic line. It is believed that the waters of the 
Crescent Fall touch the surface of the stream below about 
fifty feet from the point, which they would reach, were the 
fall perpendicular. The whole height, including the descent 



( 343 ) 

of the rapids above, is given as two hundred and sixteen 
feet 

Owing to this projecting of the waters, the traveller is ena- 
bled to get some way behind the sheets of two of these ca- 
taracts the Crescent and Central Falls. The passage behind 
the latter we owe to Mr. Ingraham, who induced the own- 
er to cut a path in the rock, about midway in the bank. If 
the sight here is not so full of terror as behind the sheet 
of the Crescent, you have, at least, a better opportunity of 
studying the grace of these leaping waters, when the moving 
crystal arch descends before your eyes, with such a stea- 
diness and continuance, that I, who never was giddy in 
my life, felt a powerful effect, when I looked up and fol- 
lowed, with my eye, the rushing arch in its whole course 
down; it was a sensation as if I were powerfully drawn af- 
ter; and, indeed, I would not advise any one, who is liable 
to giddiness to try this particular experiment. 

It was, I own with jealous feelings I lately read, that 
Mr. Ingraham has succeeded in getting behind this sheet 
from below. He had long foreseen that it would be practir 
cable to penetrate behind this fall, though only an indivi- 
dual who had resided so long on the spot, and familiarized 
himself as much with every appearance of the Falls, as he 
had could have conceived the idea, and persisted so perse- 
veringly in the attempt to realize it. The rushing streams 
through which you must wade, the dangerous and slip- 
pery rock, over which you must climb, the tremendous 
noise, the streams of water which the crossing winds dash 
in your face, and which almost prevent you from seeing 
your companion, while your face is whipped by blasts, al- 
together render it a most hazardous expedition. He was 
the first who insisted upon its possibility, and the first who 
attempted it, and if he was not actually the first who suc- 
ceeded in the attempt, it was owing merely to a temporary 
absence from Niagara. 

When I had the good fortune of meeting Mr. Ingraham 



( 344 ) 

at Niagara, we went together in a boat to the foot of the Cen- 
tral Fall, and he made an attempt then to penetrate behind the 
sheet while our boat was in great danger of being dashed 
to pieces against the rocks, the current here driving violently 
toward the shore, owing to the immense mass of water which 
falls from the centre of Crescent Fall into the depth, and is 
then forced violently up in the middle of the stream, by the 
pressure of succeeding volumes of water. At that time he 
was not successful. 

Almost all travellers go behind the sheet of the Crescent 
Fall, at its western end. The works which you have read 
have already informed you, that, for the first time you enter, 
a guide is necessary to lead you through the violent blasts. 
Most people will always require one. The spot where the 
path ends is called Termination Rock, and is above a hun- 
dred and fifty feet from the commencement of the volume 
of water. You cannot arrive there otherwise than perfectly 
drenched, and the entire novelty of the scene, incomparable 
with any thing you have ever perceived in your life before, 
and the difficulty of breathing, as you inhale a quantity of 
water, would induce most people to give up the idea of pene- 
trating to the end, had not long experience shown that, with 
proper precaution, there is no real danger. Even most la- 
dies who visit Niagara, go behind this sheet. 

When I had arrived at the extremity of the path, and 
looked over into the gulf — the deafening roar, the gusts of 
water, the sight of the rebellious streams driving in all di- 
rections, and of the watery volleys shot up from below, the 
rolling sea above, water on all sides, and the air nauseous- 
ly impregnated with heavy moisture; the eyes deprived of 
half their vision, by the water which is driven into them 
by the violent blasts; and the piercing whistling of the lat- 
ter round the edges and sharp points of the rocks; the un- 
certainty of the color of the waters, white, gray, green, con- 
tinually changing, and the greenish dim light reaching you 
through the furious waters above; the enraged froth beneath, 
boiling in madness, that it must break against the rocks 



( 345 ) 

peaks and points, when all that which I slowly enumerate, 
burst in one moment upon me, my first thought or feeling 
was, " Oh Dante, why couldst thou not see it!" 

Most commentators on this great poet, (who wore the 
best wreath on Mount Parnassus, until the inspiring maids 
placed a still richer, on the brows of Albion's son,) say that 
his inventive mind, has exhausted all the terrors of which 
the human soul can conceivej and which are fit subjects for 
poetry. I, tod, was of this opinion, until I Stood oh Termi- 
nation Rock. There is net once, in Dante's whole poem, even 
an allusion to watery torment and horror, and yfet how would 
he have' seized upon the sight, and wrought it into poetry ! 
I have r6ad Dante again and again, and in many various situ- 
ations; I believes I have not remained a stranger to the spirit 
which lives in his great work, and trust I /ee/ it,* and yet I am 
convinced that he could hot have seen this work of nature, 
without showing that he had seen it, in his poem. It can- 
not be said that Dante could not have used the horrors of 
the water, since the belief then prevalent chose to consider 
fire as the chief agent of infernal sufferings. Dante, though 
in the general outlines adhering, as was necessary, to general 
belief, is independent in all his details, and there is no reason 
why he should not have filled one bolgia with the terrors of 
the waters, particularly as they seem to most people more 
terrific than those of fire. There is a clammy disgust, a scent 
of mouldering, a sight of slime and slippery weed, a want of 
warmth and animal life, in caverns filled with the terrors of 
the waters, which is not inherent in fire, an element with 
the effects of which we are much more familiarized by the 
concerns of our daily life. Whether Dante has ever seen 
the Evelino tumbling from the Caduta del Marmore, I know 
not; but even if he had, it would not have afforded elements 
at all comparable to those which would most powerfully 
have impressed themselves upon his mind at Niagara. The 
Evelino is not terrific; nowhere does it appear frightful. 
Every eye-witness of both the cataracts, I fear not, will agree 
with me. 

44 



( -i-i^ ) 

The color of Niagara, when not changed by heavy rains, 
is a peculiarly beautiful green, differing from sea-green, 
as it seems to me to have more of an emerald hue in it; 
I can only compare it to the dye of the Neckar, yet the 
Niagara is much more beautiful. I have already spoken 
of the salient angle in the line of the Crescent Fall, and 
the comparatively straight line to the west of it I send 
you a croquis of the currents and eddies above and be- 
low the Falls; I have taken and verified it from the little 
wooden house above Table Rock, from the turret, from the 
spot where the road along the Canada shore bends down to 
the ferry house, and according to the observations I had an 
opportunity of making, when I swam in the river immedi- 
ately below the Falls. I had the pleasure of making a copy 
of this chart of currents for Mr. Ingraham; but I was obliged 
to make it on a very reduced scale, from the original croquis, 
so that it was impossible for me to enter all the many cur- 
rents and counter currents below the Falls. Yet it contains 
a delineation of the chief currents of the irritated river 
below. 

From the accompanying croquis you will perceive, that, 
by the different sweeps of the water, a much greater quan- 
tity rolls over the straight line of which I have just spoken, 
and which occupies less than a third of the Crescent Fall. 
The most beautiful part of the finest of the cataracts is owing 
to this circumstance. This immense thick mass of water re- 
mains unbroken down to the middle of the Falls, and the 
color being of a fine emerald hue, it produces one dense and 
deep sheet or mass of uncommonly beautiful color. On the 
one side is the pointed angle which gives the very picture of 
irresistible ingulfing, and on each side a large white foamy 
sheet, like large borders to the green central piece. This 
emerald part has such a compound character of compactness, 
united with a transparent crystal elegance, it rolls over the crest 
so majestically, and has, with all its velocity, such an appear- 
ance of steadiness, owing to its thickness and density, and 
yet the swelling lines on its surface, as it rolls over and de- 



( 347 ) 

scends, form such a graceful contrast with the turmoil and 
uproar close at hand, that there is nothing in the world to 
which I can possibly compare it: I have never seen any 
thing similar, even on a smaller scale — never before, ma- 
jesty and grace thus blended. Some of the best views 
of this part are from the window of Biddle Staircase, by 
which you descend from Goat Island to the river be- 
low, — from the middle of the river when you cross in the 
ferry, — and from Table Rock, a rock which, in the form of 
a plate, projects and forms a precipice close to the north- 
eastern end of the Crescent. It is a hundred and sixty- 
three feet from the depth, and it projects so much that when 
you look down, — lying, of course, flat on the ground, as 
every experienced traveller does in such cases, — to enjoy a 
precipice, you can see not only perpendicularly down, but 
even under the rock. To your right you have the Crescent 
Fall, and you may see the upper part of the emerald sheet to 
more advantage from here than from any other spot; while 
the rest of the great cataract has, from this point, the character 
of the terrific. None of the three falls tumble; they leap: 
and from Table Rock you may see the long leap which the 
waters make, down to where the horror of an eternal mist 
covers the still more horrific depth. The terror of Niagara 
from here is like the fury of a lion, who leaps with grace 
upon his prey. 

I remember well all I felt when I was on the brink 
of the crater of Vesuvius, and, since my return, have read 
over again my journal, in which I have entered a somewhat 
detailed account of my expedition to that volcano; but the 
awfulness which it inspired is not to be compared to that 
produced by Niagara seen from this point. The unceasing 
noise, the tone of which I have named to you in a previous 
letter,* interrupted only by still deeper tones occasioned by 
the falling of some more compact masses, and very similar 

• It was the first G below the first line in the bass. This tone was men- 
tioned in a previous Letter on occasion of the Trenton Falls, but by some in- 
advertence it is called there G on, instead of behw the first line — an eiratum 
which the reader will be kind enough to con-ect. — Khitor. 



( 348 ) 

to the sound produced by large masses of snow breaking 
from the high Alps, and rolling upon the loose snow in the 
valley — a tone which resembles distant thunder, — the thick 
mist below, through which you see, toward the river, the 
ever-boiling and madly dancing foam, and the volumes of 
dense spray rising above a hundred feet, and through them 
again aquatic meteors ascending to a hundred and twenty feet 
and then bursting; the ingulfing character which the falls 
have from here, give them something far more awful in 
their effects upon the feelings than the crater of Vesuvius. 

Yet, as if placed here to comfort man, and to show him 
that, though nature may seem for a moment to move in re- 
bellious lawlessness, and to have broken from its fixed lines, 
yet every atom carries its eternal law along with it, and 
cannot move out of its character, — floats over all this 
roar and riot of the elements a consoling rainbow formed 
of the very water which but a moment before carried de- 
struction in its heedless hurry, — to remind you that there is 
order in nature where you perceive but wild disorder, and 
that fearful struggle or loathsome dissolution returns to the 
beauty which graces the universe, — that "the spirit of God 
moveth upon the face of the waters." 

The lunar bow is equally beautiful; I saw it one night, 
tinged with a slight hue of its brighter mate, to whom the 
sun lends his splendor. It looked like a rain-bow, pale from 
grief; and as it rested over the foaming waters of Niagara — 
truly like " Love watching madness with unalterable miien." 
This madness of the waters is found, however, only in the 
gulf below; where the boiling, and gushing, and leaping 
element, as if fury had changed its nature wrestles witli the 
firm rocks and conquers them in the long struggle. 

In all other places, the character of Niagara Falls, is very 
different. I recollect the Evelino well, and a more beautiful 
passage of descriptive poetry, than that of Byron: "The 
roar of waters, &c.," I know not; yet it does not describe 
Niagara. He would have employed different colors, a differ- 
ent grouping, and another style to paint this cataract. 
However, great as Byron is in description, should I wish for 



, ( 349 ) 

one of the Falls, and could I choose among all the masters, 
I would say, let Shakspeare sketch it with his firm hand. 
The words of his descriptions, as of all his other passages, 
are " spaced" with thought. 

There is, strange as it may sound to you, a character 
of majestic steadiness in the Niagara Falls. Those gigan- 
tic masses preserve their compact form, throughout one 
half of their entire fall, and as they roll over the precipice, 
and descend to midway, almost unchanged, present such an 
unbroken front, that the whole picture has about it an ap- 
pearance as if the waters had been commanded to stand 
still, and had been suddenly stopped in their course. It is 
the contrast which this distinguishing feature of the cata- 
ract forms with the bounding leap, and the actual and known 
velocity of the waters, together with the many other con- 
trasts which this phenomenon presents, the deafening noise 
and blinding spray, \\ ith the bright rainbow, and the spark- 
ling surface of parts of the waters, the solemn roar and the 
piercing single tones, the cheerful vegetation on the banks, 
and the thriving helpless weed whipped against the rock — 
it is the thousand contrasts which you meet here, that lend 
so inexpressible a charm to this stupendous and lovely phe^ 
nomenon, and which cause every one to take leave of it, as 
of a friend you have learned to love, in spite of the esssential 
sternness and grandeur of his character. 

The emerald, of which I spoke above, is not seen with 
the Schlosser, nor Central Falls; they leap in a sheet of foam 
from their immense height. About two-thirds of the surface 
of the water, enclosed by the Crescent Fall, are covered with 
impenetrable spray and mist, out of which the peculiar me- 
teors or jets I mentioned are seen to shoot up. Captain 
Hall calls them cones, or comets. I saw them rather in the 
shape of a hay-stack, the top of which was formed by a com- 
pact body of water, from which a thick spray descending, 
gave the outline of the sides.* 

* This spray diverges, in descending', from the pei-pendicular line passing 
through the centre of the globular top, in an angle of forty-five degrees, — 



( 350 ) ^ 

Where the mist becomes thinner, you perceive the leap- 
ing and foaming surface; a little lower down the river, the 
surface becomes comparatively calm, yet is covered with 
one thick coat of foam, which extends a considerable dis- 
tance down the river — farther on the Canada side than on 
the opposite, — forming what might be termed the snow- 
field of waters. It was to this snow-field that I endeavored 
to approach as near as possible, and if practicable to get 
into it, when I made the excursion mentioned above with 
Mr. Ingraham. I was desirous of determining the buoyancy 
of this foamy water by immersing my body in it; but the 
boatmen could not take us close enough up to it. I there- 
fore went into the water some rods below the margin of the 
snow-field, intending to swim down to the Canada ferry 
house, but I met with two difficulties which interrupted my 
progress. The waves of the river, short, high and trouble- 
some, without any real swell, — like the waves between 
breakers, — had, besides, the peculiarity that they did not 
throw over their foamy crest icith the current, and, there- 
fore, y^oyw the swimmer, — as the waves of the sea always 
throw over the crest with the wind, — but against the swim- 
mer, owing to the extreme velocity of the current. The 
motion was at the same time violent; and it became as difii- 
cult to keep my breath as to struggle against these retro- 
grade motions. The eddies in different directions were 
besides very numerous, and irresistible by human force: 
sometimes I would find myself on a spot at which the water 
boiled up from below, while at the surface it glided off" in all 
directions, which made it difficult for me to work my body. 
I do not know whether it was alone the difficulty of swim- 
ming that gave me the feeling, or whether the water, not 
having discharged all the air, was sensibly less buoyant; 
certain it is tliat it seemed to me so. I have often swam in 
the sea and the surf, even near rocks and breakers, and 
having besides once proved by an uninterrupted swimming 
of three hours and a quarter, that 1 can stand great fatigue 

sometimes in very distinct outlines; at others, they are dissolved in indis- 
tinct mist. — EniTon. 



( 351 ) 

in that way, you will believe me when I say that the diffi- 
culties were not slight. Yet if I go another time to visit 
the magnificent spectacle of the Cataract, I shall try to get 
in nearer toward the north-western end of the Crescent, 
where, as I said, the foam extends much lower down. — 
Here you have enough of my own personage. I once 
asked a compositor why he had an unusual quantity of the 
capital letter I in his case. " Sir," said he, " I am com- 
posing a book of travels." But what can a traveller do? he 
cannot speak in the third person as a Cesar or Napoleon. 

I have often watched the different forms which the single 
parts composing this great phenomenon, adopt in falling. I 
succeeded nowhere better in doing this than at the south- 
western part of the Crescent, where I approached the foot 
of the Cataract as nearly as I could, without having my 
sight obstructed by the heavy spray. I was looking 
up nearly perpendicularly, and saw the water rolling over 
and descending a considerable distance in a green, trans- 
parent arch, the outside of which was rippled by the fric- 
tion of the air. These ripples increased as the body of 
water fell, while the water itself began to divide. Soon it 
assumed the form to which all liquid strives, if left to itself 
— the globular, and looked like large crystal balls, of a much 
lighter dye than Avhen it was united in one mass. These 
balls again subdivided into smaller ones, and became of 
course lighter in color with each subdivision, while the fric- 
tion of the air caused particles of the surface to fly off as 
little satellites of spray. The balls now divided so much 
that they appeared like drops of melted glass. You may 
have seen the exact appearance, in glass works, when drops 
of melted glass are allowed to fall into water, to produce 
Prince Rupert's drops. I was reminded at the time of these 
heavy drops, which deviate from the globular form by 
having a larger (lower) and a somewhat tapering (upper) 
end. The tapering end of the water-drop becomes thinner, 
and the color, from a state of transparency, changes to a 
white, owing to the intermixture of air, and a foam appears 
on the outside of the drops, which now assume the form of 



( 352 ) 

descending comets, with a tail of foam, and compact body 
of water for its head. This soon splits, forms rapidly a 
number of other smaller comets, which gradually split again 
until they become mere spray. A part of this changes into 
mist, and rises out of the valley of roar and struggle. Like a 
heavy cloud it is sometimes seen hovering over the scene 
of contest, and, in fair weather, little clouds now and then 
detach themselves from the larger mass, and rise to unite 
themselves with some high cloud of the sky, as if to tell the 
tale of the fearful contest below, and to sail away with it to 
calmer regions. 

The rise of the mist depends much upon the state of the 
weather, the wind, and the time of the day. A very heavy 
spray often rises out of the deep basin, draws over Table Rock 
and drenches the trees. My observations respecting the 
forms of the water in descending, apply, of course, only to 
the outer parts. In the centre those heavy masses are pre- 
cipitated, which reach the water below entire and create the 
rumbling thunder which I mentioned. Behind the Central 
Fall, on Mr. Ingraham's path, I observed the same changes 
of forms, which, in fact, are very easily accounted for. 

Here, at the foot of the south-eastern end of the Crescent, 
I heard again, and very clearly and distinctly, the third 
sound peculiar to the Falls. The deep roaring tone, with 
the thunders between, I have mentioned before; but if you 
go very near to the water, you hear now and then a shrill 
piercing sound very much like the horn or trumpet of one of 
our stage-coachmen, or of the guards of the mail, as I have 
heard them in London, when hurrying along the Strand. I 
have not found this peculiar noise of the cataract mentioned 
any where, yet I am sure that I do not deceive myself; for 
I have repeatedly noticed them, and found my observation 
confirmed by several other persons whose attention I had 
directed to the subject. It is necessary to listen with some 
attention, otherwise the sound is swallowed up by the over- 
powering general noise. It seems to me not difficult to ex- 
plain it: among the endless forms which the water must 
adopt in this constant and violent motion, it can be easily 



( 353 ) 

imagined, that sometimes a mass of water happens to include 
a quantity of compressed air, which, if opportunity offers, 
escapes through a small opening, producing this disagree- 
able shriek, well comparable to the trumpets of evil spirits 
sounding from the abyss of torment. 

A staircase leads from the brink of the eastern bank, 
and a steep path from the top of the western bank to the 
ferry-houses below. I have suggested that, to save the 
trouble of descending and ascending, an apparatus should 
be constructed for hoisting visiters up and down in a large 
comfortable basket on iron chains. It is done in mines, 
why should it not be practicable here? and a fine view would 
be afforded by this means during the whole time of descent. 
Architects, when engaged in building high steeples, often 
resort to this means, when otherwise the superintending of 
the work might easily throw them into a consumption. I 
have seen the scene-painter of the Theatre Royal in Berlin 
flitting up and down in a seat of this kind. 

Another staircase, leading from the brink of Goat Island 
to the water below, I have mentioned already. It has its 
name from Mr. Nicholas Biddle, of Philadelphia, at whose 
expense it was erected; and though the expenses cannot 
have been small, it is an excellent investment, bringing in- 
terest such as few capitals do. No traveller can leave this 
sacred spot of nature without feeling grateful to Mr. Biddle, 
since, in fact, some of the best views and spots of observa- 
tion have thus been rendered accessible to the traveller. The 
path behind the Central Fall, the walk to the foot of the 
south-eastern end of the Crescent, the best views of the Ca- 
taract from below, the true views of a waterfall, have thus 
been presented to us,, because it is only by way of this stair- 
case that we can reach the respective point, except by means 
of boats, which are troublesome and expensive. 

Some of the best views of the Cataract are — from above, 
from Table Rock and Terrapin bridge, — at a distance, from 
the point where the path winds down from the brink of the 
Canada bank; — from below, from the ferry, where the stair- 

45 



( 354 ) 

case on the United States side reaches the rocks below, from 
the window of the Biddle Staircase, and at its foot. Quite 
at a distance, a noble prospect presents itself on a certain 
spot, about two miles from the Falls on the road to Lewis- 
ton. A vista through the forest gives you a view of the 
Cataract, and as all greatness, physical or moral, requires 
distance for its full impression, so also does the Cataract ap- 
pear to you on this spot in still more solemn grandeur. 

I went with a party to the whirlpool, where the waters 
abruptly turn from a north-westerly course, to a north- 
easterly, and so swift is the current that the water, sweep- 
ing round the corner of the ravine, actually does not find 
time to put itself on a level, so that you have before you 
the peculiar phenomenon of a river having in its middle 
a high water ridge, which I must consider from seven to 
eight feet high at least; for it can be seen very distinctly 
from the crest of the bank — here so high that large timbers 
in the river look like little sticks, and the waves of the 
rapids, which are very high, appear quite small. 

There arc yet many interesting subjects connected with 
Niagara — the Rapids, the Whirlpool, many vistas and phe- 
nomena which ought to be detailed, had I promised a picture 
or even a complete sketch. Take the whole I have given you 
as a hasty croquis, of which I have filled up certain parts 
only. The work of Mr. Ingraham will be so complete, that 
I should unnecessarily tax your time, were I to describe 
more. But however correct his work may be, certain it is 
that no description can give a satisfactory idea of many 
traits of the great Cataract. Sound, movement, color, form 
cannot be conveyed upon paper, so as to burst upon you like 
Niagara itself. 

There have been fought some battles, even near Niagara, 
but they are not of sufficient importance to add an historical 
interest to the scene. It is essentially a phenomenon of 
nature, and if you view it as such in connexion with the 
whole chain of lakes and waters of the west, it will stand 
before you as one of the noblest works of nature whidi man 
can behold. 



( 355 ) 

From the moment when you first see Niagara, to the hour 
when you leave it, one of the great characteristics with 
which it strikes the soul of man, is that like the sea or the 
Alps, it does and will exist without him. He cannot change 
it; it spurns his skill and power, nor does it heed thunder or 
season or time. The changes it undergoes are worked upon 
itself by its own unconquerable force. 

Niagara besides uniting the characteristic of grave so- 
lemnity with that of continued and rapid motion, stands be- 
fore you like a giant thing, alone but perfect in its con- 
struction. The sea affects us by its boundlessness, and its 
thousand historical and geographical associations; by its 
horror and destruction at some times, and its graceful move- 
ments and refreshing coolness at others, and by the depth 
of its womb filled with the elements of life; Niagara affects 
us by its power, its horror, its grace, and its gigantic beauty 
all united. 

Where there is so much motion, so vast a subject present- 
ing itself under such a variety of aspects, you cannot ex- 
haust the interest of the subject, and of the new views and 
phenomena which are continually arising to your notice, and 
the longer you tarry the dearer Niagara becomes to you. 

As Niagara is essentially a beauty of nature, and on a 
narrow spot in the new world, it is in my mind the counter 
picture to the view which I enjoyed from the tower of 
Acrocorinth, which, indeed, is one of the finest on earth for 
natural scenery; yet it is history which mainly bursts upon 
you there, as nature at Niagara. I have been, I think, the 
first traveller since Sir George Wheler, who has entered the 
castle of the Acrocorinth and given a public account of it.* 
Wheler visited the castle at about 1680, and I was there in 
February of 1821. Have you read the description I gave 
in my journal on Greece? Perhaps not; here it is: 

* The jealousy of the Turks allowed no foreigner to visit the Acrocorinth 
as long as they had the sway over Greece. The author visited that country 
soon after the expulsion of the Turks: Su- Wheler travelled in the Morea 
when it was in the power of Venice. — Editor. 



( 356 ) 

" The view from this tower richly rewarded me for my 
trouble. I have spoken several times in this small volume 
of beautiful prospects, but why should I not do it here again, 
when the country is so rich in them! — It is true, what Stra- 
bo says, that in the north you have a view of the high and 
white Helicon and Parnassus, with their long and beautiful- 
ly delineated chains, upon which rests the softening azure 
haze or ether of a southern climate. In the west extends the 
Bay of Corinth as far as Crissa, along it the ridge of Cithae- 
ron, and the Alcyonian Sea with the Olmia^an Promontory. 
In the cast the Saronic Gulf washes the islands of Salamis 
and ^gina,- toward the north-east, the shores of Attica. 
There were before us Pentelicus, Hymettus, and Laurion, 
even down to the Cape of Sunium. The day was serene; 
we could discern the Acropolis. In the south I looked far 
into the territory of the Argives, in the west I saw Achaia 
and Sicyonia. In one view around me I beheld the spots 
where the best art, science and valor of favored Greece had 
dwelt and flourished. 

" Beautiful as the extraordinary view was from this 
chosen spot, justly sacred to Helius, the god of the sun — of 
light and beauty, it was not less instructive for a clear geo- 
graphical perception. The many peaks and mountains, with 
distinguishing forms, afford you convenient points for so vast 
a panorama, and after a short time you are enabled to im- 
press upon your mind a very distinct image. What a field we 
viewed! Sicyonia, Achaia, Locris, Phocis, Bocotia, Megara, 
Attica, Salamis, JEgina, Argolis and Corinth, and beneath us 
the Isthmus with Lechaeum and Cenchreae, and the spot 
where the ivy and pine rewarded the Isthmian victor." — 
History was concentrated here as art is in tlie Tribiina in 
Florence. Greece lay around mc like one great epic, while 
Niagara is like a powerful ode, a rhapsody in which nature 
herself has seized the mighty harp and plays a rapturous tune. 



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